WORDS FOR A COLLEAGUE AND FRIEND:
VALENE L. SMITH (1926-2024)
ABSTRACT
Valene was born in Spokane, Washington, on February 14, 1926 and died in Chico on January 19, 2024. She lived a rich and full life. This is my 44th Anthropology Forum presentation since November 1973, the last being on 14 September 2023. The majority of Forum presentations were my own but some were of a panel nature such as this one: "Honoring Dr. Valene L. Smith." This web page is an expanded version of a three-minute presentation made yesterday for the "Celebration of Life" activities at the Valene L. Smith Museum of Anthropology on the campus of California State University Chico.
INTRODUCTION
HOSTS AND GUESTS AND SELECTIVE TRAVELS
COMPARISONS AND KUDOS
THE MUSEUM AND HISTORY
CONCLUSIONS
THE UNIVERSITY ANNOUNCEMENT
REFERENCES
"Life is a
journey not a destination."
Vincent van Gogh
(1853-1890)
The Vincent van Gogh words were among Valene's favorites and she did have a magnificent journey. I first met Valene in December 1972, fifty-two years ago in Toronto, Canada, when she interviewed me at our Annual Anthropology meeting. At those meetings I was presenting a paper on my 1970-1971 research in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga and was applying for a coveted tenure-track position at Chico State. I had received my Ph.D. in Anthropology
from the University of Oregon in August of 1972 and had a one-year teaching appointment at the University of Minnesota and the position at Chico State, beginning in August 1973, looked perfect! I do not know if Valene attended my presentation but I remember my interview with her and meeting Ed Golay, her husband, who had been her "bush pilot" when Valene conducted her research in Alaska for her PhD.
I recall the interview with Valene because, over the years, Valene reminded me of a persistent question I asked when I saw her later at the meetings: "How did I do? How did I
do?"
So I've "known" Valene
since 1972 and was privileged to join
the Anthropology Department at Chico State in August 1973 and I owe my presence here to Valene AND to Keith Johnson: although I interviewed for that tenure-track position in December 1972, because of "budget cuts" the position
was eliminated but Keith found a way to get me here and keep me here and
eventually get me on a tenure-track position. Over the years, I received tenure, was promoted through the ranks, had administrative positions, returned to teaching and fully retired as Professor Emeritus in December 2009. I am privileged to be
here because of Valene and Keith.
HOSTS AND GUESTS AND SELECTIVE TRAVELS
Valene was an amazing individual,
truly one-of-a-kind. She was
excellent at what she did, both in the classroom and
outside-of-the-classroom. She was a tiny individual, but her expertise, knowledge, and stamina made her a giant among her peers and she was truly recognized by professionals around the world!
I was fortunate to be one of four authors to be included in all three volumes of her iconic Hosts And Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. Over the years Valene gave me support, help, and encouragement in my research and writing. Hosts And Guests was first published in 1977 (and subsequent editions came out in 1989 and 2001 with the 1989 edition translated into Japanese in 1991). In the 1977 edition, and again in 1989, I wrote about my research in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga and for the 2001 volume I wrote about the "Gaming" (or "Gambling") industry. Valene was a genius in getting individuals together and for sharing information and insights to advance the field of anthropological research into tourism. Speaking of support, in 2004 Valene, along with others, wrote letters for me to provide anthropological lectures on cruise ships and it worked: that was my "retirement" gig for seventeen years, from 2005 to 2022: cruising some 893 days on almost fifty cruises on twenty-three different ships from nine different cruise lines. All but twelve days of those cruises were in and across the Pacific Ocean. My lovely wife Sadie also lectured on various cruises over those seventeen years - thanks again Valene!
Our wonderful daughter-in-law Julia, a Registered Nurse, was Valene's companion (through no influence on my part) when Valene went to Spain in 2017 for an International Tourism Trade Fair where Valene was honored with a prize from the United Nations for her decades-long research into tourism. Incidentally, Julia
graduated from Chico State in 1995
(as did our son Tom) and was a student in one of Valene's courses years before accompanying her to Europe! Small world.
Valene was always sprightly individual!
