A Retired Professor With Some Words
About Anthropology and Creativity
Charles F. Urbanowicz, Ph.D. /Professor Emeritus of Anthropology
California State University,Chico / Chico, CA 95929-0400
curbanowicz@csuchico.edu or csurbanowicz@gmail.com
7 February 2019
Pleasenote: This page (http://www.csuchico.edu/~curbanowicz/FORUMFebruary2019.html) has numerous additional statements and references not specifically referred to in the 7 February 2019 presentation but they did contribute to the overall PowerPoint presentation that day.
INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND:
"The tragedy of the world is that those who are imaginative have but slight experience and those who are experienced have feeble imaginations. Fools act on knowledge without imagination. The task of a university is to weld together imagination and experience [stressadded]." Alfred NorthWhitehead, 1933, The Adventure of Ideas, no page number.
A member of the Anthropology faculty since August 1973 I retired in 2005 and was awarded the title of Professor emeritus; I then taught for five years under FERP (Faculty Early Retirement Program) and completely retired in December 2009. This is my 41st Anthropology Forum presentation. Professor Turhon Murad gave the first Anthropology Forum in fall 1973 and I gave the second on November 7, 1973. My last Forum presentation (World War II, 1931-1945: Locations, Images, and Words) was on 3 September 2015 and is available on the web as a video presentation (please see references).
"I quote others only the better to express myself." (Michel Eyquem de Montaigne [1533-1592] French philosopher/essayist); or, in another translation: "I only quote others to make myself more explicit." (Essays, translated by J.M.Cohen, 1958, page 52).
"The anthropologist is a human instrument studying other human beings and theirsocieties. Although he [and she!] has developed techniques that give him [and her] considerable objectivity, it is an illusion for him to think he can remove his [or her] personality from his work and become a faceless robot or a machine like recorder of human events [stress added]." Hortense Powdermaker, 1966, Stranger And Friend: The Way Of An Anthropologist, page 19.
"The Russians have a proverb: He lies like an eyewitness. Few eyewitnesses see it all, fewer still understand all the implications. And their reports are always personal. Yet what they see is essential. History begins with people caught in the moment-by-moment rush of events. The correspondent on the scene shares the jolt of joy or horror in watching the world change in an instant. Personal bias becomes part of the story, and often makes the account more vivid [stress added]." David Colbert [Editor], 1997, Eyewitness to America: 500 Years of America in the Words of Those Who Saw It Happen (NY: Pantheon Books), page xxvii.
"He [or she] who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he [or she] who lights his taper at mine, receives light without darkening me." Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826)
"The word "anthropology" first appeared in the English language in 1593 (the first of the "ologies,"incidentally, to do so). The word "ethnology" made its first appearance in an 1830 letter by Andr? Marie Ampere (1775-1836) and appeared in print for the first time in 1832. The short-lived Societes observateurs de l'homme
was founded in Paris in 1799 by LouisFrancois Jauffret (1770-1850) and this was eventually followed by the 1839 formation of Societes ethnologique de Paris
, by William F. Edwards (1777-1842). This latter organization lasted until 1848 but no one seems to have a goodimpression of the term "ethnology" as used by Edwards...." Charles F. Urbanowicz, 1992, Four-Field Commentary. Newsletter of the American AnthropologicalAssociation, 1992,Volume 33, Number 9, page 3. [And see:http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Pub_Papers/4field.html]
"It has often been said--I don't know if it is universally true but it is probably true for many of us--that the reason we took up anthropology was that we had difficulty in adapting ourselves to the social milieu into which we wereborn." Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009) In Le G.Charbonnier, 1969, Conversations with Claude Levi-Strauss (London: Jonathan Cape Ltd), page 17. [This is a 1969 translation of the 1961 Entretiens avec Claude LŽvi-Strauss.]
"If there is one thing that anthropologists of the 20th Century have demonstrated it is the position that there is no onesingle culture which can serve as the sole model of analysis of other cultures. Perhaps the most important point of modern 20th century Anthropology has beenthe detailed and documented account of the tremendous range of variation of 'cultures of this planet' and this is a distinct move away from various 19th century, and apparently some 20th century views, which offer a monolithic interpretation of CULTURE against which 'lesser' cultures can be appropriately ranked! [stress added]." Charles F. Urbanowicz, 1978, Cultural Implications of Extraterrestrial Contact and the Colonization of Space. The Industrialization of Space: Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, Edited by Richard A. Van Patten et al. ,(San Diego, CA: Published for the American Astronautical Society Publication by Univelt, Inc.), pages 785-797, page 793.
SCIENCE AND ANTHROPOLOGY DEFINED:
The 1964 publication of Arthur Koestler entitled The Act of Creation is introduced. One definition of science is "the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment" (New Oxford American Dictionary installed on my computer). I describe science as"the systematic reduction of error and stress the Appreciationof Basic Cultural Diversity Everywhere.
"You are what you know. ...Today we live according to the latest version of how the universe functions. This view affects our behaviour and thought, just as previous versions affected those who lived with them. ...At any time in the past, people have held a view of the waythe universe works which was for them similarly definitive, whether it wa sbased on myths or research. And at any time, that view they held was sooner or later altered by changes in thebody of knowledge" [stress added]. James Burke, 1985, The Day The Universe Changed (Little Brown), page 9.
