© Charles F. Urbanowicz/May 10, 1999} This copyrighted Web Notebook, printed from http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/syllabi/SYL_13-SP99.html, is intended for use by students enrolled at California State University, Chico, in the Spring Semester of 1999 and any unauthorized use/publication is strictly prohibited; for a MOST IMPORTANT BRIEF DISCLAIMER ESSAY about these ANTH 13 web pages, please click here!

DESCRIPTION: The human being as a culture-bearing animal. The bases of culture and behavior. A study of the interrelated aspects of culture, including language, world-view, technology, social organization, and the arts. This is an approved General Education course. This is an approved Non-Western course. (1997-1999 Catalog, Page 185)

REQUIRED TEXTS AVAILABLE IN ASSOCIATED STUDENTS BOOKSTORE:

Spradley and McCurdy (1997) Conformity & Conflict: Readings In Cultural Anthropology (9th Ed.)
George R. Stewart (1949) Earth Abides
Charles F. Urbanowicz (Spring 1999 edition) Anthropology 13 Notebook [also available at http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/syllabi/SYL_13-SP99.html]

RECOMMENDED ITEM: The World Almanac and Book of Facts: 1999

ASSESSMENT: There are no make-up exams and late Writing Assignments will not be accepted. (In dire emergencies please contact Urbanowicz as soon as possible b.e.f.o.r.e. or after the emergency!) Please note the following important dates:

WRITING ASSIGNMENT #1	2/18/99 (5%) Due at the end of Week 4 (THU).
EXAM I	2/25/99 (20%) Based on readings and lectures to 2/23/99 (end of Week 5).
EXAM II	4/15/99 (25%) Based on readings and lectures since 3/2/99 (end of Week 12).
WRITING ASSIGNMENT #2	5/6/99 (15%) Due at the End of Week 15 (THU).
EXAM III} 13-01 = TUE (Noon->1:50pm) 5/18/99	5/18/99 (30%) Based on readings and lectures since 4/20/99 and major points and Earth Abides.
CLASS PARTICIPATION	1/26/99 -> 5/13/99 (5%).

THE COURSE is heavily mediated with visuals and individuals are responsible for certain information presented in this manner. Individuals are expected to locate major land masses discussed in lectures, readings, visuals, etc. Each examination will have a map component based on the maps in one of the required texts: Anthropology 13 Notebook . Individuals are also responsible for selected information distributed in any handouts for the course. Writing Assignment #1 should be approximately 400-500 words. Writing Assignment #2 should be approximately 1200-1500 words. Both Writing Assignments should be typed and/or word-processed and double-spaced. PLEASE NOTE: Various WWW addresses are given below and will be explained throughout the semester, but at this time, no examination questions will be based on these WWW locations: they are being shared with you for future exploration on your own. [The above paragraph contains 135 words.]

PLEASE CONSIDER: INTERNATIONAL FORUM (SOSC 100-01#14028) for One Unit every Tuesday from 4-5:20pm in Ayres Hall 120 and ANTHROPOLOGY FORUM (ANTH 297-01#10224) for One Unit every Thursday from 4-5:20pm in Ayres Hall 120.

1. WEEK 1: JANUARY 26 & 28, 1999: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW TO THE COURSE.

2. WEEK 2: FEBRUARY 2 & 4, 1999: WHAT DOES AN ANTHROPOLOGIST DO?

3. WEEK 3: FEBRUARY 9 & 11, 1999: CULTURE & ETHNOGRAPHY (CONTINUED)

4. WEEK 4: FEBRUARY 16 & 18, 1999: RESEARCH & ECOLOGY & INTO LANGUAGE WA #1 DUE February 18.

5. WEEK 5: FEBRUARY 23 & 25, 1999: LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION & REVIEW and EXAM I (20%) on February 25.