In 1994 my wife and I were fortunate to travel with Valene and others to Cancun, Mexico (where I gave a paper at a session organized by Valene dealing with, what else, the tourism industry). Not only were papers presented at this Annual Meeting of the Society for Applied Anthropology, but because we arrived in the Yucatan a few days early, Valene arranged a mini-van for our group for excursions to various anthropological sites, including visits to Merida, Uxmal, Labna, Mani, Mayapan, and Chichen Itza! When we were in Chichen Itza, to this-day (and Sadie and I were sixteen years younger than Valene's sixty-eight years), we still remember climbing the extremely steep steps of El Castillo (which you can no longer climb) watching Valene beat us to the top! Valene did
remind us of the "energizer bunny" of old television
commercials. (Now Valene would be an
ever-lasting lithium battery!)
We later learned that Valene took
an afternoon nap before dinner, which Sadie and I have discovered is a very
useful habit to get into - regardless of one's age!
In 1998 we again traveled with Valene to Williamsburg, Virginia, and I presented a paper at the 14th ICAES (International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Science); earlier I had assisted Valene with programming a Symposium dealing with tourism. The overall Congress theme was "The 21st Century: The Century of Anthropology." Valene was always a planner and ahead of the times and my presentation on "Gambling/Gaming" developed into that 2001 chapter in Valene's third edition of Hosts and Guests. Valene was an amazing individual and was interested in what I was doing and what I was interested in! On one occasion, when she returned from a trip to the Galapagos Islands, she gifted me with Charles Darwin shirt, knowing my interest in Darwin (Urbanowicz 2002a). I believe it was on that Pacific trip that Valene also returned with items from Easter Island to sell in the flourishing Department of Anthropology Museum and I did purchase some carvings and a statue that she brought back to California - Valene is always with me!
A most valuable publication about Valene's life is readily available in her 2015 autobiography entitled Stereopticon: Entry to a Life of Travel and Tourism Research. Valene wrote an earlier, and condensed version of her life for a 2007 chapter in Dennison Nash's publication entitled The Study of Tourism: Anthropological and Sociological Beginnings. Valene's chapter, entitled "Studying Tourism? 1974 and Beyond!" is an excellent chapter about her life and she clearly points out what she means by "tourism" in her research: "Tourism = leisure time + discretionary income + positive social sanctions" (Valene Smith, 2007, page 186). Valene was always interested in the present as well as the future and the potential for "Space Tourism" and she once told me that she liked two of my items on those topics (2002b and 1978).
COMPARISONS AND KUDOS
Many have heard of the famous anthropologist Margaret Mead (1901-1978) and Eric Cohen has written of Valene:
"Valene Smith is the Margaret Mead of the anthropology of tourism; she played a pioneering role in the initiation of the field as an academic
enterprise, contributed to its theoretical foundations, conducted extensive empirical research on tourism-related topics in diverse settings and--last but
not least--contributed significantly to the popularization
of the field, primarily through her 'Hosts
and Guests,' several editions of which span a quarter of a century [stress added]." Eric Cohen, 2002, Review of Hosts and Guests Revisited: Tourism
Issues of the 21st Century. In Tourism Recreation Research, 2002,Vol. 27, pages 108-111, page 108.
I must add that Valene reminds me of the amazing Isabella Lucy Bird (1831-1904) who traveled
across the planet in the 19th century and wrote of her amazing
adventures.
Valene Smith was a pioneer and
her work will be remembered as evidenced in the following review of Hosts
And Guests which appeared in The
New York Times 46 years ago this month, on February
12, 1978:
"Anthropologists
once made a name by rushing in where angels--or anyone else--feared to tread,
but yesterday's enclave is today's resort, and field workers who have gone off
to study exotic cultures have been to look at tourists instead. A new book from the University of Pennsylvania Press, 'Hosts and Guests,' edited by Valene L. Smith, is a pioneering collection of 18 scholarly papers in the anthropology of tourism stress added]." (Sarah Ferrell, 1978, New Selections for the Traveler's Bookshelf. The New York Times, Feb
12, 1978, Section 1, page 13.)
Not only did the press positively review Valene's book but the publication of our national organization, the American Anthropological Association, also praised that first edition of Hosts and Guests:
"Hosts and Guests is a welcome book. Tourism is not a new activity, but the serious study of tourism by anthropologists is still a relatively new endeavor" (Roland W. Force, 1980, American Anthropologist, Volume 82 Number 2, pages 463-464).