"Modern science is based on the Latin injunction ignoramus - 'we donot know'. It assumes that wedon't know everything. Even morecritically, it accepts that the things that we think we know could be proven wrong as we gain more knowledge. No concept, idea or theory is sacred and beyond challenge." Yuval Noah Harari, 2015, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (HarperCollins), page 250.
"No scientific theory is a collection of facts. ... The act of fusion is the creative act. All science is the search for unity in hidden likenesses. The search may be on a grand scale, as in the modern theories which try to link the fields of gravitation andelectromagnetism. ... The scientist looks for order in the appearance of nature by exploringsuch likenesses. For order does not display itself of itself; if it can be saidto be there at all, it is not there for the mere looking. There is no way ofpointing a finger or a camera at it; order must be discovered and, in a deep sense, it must be created. What we see, and as we see it, is meredisorder. ... Science finds order and meaningness in our experience, and setsabout this in a quite different way. ... The discoveries of science, the works of art are explorations--more, explosions ofa hidden likeness. The discovery or the artist presents inthem two aspects of nature and fuses them into one. This is the act of creation, in which an original thought is born, and it is the same act inoriginal science and original art.... [stress added] Jacob Bronowski, 1956, ScienceAnd Human Values, pp.12-19.
"The cutting edge of knowledge is not in the known but in the unknown, not in knowing but in questioning. Facts, concepts, generalizations, and theories are dull instruments unless they are honed to a sharp edge by persistent inquiry about the unknown" (Ralph H. Thompson, 1969, Learning to Question. The Journal of HigherEducation, Vol. XL, No. 6, pages 467-472, page 467).
"Éit'stechnology married with liberal arts, married with the humanities, that yields us the results that makes our heart sing." Steve Jobs (1955-2011) in Walter Isaacson, 2014, The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers,Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution (NY: Simon& Schuster), page 482,
LIFE IS CUMULATIVE: Video snippet from the 1968 video Why Man Creates [The Edifice].
"Mumble, mumble, roar!.
The lever.
Harry, do you realize you just invented the wheel?
I know, I know.
Bronze, Iron.
Halt.
All was in chaos 'til Euclid arose and made order.
What is the good life?
And how do you lead it?
Who shall rule the state?
The philosopher king
The aristocrat.
The people.
You mean all the people?
What is the nature of the good?
What is the nature of justice?
What is happiness?
Hail Caesar!
Roman law is now in session.
Allah be praised, I've invented the zero.
What?
Nothing, nothing.
What is the shape of the earth?
Flat.
What happens when you get to the edge?
You fall off.
Does the earth move?
Never!
The earth moves.
The earth is round.
The blood circulates.
There are worlds smaller than ours.
There are worlds larger than ours.
Hey,whadya doing?
I'ma paintin' the ceiling.
Whatdya doing?
I'ma paintin' the floor.
Darwin says man is an animal.
Rot.
Man is not an animal.
Animal.
Man.
Is.
Isn't.
Hmmm.
Shall we start from the beginning?
I'm abug, I'm a germ.
Louie Pasteur!
I'm not a bug, I'm not a germ.
Think it will work Alfred?
Let's give it a try.
Whadya think
It worked.
All men are created equal....
Life, Liberty, and the pursuit....
Workers of the world....
Governmen tof the people by the people....
The world must be made safe....
The war to end all wars....
A league of nations....
I see one third of a nation ill-housed....
One world....
Help!"
(Why Man Creates)
"Life is indeed cumulative and a lot of everything goes into who, what, and why each of us is what we are today and how we do what we do and when andwhere we do it; or as the words over the entrance of Kendall Hall, on the campus of CSU, Chico has it inscribe: Today Decides Tomorrow!" CharlesF. Urbanowicz, 2014, http://www.csuchico.edu/~curbanowicz/DCRETIREMENTPAPER2014.html [Cruising Into Retirement As AnAnthropologist. For the 113th Annual Meeting of the American AnthropologicalAssociation, Washington, D.C., December3-7].
"You've got to be taught to love and hate,
Before you are six or seven or eight,
To hate all the people your relatives hate,
You've got to be carefully taught."
Richard Rogers and Oscar Hammerstein, Tales of the SouthPacific
PACIFIC ANTHROPOLOGY: Research was conducted in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga in 1970 and continues to the present through on-going research andvarious cruises. World War II (1931-1945) was an important factor in the lives of the people of thePacific and my research also includes aspect of the war in the Pacific, as wellas in the CBI (China-Burma-India) (please see Urbanowicz references at the end of this paper).
"On January 30, 1995, the Smithsonian Institution announced the scrapping of the exhibit at its National Air and Space Museum(NASM) commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the surrender of Japan and theend of World War II. Thispainful outcome issued from months of intense national controversy over the texts, pictures, and artifacts planned for the show, in essence over how thenation should remember the ending of the war[stress added]. Waldo Heinrichs, 2007, The Enola Gay and Contested Public Memory, in MarcGallicchio [Editor], 2007, The Unpredictability of the Past: Memories of the Asia-Pacific War in U.S.-East Asian Relations (Duke University Press), pages 201-233, page 201.