6. WEEK 6: MARCH 2 & 4, 1999: ECOLOGY & SUBSISTENCE (CONTINUED)

7. WEEK 7: MARCH 9 & 11, 1999: ECONOMICS & KINSHIP & FAMILY & MAGIC & RELIGION & ...

8. WEEK 8: MARCH 16 & 18, 1999: ROLES & INEQUALITY & ECONOMICS & CHANGE (AND "CYBERSPACE" EXPANDED).

9. WEEK 9: SPRING BREAK (MARCH 22 - MARCH 26, 1999)

10. WEEK 10: MARCH 30 & APRIL 1, 1999: WEEK #8 TOPICS CONTINUED & CULTURE CHANGE

11. WEEK 11: APRIL 6 & 8, 1999: CULTURE CHANGE (CONTINUED)

12. WEEK 12: APRIL 13 & 15, 1999: CULTURE CHANGE/REVIEW & EXAM II (25%) on April 15.

13. WEEK 13: APRIL 20 & 22, 1999: LAW & POLITICS & RELIGION, MAGIC, WORLD VIEW

14. WEEK 14: APRIL 27 & 29, 1999: ON RELIGION, MAGIC, AND WORLD VIEW (CONTINUED)

15. WEEK 15: May 4 & 6, 1999: ALMOST OVER & WINDING DOWN & WA #2 DUE on May 6.

16. WEEK 16: MAY 11 & 13: CULTURE CHANGE AND APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY REVIEW & EXAM III (30%) NEXT WEEK on Tuesday May 18, 1999, from Noon-1:50pm in Ayres 106.

1. An understanding of the phenomenon of culture as that which differentiates human life from other life forms; an understanding of the roles of human biology and cultural processes in human behavior and human evolution.

2. A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

3. A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

4. Familiarity with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources and knowledge of how to access such information.

5. Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

6. The ability to present and communicate in anthropologically appropriate ways anthropological knowledge and the results of anthropological research.

7. Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought.

"How you think about who you are right now has everything to do with what will happen to you in the future." (C.C. Carter, Chico Enterprise-Record, May 6, 1997, page 12A).

"Anthropology provides a scientific basis for dealing with the crucial dilemma of the world today: how can peoples of different appearance, mutually unintelligble languages, and dissimilar ways of life get along peaceably together? Of course, no branch of knowledge constitutes a cure-all for all the ills of mankind. ... Students who had not gone beyond the horizon of their own society could not be expected to perceive custom which was the stuff of their own thinking. The scientist of human affairs needs to know as much about the eye that sees as the object seen. Anthropology holds up a great mirror to man[kind] and lets him [and her!] look at himself in his infinite variety. This, and not the satisfaction of idle curiosity nor romantic quest, is the meaning of the anthropologist's work.... [stress in original]" Clyde Kluckhohn, 1949, Mirror For Man: The Relation of Anthropology To Modern Life, page 1 and page 10)

"By viewing ourselves in a mirror which reflects reality, we can see our past as undistorted and no longer have to peer into our future as through a glass darkly." Ronald Takaki, 1993, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America, page 427.

"The unit of survival [or adaptation] is organism plus environment. We are learning by bitter experience that the organism which destroys its environment destroys itself." (Gregory Bateson, Steps to an Ecology of Mind, 1972: 483)

"We are heading into a century in which the old gods will certainly continue to crumble. As a nation we can no longer simply see ourselves as shades of pale. The new century will be in living color, and it may often speak in languages that are unfamiliar to our ears. Women will walk fully out of the shadows of men's dreams. If we wish to build a new world, we will have to understand the way that worlds are made and how ideas can freeze into dogma" (Caryl Rivers, 1996, Slick Spins And Fractured Facts: How Cultural Myths Distort The News, page xiv).

"Anyone who stops learning is old, whether at twenty or eighty. Anyone who keeps learning stays young. The greatest thing in life is to keep your mind young." Henry Ford [1863-1947]

"Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry and narrow-mindness." (Samuel Langhorn Clemens, also known as Mark Twain [1835-1910], The Innocents Abroad, 1869).