A reviewer in the United Kingdom wrote about that first 1978 edition of Hosts And Guests:
"The principal
virtues of the work are the forceful statement of the local disadvantages of
tourism, the useful taxonomy of types of tourism which one finds in the general
essays, the excellent bibliography, and the attention which the project brings
to a neglected, and even unrespectable, but significant industry affecting
local communities nearly everywhere." (Jerry Leach, 1979,
Review, RAIN, No. 32, June 1979, pp. 9-10, page 10.)
Praise for Valene's pioneering
work continued when the second edition of Hosts And Guests was published twelve years later in 1989: "The value of this second edition
lies in its presentation of new data adding a degree of time-depth to enrich
the original ethnographic essays, all of which are well-written and extremely
informative." (Mary W. Helms,
1990, Review, MAN, Vol.
25, No. 1, March 1990, page 176.)
Valene made an impact in the
broader academic world and in the specific world of this campus! The Valene L. Smith Museum of
Anthropology was officially opened in 2010
and also in that year Valene was inducted into the "Hall of Honor" of
the University's Emeritus and Retired Faculty and Staff Association BUT long before that, in 1978 and again in 1980, on this campus, Chico honored Valene with the "Outstanding Professor Award" AND in 1981 the California State University System acknowledge Valene as one of the Outstanding Professors of the entire CSU system! What an academic career!
THE MUSEUM AND HISTORY
As written, the museum we are standing by today was formally opened on January 21, 2010, built on the foundation (but in a different part of campus) on the first Museum of Anthropology created by Keith Johnson. That first Museum, which opened on February
27, 1970 in Trinity Hall, fifty-four years ago this month, was an idea that Valene had! (February proves to be an exciting month for Anthropologists!)
If I seem to stress dates and time it is because life is cumulative and we all need to know our history and as the words above Kendall Hall state: "Today Decides Tomorrow" and to know about "today" we had best be aware of the many yesterdays! Valene joined the faculty at Chico
State in the Spring of 1967 and along
with Keith Johnson and Jim Meyers, constituted the entire Anthropology
Department - look at the Department now!
In 1973, the year I joined the faculty, Valene created the
Department of Anthropology's alumni newsletter, Clan Destiny, and she edited it for seventeen years!
Valene knew the importance of "history" in understanding
situations and, indeed, "history"
along with "heritage, habitat, and handicrafts" were the key elements of her approach to analyzing and understanding tourism around the world (in addition to the aforementioned leisure time, discretionary income, and positive social sanctions). Clan Destiny is still
being published by the Department of Anthropology (and is on-line), informing
all about where we have been, what we are doing today, as well as where we
might be going!
For
Valene, History incorporated topics
such as war, floods, earthquake and disease while Heritage referred to language, religion, social organization,
political systems, values, and beliefs.
Valene defined Habitat to mean location, climate, landscape, and the like and,
finally, Handicrafts were the raw materials, the tooling uses, exports, trade, and gifts involved in the interaction between hosts and guests. Valene inspired me, and others, and encouraged me to look at these variables and become what I am today and do what I do today.
Finally, what is the purpose of
anyone's life? A business person's
life? A teacher's life? I cannot speak to Valene's "Jet-Age Travel Service" (that she originally opened in 1959 when she lived in Southern California and brought with her when she moved to Chico in 1966) but I do recall that she once told me that someone wanted her to give up her personalized California "JET AGE" license plates, but she refused to give it up because it was her company!
As for Valene's teaching life,
she was undoubtedly a success at what she did and there were thousands of
students that were fortunate to have her in the classroom. Valene, and many others on this campus, went through what some may term the "bureaucratic maze" in getting a new course into the University catalog but Valene persisted and eventually created ANTH 338: Culture and Tourism. Over the years, when I occasionally taught that course, I
began by citing Valene's pioneering work and pointing out that, unfortunately,
I was teaching the course - and not Valene - and that Valene has probably
forgotten more than I even knew at that point in time! But I told the students I would give it
my best as Valene always did!
What can we say about this
wonderful Valene L. Smith Museum of Anthropology? Valene was a member of numerous organizations and the Chico Branch of the American Association of University Women, of which she was a Member, had the following in their most recent newsletter: "The museum's vision, like Valene's, is to promote cultural awareness of the diversity of the human experience." (The Chico
AAUW Grapevine, Vol. 36, No. 6, Feb 2024, page 3.) This reminded me of my own thoughts about Anthropology and my version of Anthropology is as simple as the ABC's: The Appreciation of Basic Cultural Diversity Everywhere! Valene would agree with that!