ON INTELLIGENCE AND CREATIVITY: The 1983publication of Howard Gardner entitled Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences is introduced. Various personalities and controversies are also mentioned in passing.
"In my view, if we are to encompass adequately the realm of human cognition, it is necessary to include a far wider and moreuniversal set of competencies than we have ordinarily considered." Howard Gardner, 1993, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences[Tenth Anniversary edition], BasicBooks), page x. These are, in alphabetical order: Bodily & Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Linguistic, Logical & Mathematical, Musical, Naturalistic, and Visual.
"Malinowski's [1884-1942] position in British anthropology is analogous to that of Boas [1858-1942] in American Anthropology.... Like Boas,Malinowski was a Central European natural scientists brought by peculiar circumstances to anthropology and to the English-speaking world. Like Boas, he objected to armchair evolutionism and invented a fieldwork tradition based on the use of native language in 'participant observation'. Furthermore, both Boas and Malinowski were pompous but liberal intellectuals who built up very strong followings through their postgraduate teaching [stress added]." Alan Barnard, 2000, History and Theory in Anthropology (Cambridge University Press), pages 65-66.
"Anthropology is the science of the sense of humour. It can be thus defined without too much pretentiousness or facetiousness. Forto see ourselves as others see is is but the reverse and the counterpart of thegift to see others as they really are and as they want to be: And this is the metier of the anthropologist. He [and she!] hasto break down the barriers of race and cultural diversity; he has to find the human being in the savage; he has to discover the primitive in the highlysophisticated Westerner of to-day, and, perhaps, to see that the animal, andthe divine as well, are to be found everywhere in man [stress added]." Bronislaw Malinowski, Introduction. Julius E. Lips, 1937, The SavageStrikes Back (Hyde Park, NY: University Books), pagesvii-ix, page vii.
"Bronislaw Malinowski [1884-1942], my father, was strongly influenced by women all hislife: by his Polish mother, his two British wives, his women pupils; by women not his pupils with whom he had intellectual friendships; and by the women of various nationalities whom he loved. He also had three daughters, of whom I am the youngest [stress added]." Helena Wayne (Malinowska), 1985, Bronislaw Malinowski: The Influence ofVarious Women on His Life and Works. AmericanEthnologist, Vol. 12, No.3, pages 529-540, page 529.
Bronislaw Malinowski, the originator of modern anthropological field method, kept such diaries in New Guinea and Melanesia in 1914-15 and 1917-18, and it is to the discredit of all concerned that they have been committed to print. ...The context of the diaryadds nothing at all to our understanding of Malinowski's work as an anthropologist. ... Malinowski's widow, who holds the copyright, justifies the publication by claiming that these documents give' direct insight into the author's inner personality'. They do nothing of the sort, but both Malinowski and his loved ones survive their sacrifice to Mammon remarkably well [stress added]." Edmund Leach, 1967, An Anthropologist's Trivia [originally published in The Guardian on 11 August 1967 as a review of A Diary in the Strictest Senseof the Term]. Stephen Hugh-Jones and James Laidlaw [editors], 2000, TheEssential Edmund Leach Volume I: Anthropology and Society (Yale University Press), pages 61-62.
Ruth Benedict [1887-1948] "She made us aware of the subtleties, complexities, and the mysterious wholeness of cultures. Her close associate and friend, Margaret Mead [1901-1978, took the issue to the field, bringing lessons from the children of nature in the idyllic South Seas that would help us get rid of our old-fashioned moral hang-ups about sex and childhood (Mead 1928 [Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth For Western Civilization]). She belonged to the 'flapper' generation that inaugurated the first emancipation from Victorian constraints. Mead's research methods were overblown, but her impact was great both on the public and on the profession [stress added]." Walter Goldschmidt, 2000, Historical Essay: A Perspective on Anthropology. AmericanAnthropologist, Vol. 102,No. 4, December, pages 789-807, page 793.
"Any account of Mead's work on Samoa [or perhaps all of her work?] must consider the controversy surrounding its accuracy. In 1983, several years after her death, DerekFreeman published his detailed refutation of her work. More recently, Freeman has continued his attack with attempts to prove that Mead built her description of adolescent sexuality on scanty information gleaned from a hoax perpetrated by her informants. He has also argued that she was young and credulous, that she had a poor grasp of thelanguage, that she did not carry out her investigations properly, that Comingof Age in Samoa [1928] is littered with errors, that she twisted the facts to suit her (and Boas' and Benedict's) preconceptions, and that she was entirely wrong in her portrayal of Samoa [stress added]." Hilary Lapsley, 1999, Margaret Mead And Ruth Benedict: The Kinship of Women(Amherst: U Mass Press), pages 142-143.