"What we know is a drop. What we don't know is an ocean." Sir Isaac Newton [1642-1727] The Wall Street Journal, November 1, 1991.

"In many crucial ways, the Earth is becoming as small as it appears to orbiting astronauts and cosmonauts. Global communications, universal trends, and common aspirations are making us more alike than we are different. Despite our rich cultural diversity, we gradually are becoming nearly one world. ... We share history. World War II tore us apart. ... We share technology. Communication satellites make it possible for millions to share the information and entertainment that's on television. Satellites have also revolutionized telephone and telefax communication. We sent reporters all over the world, but rarely were they out of reach of a telephone. We share high-speed transportation. Today, it takes less than twenty-four hours to travel between virtually any two points in the world." (Allen H. Neurath [with Jack Kelley and Juan J. Walte], 1989, Nearly One World, pages 4-6)

"The only rational way of educating is to be an example--if one can't help it, a warning example." (Albert Einstein [1879-1955], 1921 Nobel Laureate in Physics, Ideas and Opinions, 1954: page 283).

"My view is that knowledge is a rearrangement of experience, in which we put together those experiences that seem to us to belong together, and put them apart from those that do not" (Jacob Bronowski [1908-1984], The Identity of Man, 1966: 26).

"The thought of every age is reflected in its technique." (Norbert Wiener, 1961, Cybernetics: Or Control And Communication In The Animal And The Machine, page 38).

"Learning can be seen as the acquisition of information, but before it can take place, there must be interest; interest permeates all endeavors and precedes learning. In order to acquire and remember new knowledge, it must stimulate your curiosity in some way." (Richard Saul Wurman, 1989, Information Anxiety, page 138)

"I say, therefore, that we think with or through ideas and what we call thinking is generally the application of preexisting ideas to a given situation or set of facts. ...When a thing is intelligible you have a sense of participation; when a thing is unintelligible you have a sense of estrangement." (F. Schumacher, 1973, Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered, page 84)

"Interest is a sense of being involved in some process, actual or potential. ...Interest is not the same as attention. Attention is a simple response to a stimulus--either to a loud bang or (much more powerful) to a feeling of interest. Interest is selective, an expenditure of energy by the interested party. ... Memory is an internally edited record of interests (not of attention, much less of 'events')." (Henry Hay, 1972, The Amateur Magician's Handbook, pp. 2-3

"In the age of information, survival still depends on hunters and gatherers. In that modern day tribe called a corporation, it's still the survival of the fittest. And in the treacherous nineties, the fittest will certainly be the best informed. So making it safely--and prosperously--through the next quarter may well depend on having a plentiful supply of the news and information business feeds on." [Paid Advertisement for the Dow Jones Information Services in The Wall Street Journal, August 19, 1991.

"The list of female inventors includes dancers, farmers, nuns, secretaries, actresses, shopkeepers, housewives, military officers, corporate executives, schoolteachers, writers, seamstresses, refugees, royalty, and little kids. All kinds of people can and do invent. The idea that one's gender somehow precludes the possibility of pursuing any technological endeavor is not only outdated but also dangerous. In the words of 1977 Nobel Prize winner [in Physiology/Medicine] Rosalyn Yallow: 'The world cannot afford the loss of the talents of half of its people if we are to solve the many problems which beset us.'" (Ethlie Ann Vare and Greg Ptacek, 1987, Mothers of Invention: From the Bra to the Bomb, Forgotten Women and Their Unforgettable Ideas, page 17)

"Despite these dangers, I am joining the growing dialogue on gender and language because the risks of ignoring differences is greater than the danger of naming them. Sweeping something big under the rug doesn't make it go away; it trips you up and sends you sprawling when you venture across the room. Denying real differences can only compound the confusion that is already widespread in this era of shifting and re-forming relationships between women and men." (Deborah Tannen, 1990, You Just Don't Understand: Women And Men In Conversation, page 16)

"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." (Clarke's Third Law in Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible by Arthur C. Clarke, 1984, page 26)

"The barbarous heathen are nothing more strange to us than we are to them.... Human reason is a tincture in like weight and measure infused into all our opinions and customs, what form soever they be, infinite in matter, infinite in diversity." (Michel Eyquem de Montaigne [1533-1592], Essays, page 53 [1959 paperback publication of a translation from 1603].