This paper began with the words of Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) that Valene adhered to, that "Life is a journey not a destination" and I shall end by paraphrasing the words of the American historian, Henry Adams (1838-1918) which are most appropriate for Valene: A teacher affects eternity since one can never know where that teacher's influence will end!
Yesterday I was delighted to be one of the invited speaker's for Valene's "Celebration of Life" and am equally happy to share some thoughts and words with my colleagues and attendees at this Anthropology Forum today "Honoring Dr. Valene L. Smith." Valene Lucy Smith (1926-2024) was an amazing and one-of-a-kind woman! There was no one like her and there will be no one like her ever again!
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CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY CHICO ANNOUNCEMENT
"We are deeply saddened to share the news that Professor Emerita Valene L. Smith, who taught anthropology at Chico State for more than 30 years and helped establish its anthropology museum, passed away January 16. She was 97.
Born February 14, 1926, in Spokane, Washington, she was raised with a passion for travel and deeper understanding about the world. Picking hops and pears in migrant worker camps to pay her way through school, Smith earned a bachelors degree in geography from University of California, Los Angeles, in 1946, followed by a master's degree in the subject in 1950. She described her educational pursuit as her passport to a better understanding of the countries she hoped to visit.
Her life and career would come to be characterized by the vast knowledge she gained during global travels and research, and her commitment to sharing her passion and expertise. Smith inspired generations of travelers and academics across the globe but especially at Chico State, where the museum of anthropology would come to bear her name.
Smith's lifelong motto was "learn by doing, teach by being." By 1947, she had already traveled to all 48 states in the nation. After completing her masters, she began to travel the world while teaching at Los Angeles City College and Los Angeles State College. She eventually opened Jet-Age Travel Service in North Hollywood, where travel, adventure, and research contributed to her PhD in anthropology from the University of Utah. In 1967, Smith accepted a tenure-track position at Chico State College, where she would spend the next several decades invigorating others with curiosity about the world.
Teaching during the academic year, overseeing a travel agency, and leading summer tours to Europe, India, and Asia, she was a true trailblazer and unafraid to ask bold questions. When she asked in the newsletter of the American Anthropological Association, "Is anyone else interested in the study of tourism?" it resulted in a panel at the association's 1974 conference that legitimized tourism anthropology as a field of study. Her groundbreaking book, Hosts and Guests, arose from this meeting and is still in publication, having been translated into many languages. Hosts and Guests, her preferred term for "tourists and attractions," used case studies from around the world to examine the complex and subtle social repercussions of tourism for the first time and remains widely in use today.
Professor Will Nitzky was drawn into the field of anthropology in part due to Hosts and Guests, and said he still draws on Smith's research. He was honored to meet and work with her upon his hiring at Chico State.
"As a specialist of cultural anthropology, heritage tourism, and museum studies, I was in awe of Valene," he said. "She stood only up to my chest, but her presence was monumental. The sparkle in her eyes held years of exploring, learning, and educating—all of the things that I aspire to in my career as a professor."
In 1981, Smith was named Outstanding Professor of the California State University system. Her nomination for the honor included hundreds of letters from students, colleagues, and community members. Students described her as among the best and most dedicated faculty member they had, credited her for their decision to major in anthropology, and said she played a pivotal role in their persistence toward their degree. Dozens of colleagues shared praise for her contagious energy and enthusiasm, her commitment to her discipline, and her contributions to the community.
"Valene was one of our best teachers and truly a wonderful person. She was a champion of Chico State anthropology even before she came to campus in 1967," said Professor Emeritus Keith Johnson. "Establishing the anthropology museum on campus was her idea and after it opened in 1970, she supported it in a number of ways for the rest of her life. My wife, Karen, and I especially remember the southwest tours she led to benefit the campus museum and the Chico History Museum. Those were remarkable, fun times. Valene is a Chico State legend!"
To this day, former students call or stop by the museum to emphasize how transformational Smith's classes were, said Adrienne Scott, curator of the Valene L. Smith Museum for Anthropology. They say they never skipped a class, even if it was held late on a Friday, because one never knew where they might "travel" with Smith. Her extensive slide collection of landscapes, events, and experiences from around the globe augmented her knowledge of geography and anthropology to create an understanding of people's daily lives. Scott, too, was continuously inspired by her.