"I read the descriptions of the correspondence between Margaret [Mead, 1901-1978] and Ruth [Benedict, 1887-1948] and Edward Sapir [1884-1939], and the poems they wrote to each other,knowing now that at some stage Ruth and Margaret decided that neither of them would choose further intimacy with Sapir, but rather they preferred each other [page 125]. Margaret worked hard and incessantly to sustain relationships, caring most about those in which different kinds of intimacy supported and enriched each other, the sharing of a fine meal, the wrestling of intense intellectual collaboration, the delights of lovemaking. Her letter takes the death of Ruth Benedict in 1948 and the dissolution of her marriage to my father [Gregory Bateson, 1904-1980] gradually becoming irreversible in the same period, as theend of a kind of completeness. Ruth and Gregory were the two people she lovedmost fully and abidingly, exploring all the possibilities of personal and intellectual closeness. The intimacy to which Margaret and Ruth progressed after Margaret's completion of her degree became the model for one axis of herlife while the other was defined in relation to the men she loved or married.After Margaret's death, I asked my father how he had felt about the idea of Margaret and Ruth as lovers, a relationship that had begun before Margaret and Gregory met, and continued into the years of their marriage. He spoke of Ruth as his senior, someone for whom he had great respect and always a sense of distance, and of her remote beauty [stress added]." Mary Catherine Bateson, 1984, Witha Daughter's Eye: A Memoir of Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson (NY: Morrow), page 117 [and page 125 aswell].
"Darwin taught us all to see more clearly what everyone had seen, and Darwin also taught us to think, along with him, what no one else had thought. No branch of science is more dominated by a single theory, by a single great idea, than is the whole of biology by the idea of evolution byNatural Selection." J. Livingston and L. Sinclair, 1967, DarwinAnd The Galapagos, n.p.
"He [Charles Darwin] believed that the natural world wasthe result of constantly repeated small and accumulative actions, a lesson he had first learned whenreading Lyell's Principles of Geology on board the Beagle and had put to work ever since. ... No one, not even Lyell himself, or any of Darwin'sclosest friends and supporters, accepted as ardently as Darwin that the book of nature was about the accumulative powers of the small [stress added]." Janet Browne, 2002, Charles Darwin: The Power of Place - Volume II of a Biography (NY: Alfred A. Knopf), page 490.
CONCLUSIONS: 1769+
"To become trustworthy anthropologists, we must learn how to observe human cultures in a methodical and objective manner, free from preconceptions and prejudices. That's what you study at the departmentof anthropology, and that's what enabled anthropologists to play such a vitalrole in bridging gaps between different cultures." Yuval Noah Harari, 2018, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century(UK: Penguin Random House), page314.
"Since 1969, the place of history of anthropology within the discipline has changed substantially. The postmodernist turn to reflexivity in the humanities and social sciences has made practicing anthropologists more conscious of their own standpoint(s) and the groundedness of present practices in past histories. History itself has come tobe seen as contingent, relative to a standpoint, interpretation rather than adirect representation of the past [stress added]." Regna Darnell, 1998, AndAlong Came Boas:Continuity And Revolution In Americanist Anthropology (Philadelphia: John Benjamin PublishingCo.), page xiv.
"Anthropology is the science of the sense of humour. It can be thus defined without too much pretentiousness or facetiousness. For to see ourselves as others see is is but the reverse and the counterpart of the gift to see others as they really are and as they want to be: And this is the metier of theanthropologist. He [and she!] has to break down the barriers of race andcultural diversity; he has to find the human being in the savage; he has todiscover the primitive in the highly sophisticated Westerner of to-day, and,perhaps, to see that the animal, and the divine as well, are to be found everywhere in man [stress added]." Bronislaw Malinowski, 1937, Introduction. Julius E. Lips, 1937, The Savage Strikes Back (Hyde Park, NY: University Books), pages vii-ix,page vii.
"Though it may be given to us for a moment to enter into the soul of a savage and through his eyes to look at the outer world, and feelourselves what it must feel to him to behimself--yet our final goal is to enrich and deepen our own world's vision,to understand our own nature and to make it finer, intellectually and artistically. In grasping the essential outlook of others, with the reverence and real understanding, dueeven to savages, we cannot but help widening our own. We cannot possibly reach the final Socratic wisdom of knowing ourselves if we never leave the narrow confinement of the customs, beliefs and prejudices into which every man is born. Nothing can teach us a better lesson in this matter of ultimate importance than the habit of mind which allows us to treat the beliefs and values of another manfrom his point of view. Nor has civilized humanity ever needed such tolerance more than now, when prejudice, ill will and vindictiveness are dividing each European nation from another, when all the ideals, cherished and proclaimed as the highest achievements ofcivilization, science and religion, have been thrown to the winds.
The Science of Man, in its most refined and deepest version should lead us to such knowledge and to tolerance and generosity, based on the understanding of other men's point o fview [italics in originalbut stress added." Bronislaw Malinowski, 1922, Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea [1961 E.P. Dutton edition], page 517-518.
"The unit of survival [or adaptation] is organism plus environment. We are learning by bitter experience that the organism which destroys its environment destroys itself. If, now, we correct the Darwinian unit of survival to include the environment and the interaction between organism and environment, a very strange and surprisingidentity emerges: the unit of survival turns out to be identical with the unit of mind" [italics in original; stress added]." Gregory Bateson [1904-1980],1972, Steps To An Ecology of Mind (NY: Ballantine Books), page 483.