"'We used to educate farmers to be farmers, factory workers to be factory workers, teachers to be teachers, men to be men, women to be women.' The future demands 'renaissance people. You can't be productive in the information age if you don't know how to talk to a diverse population, use a computer, understand a world view instead of a parochial view, write, speak.'" (In Byrd L. Jones and Robert W. Maloy, 1996, Schools For An Information Age: Reconstructing Foundations For learning And Teaching, page 15).

"Education is the acquisition of the art of the utilisation of knowledge" (Alfred North Whitehead [1861-1947], The Aims of Education, 1929: 16)

"The cutting edge of knowledge is not in the known but in the unknown, not in knowing but in questioning. Facts, concepts, generalizations, and theories are dull instruments unless they are honed to a sharp edge by persistent inquiry about the unknown." (Ralph H. Thompson [1911-1987] American Educator).

"Make sure your employees [or students!] are learning something every day. Ideally, they should learn things that directly help on the job, but learning anything at all should be encouraged. The more you know, the more connections form in your brain, and the easier every task becomes. Learning creates job satisfaction and supports a person's ego and energy level [stress added]" (Scott Adams, 1996, The Dilbert™ Principle: A Cubicle's-Eye View Of Bosses, Meetings, Management Fads & Other Workplace Afflictions, page 322).

"The two most engaging powers of an author [or teacher] are to make new things familiar, and familiar things new." Samuel Johnson, The Lives of the English Poets (1779-81). [A Dictionary of Literary Quotations Compiled by M. Stevens, 1990, page 95]

"...it seems plain and self-evident, yet it needs to be said: the isolated knowledge obtained by a group of specialists in a narrow field [or an individual researcher] has in itself no value whatsoever, but only in its synthesis with all the rest of knowledge and only inasmuch as it really contributes in this synthesis something toward answering the demand 'who are we?'" 1933 Nobel Laureate in Physics, Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961)

"We were getting close to the answer and I was beginning to fly. I could feel my brain cells doing a little tap dance of delight. I was half-skipping, excitement bubbling out of me as we crossed the street. 'I love information. I love information. Isn't this great? God, it's fun...'" (The character Kinsey Milhone, in Sue Grafton, 1990, "G" Is For Gumshoe, page 277)

"There was a calmness in her, a quality of settled self-confidence in the way she leaned back in her chair, the simplcity of her attire, the understatement of her makeup. She knew herself and was happy with what she knew. It made her formidable." (Robert B. Parker, 1997, Small Vices, page 40.)

"The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing. One cannot help but be in awe when he [or she!] contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvelous structures of reality. It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery every day. Never lose a holy curiosity." (Albert Einstein [1879-1955])

"Have you ever stopped to think how much your life depends on information? Almost everything does! While some people might succeed with more luck than brains, we all improve our chances by basing our decisions on well-considered information. For quality information, today's consistently successful decision-makers rely on a combination of mind and machinery. Getting the best combination requires understanding how the two fit together and the roles that each might play. It also requires having a personal information strategy that matches your individual information interests, problem-solving skills, and technology preference." Arno Penzias [1978 Nobel Laureate in Physics], 1989, Ideas And Information: Managing In A High-Tech World (NY: Simon & Schuster), page 9.