"Her boundless energy and enthusiasm persisted well into her 90s," Scott said. "She and I attended a few conferences together. I'm almost 40 years her junior and it was hard to keep up with her social pace. It was incredible to meet young women students from other countries who were inspired by her life story and work, who stood in line to meet her after her presentations."
Acclaim for Smith's work was extensive. She worked with the World Tourist Organization to create a model program of tourist development for the Islands of the Philippines, and she was awarded a Fulbright to teach for a year in Pakistan. She became a specialist in the ethnohistory of Alaskan indigenous peoples. To that end, she evaluated the government's Headstart Programs in villages and remote regions of Alaska in the mid-1960s. She also spent numerous summers in Kotzebue (or Qikiqtaruk) where she recorded the history of the local people, which encouraged younger generations to continue their education. With internationally acclaimed cinematographer and Chico State art professor Ira LaTour, Smith directed the film, The Legend of Three Stone Blades, depicting a local folktale. Latour and Smith went on to make more films together, and were honored at film festivals around the world.
Early in her tenure, Smith served on the planning committee to establish the University's Museum of Anthropology. She saw the museum and the University's Museum Studies Program as a vital opportunity to further the advancement and training of students and to cultivate a new generation of museum professionals, Nitzky said.
"It was always a dream of hers, and a pedagogical mission, to give back, and see her contributions to education and to the museum 'pay off,' as she would say, in the future of these students. When Valene became a benefactor of the museum, she helped transform the space and the program itself into a professionalized museum facility with the ample space for students to spread their wings," said Nitzky. "Even later in life, she loved coming to the museum to see what we were up to and to meet the students involved in the Museum Studies Program. She really took pleasure in supporting and furthering the 'teaching museum' model for the museum."
In 2010, she ensured her legacy with a testimonial bequest to the museum, which allowed it to expand in size and relocate to the heart of campus. Today, the Valene L. Smith Museum of Anthropology serves thousands of visitors every year and has hosted exhibits ranging from soil science to Japanese kimonos to collaborative community pop-up exhibits promoting cultural awareness of the diversity of the human experience—just as Smith wanted. She retired in 1982 but continued teaching for another 15 years through the Faculty Early Retirement Program and remained active with the museum into her 90s.
Eddie Vela first met Valene while serving as dean of the College of Behavioral and Social Sciences and said he had the privilege to work with her and the Anthropology Department to further develop and expand the museum.
"The first thing that comes to mind when I think of Valene is her piercing bright blue eyes. Even as her eyesight began to fail, those bright blue eyes continued to serve as a beacon of an underlying positivity and generosity that did not falter," Vela said. "A world traveler and productive scholar, countless students, the Department of Anthropology, the Chico State community, and the wider North State community have benefited enormously with her work and generosity."
In addition to her academic contributions, she served on boards and organizations such as Soroptimists International, Enloe Hospital, Chico History Museum, and the University Foundation's Board of Governors. She gave lavishly of her time and talents through informal lectures illustrated by her own videos and color slides to help the local community share in the outlook to be gained by traveling.
She was a member of the American Anthropological Association, American Ethnological Society, Anthropological Society of Washington, the Southwestern Anthropological Association, and the Society of Women Geographers. She was also a founding member of the Los Angeles Geographical Society, founding co-chair of the Northern California Geographical Society, and founding president of the Chico Museum Association.
"She inspired so many through her generosity and support and brought culture and understanding to Chico State and the community at large. She was passionate, full of life and adventure, and cared deeply about higher education and its impact on society," said Ahmad Boura, vice president for University Advancement. "We will miss her dearly, but her legacy will continue through the work of the museum and her endowment."
While earning her pilot's license, she met and married her flight instructor, Ed Golay, in 1970. They were married until his death 10 years later, and in 1983, she married Stanley McIntyre, who died in 2000. She later married George Posey, and following his passing, she married Bob Benner, who preceded her in death in 2020. She is survived by Golay family members Glenn and Kathy Golay, and their children and grandchildren.
A celebration of life will be held on her birthday, February 14, 2024, at 11:30 a.m. at the Valene L. Smith Museum of Anthropology. Memorial contributions in her name may be directed to the museum, and condolences can also be sent care of the museum to be shared with family.