"Science is converging. Intelligence is decoupling from consciousness. Highly intelligent algorithms may soon knowus better than we know ourselves. What will happen to society, politics and daily life when non-consciousbut highly intelligent algorithims know us better than we know ourselves?"Yuval Noah Harari, 2017. Homo Deus: A Brief history of Tomorrow [first published in Israel, in Hebrew, in 2015], page 402.
"When this circuit learns your job, what are you going to do?" Marshall McLuhan & Quentin Fiore, 1967, TheMedium Is The Massage,page 20.
# # #
REFERENCES: Please note, not all of the items listed below were specifically referred to in the 7 February 2019 presentation at The Anthropology Forum but they all did contribute in some manner to the overall presentation.
Alan Barnard, 2000, History and Theory in Anthropology (Cambridge University Press).
H. G. Barnett, 1953, Innovation: The Basis of Cultural Change (New York: McGraw-Hill).
Mary Catherine Bateson, 1984, With a Daughter's Eye: A Memoir of Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson (NY: Morrow).
Gregory Bateson, 1972, Steps ToAn Ecology of Mind (NY: Ballantine Books),
Martha Warren Beckwith [Translatorand Editor], 1951, The Kumulipo: A Hawaiian Creation Chant (The University of ChicagoPress).
Otto L. Bettnann, 1974, The Good Old Days - They Were Terrible! (New York: Random House).
Jacob Bronowski, 1956, Science And Human Values,
Janet Browne, 2002, Charles Darwin: The Power of Place - Volume II of a Biography (NY: Alfred A. Knopf).
James Burke, 1985, The Day The Universe Changed (Boston/Toronto: Little, Brown and Company).
Christopher Cerf and VictorMavasky, 1984, The Experts Speak: The Definitive Compendium of Authoritative Misinformation(NY: Pantheon Books).
G. Charbonnier, 1969, Conversations with Claude LŽvi-Strauss (London: Jonathan Cape Ltd), page 17. [This is a 1969 translation of the 1961 Entretiensavec Claude LŽvi-Strauss.]
Jean Christensen, 2000, Mead's 'Coming of Age in Samoa' Called Worst Nonfictionof Century. The San FranciscoChronicle, February 2.
Robert C. Christopher, 1984, The Unplanned Obsolescence of a Great Book on Japan[namely Ruth Benedict's 1946 TheChrysanthemum And The Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture]. The Wall Street Journal,January 31, page 24.
J. M. Cohen [translator], 1958, Essays[of Montaigne].
Thomas M. Coffey, 1970, Imperial Tragedy: Japan In World War II - The First DaysAnd The Last (NY: The World Publishing Company).
David Colbert [Editor], 1997, Eyewitnessto America: 500 Years of America in the Words of Those Who Saw It Happen (NY: Pantheon Books).
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, 1996, Flow: And The Psychology of Discovery and Invention (HarperCollins).
Regna Darnell, 1998, And Along Came Boas:Continuity And Revolution In Americanist Anthropology (Philadelphia: John Benjamin PublishingCo.), page xiv.
Charles R. Darwin, 1839a, Journal and Remarks 1832-1836, Vol. III of Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle.
Charles R. Darwin, 1839b, The Voyage of the Beagle.
Charles R. Darwin, 1859, On The Origin of Species. [and subsequent, and all different, editions of 1860, 1861,1866, 1869, and 1872].
Joan Druett, 2011, Tupaia: The Remarkable Story of Captain Cook's Polynesian Navigator.
Kirk M. Endicott and Robert Welsch [Editors], 2001, Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issuesin Anthropology (McGraw-Hill/Dushkin).
Edmund J. Farrell, Thomas E. Gage, John Pordresher, and Raymond J. Rodrigues [Editors], 1974, Science fact Fiction (Scott,Foresman and Company).
Derek Freeman, 1999, The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead: A Historical Analysis of Her SamoanResearch (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press).
Ute Gacs, Alisha Khan, Jerrie Mcintyre, and Ruth Weinberg [Editors], 1989, Women Anthropologists: Selected Biographies(University of Illinois Press).
Marc Gallicchio [Editor], 2007, The Unpredictability of the Past: Memories of the Asia-Pacific War inU.S.-East Asian Relations (Duke University Press).
HowardGardner, 1993, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences[Tenth Anniversary edition], BasicBooks).
Walter Goldschmidt, 2000, Historical Essay: A Perspective on Anthropology. American Anthropologist, Vol. 102, No. 4, December 2000, pages789-807.
Malcolm Gladwell, 2000, The Tipping Point: How Little Things CanMake A Big Difference (NY: Little, Brown and Company).
Yuval Noah Harari, 2015,Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (HarperCollins).
Yuval Noah Harari, 2017, Homo Deus: A Brief history of Tomorrow [first published in Israel, in Hebrew, in 2015].
Yuval Noah Harari, 2018, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century (UK: Penguin Random House).
Hal Hellman, 1998, Great Feuds in Science: Ten of theliveliest disputes ever (John Wiley & Sons).