"Throughout the ages, technology has helped shape the facts we humans think about. As our knowledge has increased, so have our tools and the ways we employ them. Today, technology is so complex and pervasive that it dominates much of the environment in which human beings live and work. For this reason, I feel we need a better understanding of how technology affects the ways in which we now create and explore ideas." Arno Penzias [1978 Nobel Laureate in Physics], 1989, Ideas And Information: Managing In A High-Tech World (NY: Simon & Schuster), page 179-180.

"People were laughing at Copernicus or Columbus and saying their theories were worthless while they were hailing the flummery written by some ignoramous as absolute gospel. So it's easy to imagine our way of life, that we're so content with, will seem strange, primitive, ignorant, unsanitary, maybe even immoral...." (The character Aleksandr Ignatych Vershinin in the Anton Chekov [1860-1904] play Three Sisters [1901]).

"Since we cannot know all that there is to know about everything, we ought to know a little about everything" (Blaise Pascal [1623-1662]).

"One can describe the world of today to the people of today only if one describes it as capable of alteration [All stress added]." (Bertolt Brecht) [1898-1956], Can Today's World Become RestoredThrough Theatre? (1955)

I. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW TO THE COURSE: Course Organization and Planning.

A. What Does An Anthropologist Do? For a Massive Anthropology site [my term for it], please see: http://www.unipv.it/webbio/dfantrop.htm as well as Anthropology Resources on the Internet and the local: http://www.csuchico.edu/lbib/anthropology/anthropology.html; and http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/guides/rbs/anthro.htm [Anthropology "jumping off" point at CSU, Chico].

An understanding of the phenomenon of culture as that which differentiates human life from other life forms; an understanding of the roles of human biology and cultural processes in human behavior and human evolution.

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

"Open your discourse with a jest, and let your hearers laugh a little; then become serious." (Talmud: Shabbath. 30b)

"A picture shows me at a glance what it takes dozens of pages of a book to expound." (Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev [1818-1838], Fathers and Sons (1862), Chapter 16.

"Anthropology--From Greek anthropos (man) and logia (study)--is the systematic wonder about and the scientific study of humans. Wonder about humans is probably as old as man [and woman!], Homo sapiens." Morris Freilich, 1983, The Pleasure of Anthropology, page x.

B. Please see Create Your Own Newspaper (http://crayon.net/using/links.html) as well as http://orion.csuchico.edu and for "Anthropology In The News" please glance at http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html.
C. Text(s), Assignments, Examinations (Three), and Grading
D. How to "use" this Notebook, Film Notes, and various WWW "addresses" shared with you.
E. Desired Outcome of the Course: for you and for me!

"That writer does the most, who gives his [or her!] reader the most knowledge, and takes from him [or her!!] the least time." (Charles Caleb Colton [1780-1832], 1825 statement.) PS: " The palest ink is better than the best memory." (Chinese proverb) and "The ear is a less trustworthy witness than the eye." (Herodotus [c.485-426 B.C.], The Histories of Herodotus, Book 1, Chapter 8)

"Connections Matter: Our brains aren't designed to retain random bits of information. We remember things by linking them to what we already know. The process is called 'elaborative encoding.' (1) A name is easy to forget when its only point of reference is a face. Lacking links to other memories, it fades within seconds. (2) As you learn facts about a person, such as her [or his] profession, her [and his] name gets embedded in a web of thoughts and impressions. If you don't know her [or him], random associations have a similar effect. (3) As the web of associations grows, so does the number of paths leading back to the name. Well-encoded memories last a lifetime." (Geoffrey Cowley and Anne Underwood, "Memory." Newsweek, June 15, 1998, page 51)

"The things taught in schools and colleges are not an education, but the means of education" and "Any time is a good time if you know what to do with it." (Ralph Waldo Emerson [1803-1882])

"Education is the foundation stone of true social justice." (Camile Paglia [1947- ], Vamps & Tramps: New Essays, page xviii)

"You are the only person whom you will be with for the rest of your life, so you should learn to be at peace with who you are and how valuable you are in God's eyes." (James Finn Garner as cited in Rachel Chandler, 1998, The Most Important Lessons In Life: Letters To A Young Girl, page 48)