The University flag will be lowered February 14 in her honor."
REFERENCES
Anthropology Department, California State University Chico, on-going, Clan Destiny: https://www.csuchico.edu/anth/student-opportunities/clan-destiny.shtml.
Sarah Ferrell, 1978, New Selections for the Traveler's Bookshelf. The New York Times, Feb
12, 1978, Section 1, page 13.
Roland W. Force, 1980, Review of Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Toursm, American Anthropologist, Volume 82 Number 2, pages 463-464).
Mary W. Helms, 1990, Review, MAN, Vol. 25, No. 1, March
1990, page 176.
Jerry Leach, 1979, Review, RAIN, No. 32, June 1979, pp.
9-10, page 10.
Valene L. Smith (Editor), 1989, Hosts
and Guests: The
Anthropology of Tourism,
Second Edition (University of Pennsylvania Press).
Valene L. Smith and William R. Eadington (Editors), 1992, Tourism
Alternatives: Potentials
and Problems on the Development of Tourism (University of Pennsylvania Press).
Valene L. Smith (Editor), 2001, Hosts
and Guests Revisited: Tourism
Issues of the 21st Century (NY: Cognizant Communications Corp.).
Valene L. Smith, 2007, Studying Tourism? 1974 and Beyond! In The Study of Tourism: Anthropological and Sociological Beginnings, Dennison Nash [Editor] (Amsterdam: Elsevier], pages 184-196.
Valene L. Smith, 2015, Stereopticon: Entry to a Life of Travel and Tourism
Research (Putnam Valley, NY: Cognizant
Communication Corporation).
Charles F. Urbanowicz, On-going,
https://curbanowicz.yourweb.csuchico.edu/VariousCruiseMaps.html[Cruise
Maps Only]
Charles F. Urbanowicz,
1972, https://curbanowicz.yourweb.csuchico.edu/1972TonganPaper.html [Tongan Social Structure: Data From An Ethnographic Reconstruction. For the 71st Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Toronto, Canada, December 2.].
Charles F. Urbanowicz,
1977, https://curbanowicz.yourweb.csuchico.edu/Tourism_in_Tonga.pdf [Tourism in Tonga: Troubled Times. Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, edited by V. Smith (University of Pennsylvania), pp. 83-92]
Charles F. Urbanowicz,
1978 http://curbanowicz.yourweb.csuchico.edu/CulturalImplications-1978.pdf Cultural Implications of Extraterrestrial Contact and the Colonization of Space. The Industrialization of Space: Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, edited by Richard A. Van Patten, Paul Siegler, and E.V.B. Stearns (American Astronautical Society, San Diego, CA), Vol. 36, Part 2, pages 785-797; originally presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the American Astronautical Society, San Francisco, CA, October 18-20, 1977.)
Charles F. Urbanowicz,
1989, https://curbanowicz.yourweb.csuchico.edu/Tourism_in_Tonga_revisited.pdf Tourism in Tonga Revisited: Continued Troubled Times? Hosts And Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, edited by V. Smith, 2nd Edition (University of Pennsylvania), pp. 105-117.]
Charles F. Urbanowicz,
2001, https://curbanowicz.yourweb.csuchico.edu/Gambling_into_the_21st_cent.pdf Gambling Into The 21st Century. Hosts And Guests Revisited: Tourism Issues of the 21st Century, edited by Valene Smith and Maryann Brent (NY: Cognizant Communication Corp.), pp. 69-79
Charles F. Urbanowicz,
2002a http://curbanowicz.yourweb.csuchico.edu/DarwinDayCollectionOneChapter.pdf In Darwin Day Collection One: The Single Best Idea Ever (Edited by Amanda Chesworth et al.).Albuquerque, New Mexico: Tangled Bank Press, pages 67-70 OR see: http://curbanowicz.yourweb.csuchico.edu/DarwinDayCollectionOneChapter.html.
Charles F. Urbanowicz,
2002b https://curbanowicz.yourweb.csuchico.edu/aStoryof2027.html[A "Story" (Vision or nightmare?) of the Region in 2027.) (For classroom use at CSU, Chico, September 30.)
Charles F. Urbanowicz,
2023 https://curbanowicz.yourweb.csuchico.edu/Ancestors.html[Anthropological Ancestors. For the Anthropology Forum at CSU Chico, September 14, 2023].
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