Christina Hellmich and Line Clausen Pederson et al., 2018, Gauguin: A Spiritual Journey (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco and DelMonicoBooks).
Lane Ryo Hirabayashi, 1999, The Politics ofFieldwork: Research in an American Concentration Camp (Tuscon: Universityof Arizona Press).
K.R. Howe[Editor], 2006, Vaka Moana: Voyages of theAncestors (Universityof Hawai'i Press).
H. Stuart Hughes, 1964, History As Art And As Science: Twin Vistas on the Past.
Walter Isaacson, 2014, The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers,Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution (NY: Simon& Schuster).
Steven Johnson, 2014, How We Got to Now: Six Innovations That Made the Modern World [Glass, Cold, Sound, Clean, Time, andLight] (NY: RiverheadBooks).
VeraJohn-Steiner, 1985, Notebooks of the Mind: Explorations of Thinking (NY: Harper & Row Publishers).
Harvey A. Katz,Martin Harry Greenberg, and Patricia S. Warrick [Editors], 1977, Introductory Psychology ThroughScience Fiction, Second Edition (Chicago: Rand McNallyCollege Publishing).
Rob Kirkpatrick, 2011, 1969: The Year That Changed Everything.
Arthur Koestler, 1964, The Act of Creation: A study of theconscious and unconscious in science and art (NY: DellPublishing Co.).
Hilary Lapsley, 1999, Margaret Mead And Ruth Benedict: The Kinship of Women(Amherst: U Mass Press).
Edmund Leach, 1967, An Anthropologist's Trivia [originallypublished in The Guardian on 11 August 1967 as a review of A Diary in the Strictest Senseof the Term]. Stephen Hugh-Jones and James Laidlaw [editors], 2000, TheEssential Edmund Leach Volume I: Anthropology and Society (Yale University Press), pages 61-62.
Julius E. Lips, 1937, The Savage Strikes Back (Hyde Park, NY: University Books).
J. Livingstonand L. Sinclair, 1967, Darwin And The Galapagos.
Helena Wayne (Malinowska), 1985, Bronislaw Malinowski: The Influence of Various Women on His Life and Works. AmericanEthnologist, Vol. 12, No.3, pages 529-540.
Bronislaw Malinowski, 1922, Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise andAdventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea [1961 E.P. Dutton edition].
Bronislaw Malinowski, 1929, The Sexual Life of Savages in North-WesternMelanesia: An Ethnographic Accountof Courtship, Marriage and Family Life Among the Natives of the Trobriand Islands, British New Guinea.
Bronislaw Malinowski, 1967, A Diary in the Strictest Sense of the Term[with a "Preface" by his widow, Valetta Malinowska, who decided to publish the diary; "Introduction" by [Sir] Raymond Firth; translated by Norbert Guterman] (London: Routledge& Kegan Paul).
James Martin, 1987, Technology's Crucible.
Carol Mason, Martin Harry Greenberg, Patricia Warrick [Editors], 1974, Anthropology Through Science Fiction (NY: St. Martin's Press).
Marshall McLuhan& Quentin Fiore, 1967, The Medium Is The Massage.
Willis E. McNellyand Leon E. Stover [Editors], 1972, Above the Human Landscape: An anthology of social science fiction (Pacific Palisades, CA: Goodyear Publishing Company).
Margaret Mead, 1928, Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilization.
Margaret Mead, 1930, Growing up in New Guinea.
James A. Michener, 1946, Tales of the South Pacific (FawcettCrest Books).
John W. Milstead, Martin HarryGreenberg, Joseph D. Olander, and Patricia Warrick [Editors], 1974, Sociology Through Science Fiction(NY: St. Martin's Press).
Joseph D. Olander, Martin H.Greenberg, and Patricia Warrick [Editors], 1974, American Government Through Science Fiction(Chicago: Rand McNally CollegePublishing Company).
Joseph D. Olander and Martin HarryGreenberg {Editors], 1977, CriminalJustice Through Science Fiction (NY/London: New Viewpoints).
Douglas L. Oliver, 1989, The Pacific Islands [Thirdedition] (University of Hawai'i Press).
Hortense Powdermaker, 1966, Stranger And Friend: The Way Of An Anthropologist.
David Price, 1998, Gregory Bateson and the OSS: World War II and Bateson's Assessmentof Applied Anthropology. HumanOrganization, Vol. 57, No.. 4, pages 379-384.
David Price, 1999, Coming a Cropper in Samoa [being an essay on DerekFreeman's 1998 The FatefulHoaxing of Margaret Mead]. The Wall Street Journal, March 3.
David Price, 2008, Anthropological Intelligence: The Deployment and Neglect of AmericanAnthropology in the Second World War (Duke University Press).
Royston M. Roberts, 1989, Serendipity: Accidental Discoveries in Science (NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).
Paul Shankman, 2009, The Trashing of Margaret Mead: Anatomy of an AnthropologicalControversy (University of Wisconsin Press).
Denise Shekerjian, 1990, Uncommon Genius: How Great Ideas Are Born[Tracing The Creative Impulse With Forty Winners Of the MacArthur Award](NY: Penguin Books).