F. Previous Student Comments:

"What a bummer, just another G.E. course to waste your time in. ANTH 13 is anyting but that; Urbanowicz gets you to think about yourself and others in a new way." (ANTH 13 Student, Spring 1998)

"If you fail to take the time to see the Earth breathe & change, then you are merely a number, statistic, or a tombstone. Live and thrive upon the vibrance of [the] Earth." (ANTH 13 Student, Fall 1999)

"All I have to say about your class is thank you! It is inspiring as not only a student but as a human being to see and experience the passion and love you have for anthropology. This year for the first time in my life, right around my 21st birthday, I freaked out about my future and occupation. But seeing you twice a week, standing in front of an unethusiastic bunch of college students at 9:30 in the morning and give them intriguiging lectures with authentic enthusiasm helped me more than you will ever know. Also, thank you for encouraging me to use my passion for...in my term paper. You are an awesome professor!" (ANTH 13 Student, Spring 1998)

"There is a lot of information but it is really interesting stuff." - "Don't miss a day. Each day is a learning experience. Read all of Spradely & McCurdy and read the Notebook before each class." - "I always thought I could get away with not reading each day before class. He actually does pick very relevant material. This is not a class you can get away with by not keeping up with the reading." - "You should really study ahead for the tests; there's too much to learn from the notes to leave it for the last minute." - "Be prepared to listen quickly. Urbanowicz is a fast talker. Don't miss class. Sometimes the movies are boring, but in the long run you learn more than you realize you are learning." - "Have fun and get into discussions." - "Use this class as a tool to think about life. Use it to expand on every thought you've ever had." - "It is a perfect class to introduce you to the world of anthropology." (Various Combined Fall 1997 Student comments)

"Read the Notebook & Spradely & McCurdy before class and after. It will first give you an overview and then give you a review of the material." (ANTH 13 Student, Fall 1999)

II. CULTURE AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

"Anthropology provides a scientific basis for dealing with the crucial dilemma of the world today: how can peoples of different appearance, mutually unintelligble languages, and dissimilar ways of life get along peaceably together? Of course, no branch of knowledge constitutes a cure-all for all the ills of mankind. ... Students who had not gone beyond the horizon of their own society could not be expected to perceive custom which was the stuff of their own thinking. The scientist of human affairs needs to know as much about the eye that sees as the object seen. Anthropology holds up a great mirror to man[kind] and lets him [and her!] look at himself in his infinite variety. This, and not the satisfaction of idle curiosity nor romantic quest, is the meaning of the anthropologist's work.... [stress in original]" Clyde Kluckhohn, 1949, Mirror For Man: The Relation of Anthropology To Modern Life, page 1 and page 10)

"Ethnographers learn how people really use technological tools. ... Tony Salvador and John Sherry are 'design ethnographers' from Intel Corp.... Their goal: to learn enough about how people...work and use tools so that they can help Intel design more effective products [stress added]." (The San Francisco Examiner and Chronicle, December 27, 1998, page J2)

A. The Concept of Culture & Basic Cultural Diversity: ABCs

"Help Avoid A Failure: Learn The Culture Of A Company First. ... Just like countries, companies have unique personalities, or cultures. Someone who succeeds in one won't necessarily do well at another." The Wall Street Journal, July 14, 1998, Page B1)

B. The Sub-disciplines of Anthropology

III. THE SCOPE OF ANTHROPOLOGY/FIELD METHODS: WHAT WE DO
A. Fieldwork in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga and Spring 1997 sabbatical research and....
B. FILM: Comments on the Yanomamo of South America (and see http://www.evoyage.com/Aggression.htm as well as http://www.uwgb.edu/~galta/mrr/yano/yano7.htm).
C. Comments on "Cyberspace! [Please below in the electronic Notebook] and indigenous societies.
D. And See: http://www.si.edu/ [Smithsonian Institution] and specifically the http://www.si.edu/resource/faq/nmnh/start.htm#anthro [Anthropology "button"] and http://www.wsu.edu:8001/vcwsu/commons/topics/culture/culture-index.html [Culture] as well as http://www.ncl.ac.uk/~nktg/wintro/ [Archaeology: An Introduction by Kevin Greene].