James P. Spradley and George E.McDonough, 1973, Anthropology Through Literature: Cross-CulturalPerspectives (Boston: Little, Brown and Company).
Hilary Spurling, 2005, Matisse The Master - A Life of Henri Matisse:The Conquest of Colour, 1909-1954 (NY: Alferd A, Knopf).
Georger R. Stewart, 1949, Earth Abides: Men go and come, but Earth Abides [Ecclesiastes,1,4] (NY: Ace Books, Inc.).
Leon E. Stover and Harry Harrison[Editors], 1968, Apeman, Spaceman.
Ralph H. Thompson, 1969, Learning to Question. The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. XL, No. 6, pages 467-472.
Charles F. Urbanowicz, in progress, http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/VariousCruiseMaps.html[CruiseMaps Only]
1968 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Malinowski1968.html [Comments on Bronislaw Malinowski. For a University of Oregon ANTH 507 Graduate Seminar, October 29, 1968.]
1969 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/1969Levi-StraussPaper.html[A Selective View of Lévi-Strauss' Intellectual Antecedents For the 68th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, November 20-24, 1969.]
1970 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/NatureCulture1970.html[Mother Nature, Father Culture. For the 28th Annual Meeting of the Oregon Academy of Science, Eugene, February 28, 1970.]
1971 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/1971TonganPaper.html[Tongan Culture: From the 20th Century to the 19th Century. For the 70th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, New York, New York, November 17, 1971.]
1972 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/1972TonganPaper.html[Tongan Social Structure: Data From An Ethnographic Reconstruction. For the 71st Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association,Toronto, Canada, December 2, 1972].
1973 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/1973Forum.html[Science Fiction. For the CSU, Chico Anthropology Forum, November 7, 1973.)
1975a http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Drinking.pdf[ Drinking in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga. Ethnohistory, Vol. 22, No. 1: 33-50.]
1975b http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/ChangeInRankAndStatus.pdf[Change in Rank and Status in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga.] Psychological Anthropology, edited by T. R. Williams (Mouton), pp. 559-575.
1977a Evolution of Technological Civilizations: What is Evolution,Technology, and Civilization? (For the Symposium on "The Search For Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence at NASA/Ames Research Center Moffett Field, California, February 24-25.)
1977b http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/ScienceFictionTeaching1977.pdf [The Philosophical Implications of Science Fiction For The Teaching of Anthropology. The University Journal [CSU, Chico], Number 9, Fall 1977, pages 16-20.]
1977c http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Tourism_in_Tonga.pdf [Tourism in Tonga: Troubled Times.Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, edited by V. Smith (University of Pennsylvania), pp. 83-92.]
1977d http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/MotivesAndMethods.pdf [Motives and Methods: Missionaries in Tonga in the Early 19th Century. The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 86, No. 2: 245-263.]
1978 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/CulturalImplications-1978.pdf [Cultural Implications of Extraterrestrial Contact and the Colonization of Space. The Industrialization of Space: Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, edited byRichard A. Van patten, Paul Siegler, and E.V.B. Stearns (American Astronautical Society, San Diego, CA), Vol. 36, Part 2, Advances In The Astronautical Sciences, pages 785-797; originally presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the American Astronautical Society, San Francisco, CA, October 18-20, 1977.)
1980 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/1980PolynesianPaper.html [Women In The Pacific: Some Polynesian Examples. For The "Asia and Pacific" Section of the 28th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Ethnohistory, San Francisco, California, October 23-25.)
1983 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/1983TonganPaper.html[Christian Missionaries in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga: Late 18th Century & Early 19th Century Activities. For the Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association, San Francisco, California, for the Symposium entitled "Missions and Missionaries in the Pacific: An Overview" on December 28.)
1984 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/GoodScienceFiction.pdf[The Role of "Good" Science Fiction and Space Applications and The Future. Space and Society: Challenges and Choices, edited by Anaejionu et al.(American Astronautical Society, San Diego, CA), Vol. 59: 309-329.]
1989a http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Tourism_in_Tonga_revisited.pdf [Tourism in Tonga Revisited: Continued Troubled Times? Hosts And Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, edited by V. Smith, 2nd Edition (University of Pennsylvania), pp. 105-117.]
1989b http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Satellites.pdf [Satellites: The Global Village and Tele-Education. Space 30: A Thirty Year Overview of Space Applications and Exploration, edited by Pelton et. al (Alexandria, VA), pp. 90-105.
1989c http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Forum/Hawaii1989.html [The Islands of Hawai'i: 750A.D. to 1989. For the CSU, Chico Anthropology Forum, September 21.)
1990a http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Forum/March1990.html [Perspectives on Science Fiction and Science Fact, For the CSU, Chico Anthropology Forum, March 8.)
1990b http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/1990DossierOnDarwinLetter.html[A Dossier on Darwin: A Letter to the Editor; originally published in the Chico [California] Enterprise-Recordon September 26, 1990, page 4B.]
1991 [with C. Louis Nevins] Extra-Terrestrial Education: Not Science Fiction at All. (For the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C., February 14-19).
1992 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Pub_Papers/4field.html[Four-Field Commentary]. Published in the Newsletterof the American Anthropological Association, 1992, Volume 33, Number 9, page 3.]
1999 Performed as "Ferapont Spiridonych" in the CSU, Chico Spring 1999 production of Anton Chekhov's The Three Sisters, directed by Dr. Sue Pate (March 10-14); please see here for Sandra L. Barton's rendition of Ferapont and how portrayed).
2002a Teaching As Theatre. Strategies in Teaching Anthropology, Second Edition (2002), edited by Patricia Rice & David W. McCurdy, Editors (NJ: Prentice Hall), pages 147-149.
2002e http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/NewMoonFall2002.html [The New Moon (of Fall 2002) @ CSU, Chico, directed by Professor Joel Rogers, October 23-27, 2002, the Fall 2002 operetta; also performed as M. Beaunoir.
2002d http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/aStoryof2027.html [A "Story" (Vision or nightmare?) of the Region in 2027.) (For classroom use at CSU, Chico, September 30.)
2002c http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/ANTH300Fall2002.htm [Intellectual History Comments for ANTH 300 (Fall 2002).] (For CSU, Chico ANTH 300, Core Seminar in Anthropology, September 18.)
2002b Dramaturge and performed as "Abraham Kaplan" in the CSU, Chico Spring 2002 production of Elmer Rice's Street Scene (March 6-10), directed by Dr. Randy Wonzong.
2003a http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/30YearsOfAnthroForums.html [The Anthropology Forum: 1973->2003. For the CSU, Chico Anthropology Forum, May 15, 2003.)
2003b http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/30YearsPartTwoAnthroForums.html [The Anthropology Forum: 1973->2003, Part II. For the CSU, Chico Anthropology Forum, September 4, 2003.)
2003c http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/DestinationPolynesia.html[Destination Polynesia: Tahiti And The Neighbor Islands. For the CSU, Chico Anthropology Forum, November 6).
2004a http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/PacificWAMLApril2004.html[Mapping The Islands of the Pacific: Islanders and Others (Including Cook and Darwin). For a presentation at the WAML (Western Association of Map Libraries) Conference, April 29-30, 2004, at CSU, Chico.]
2004b http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/CELTOctober2004Darwin.html[The Darwin Project: 1996 to 2004! For the Tenth Annual Conference on Learning and Teaching sponsored by CELT (Center for Excellence in Learning and Teaching), October 21-22, 2004, at CSU, Chico, October 21].
2004c http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/RECR50Fall2004.htm[Continuing Interests In "Gaming" (Fall 2004). CSU, Chico RECR [Recreation] 50, Hospitality industry, at CSU, Chico, October 29.]
2004d http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/TahitiAndEuropeansFa2004.html[Europeans in Tahiti: From Cook to Gauguin. For the CSU, Chico Anthropology Forum, November 4.]
2005a http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Tahiti2005.html [Tahiti: From 1971 To 2004/2005! For a presentation at the Anthropology Forum at California State University, Chico, on May 5, 2005.]
2005b http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/WorldWarIIEnds2005.html [World War II Ends! For the CSU, Chico Anthropology Forum at CSU, Chico, September 1.]
2005c http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/ENRMeetingSep2005.html[A Personal View of the Millennial Student. For a presentation at the Annual CSU, Chico Enrollment Management Meeting, September 16.]
2000 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/PHIL321Fall2005.html [Urbanowicz on Darwin And Human Happiness. For a presentation in Professor Robert Stewart's PHIL 321 (ETHICS AND HUMAN HAPPINESS) at CSU, Chico, November 30.]
2007 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/PearlHarbor2007.html[Pearl Harbor After Sixty-Six Years and World War II in the PTO (Pacific Theater of Operations)]. For the CSU, Chico Anthropology Forum at CSU, Chico, December 6.]
2012 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curbanowicz/ANTHROFORUMSPRING2012.html [Pacific Travelers, presented with Sadie Urbanowicz. For the CSU, Chico Anthropology Forum at CSU, Chico, April 12, 2012.]
2014 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curbanowicz/DCRETIREMENTPAPER2014.html [Cruising Into Retirement As An Anthropologist. For the 113th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C., December 3-7, 2014].
2015 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curbanowicz/FORUMWWII2015.html [World War II, 1931-1945: Words, images, And Locations. For the CSU, Chico Anthropology Forum at CSU, Chico, September 3 and the video that was made of the presentation is available at https://media.csuchico.edu/media/WORLD+WAR+II%2C+1931-1945A++Locations%2C+Images%2C+and+Words/0_8k46sng7 (50:29)].
2018 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SeabournSojournOctober2018List.html[October-November References for the Seabourn Sojourn cruise} October 15, 2018 to November 19, Los Angeles to Auckland, New Zealand].
AlfredNorth Whitehead, 1933, The Adventure of Ideas.
Robin W.Winks, 1987, Cloak & Gown: Scholars In The Secret War, 1939-1961 ( NY: WilliamMorrow and Company Inc.).
AndreaWulf, 2012, Chasing Venus: The Race To Measure The Heavens (NY: AlfredA. Knopf).
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