"In my first year here at Chico State I have been under almost ceaseless barrage by teachers heralding the Internet. With all the 'press' it's getting you'd think that the professors were getting paid to hype this new technology to their students. The fact of the matter is that this technology is going to play an increasingly important role in our lives. Professors realize that if their students are going to be successful, they must not be allowed to remain ignorant of this technology...." [ANTH 13 Student, Spring 1996].

IV. WHAT IS SCIENCE?/PERSPECTIVE(S): SPRADLEY & MCCURDY READINGS

"Culture And The Contemporary World" by Spradley & McCurdy, pp. 3-11
"Culture and Ethnography" by Spradley & McCurdy, pp. 13-17
"Ethnography and Culture" by James P. Spradley, pp. 18-25
"Law and Politics" by Spradley & McCurdy, pp. 267-269
"The Kayapo Resistance" by Terrence Turner, pp. 365-382

V. WORDS:

"In looking at science, life, and my fellow human beings, my mind in an undisciplined way detects the cosmic within the nitty gritty and the trivial within the infinite. I believe that deep and important issues should be approached with sufficient good humor to keep us from regarding our mutable opinions as eternal truths. While not ignoring the real tragedy in the world, I feel it important to concentrate on hope. Given the existential dilemma of forever unanswered questions about our universe, I believe that joy is more fun than sadness and no further from the elusive reality of things. In short, it should be possible to be profound without being boring or being afflicted with malaise [stress added]" (Harold J. Morowitz, 1979, The Wine Of Life And Other Essays On Societies, Energy & Living Things, page ix-x).

SPECIFIC TERMS FROM SPRADLEY & McCURDY's "GLOSSARY" pp. 401-407.

AGRICULTURE: A subsistence strategy involving intensive farming of permanent fields through the use of such means as the plow, irrigation, and fertilizer.

APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY: Any use of anthropological knowledge to influence social interaction, to maintain or change social institutions, or to direct the course of cultural change.

CLAN: A kinship group normally comprising several lineages; its members are related by a unilineal descent rule, but it is too large to enable members to trace actual biological links to all other members.

CULTURE: The knowledge that is learned, shared, and used by people to interpret experience and generate behavior.

ECOLOGY: The study of the way organisms interact with each other within an environment.

ETHNOCENTRISM: A mixture of belief and feeling that one's own way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

ETHNOGRAPHY: The task of discovering and describing a particular culture.

HORTICULTURE: A kind of subsistence strategy involving semi-intensive, usually shifting, agricultural practices. Slash-and-burn farming is a common example of horticulture.

KINSHIP: The complex system of social relations based on marriage (affinity) and birth (consanguinity).

LANGUAGE: The system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech.

POLITICAL SYSTEM: The organization and process of making and carrying out public policy according to cultural categories and rules.

SLASH AND BURN: A form of horticulture in which wild land is cleared and burned over, farmed, then permitted to lie fallow and revert to its wild state.

Napoleon Chagnon points out that the Yanomamo population is probably around 10,000. These were distributed in approximately 125 widely scattered villages, with the population in each village ranging from 40 to 250 individuals. ..."Yanomamo culture, in its major focus, reverses the meaning of 'good' and 'desirable' as phrased in the ideal postulates of the Judaic-Christian tradition. A high capacity for rage, a quick flash point, and a willingness to use violence to obtain one's ends are considered desirable traits. Much of the behavior of the Yanomamo can be described as brutal, cruel, treacherous, in the value-laden terms of our own vocabulary. The Yanomamo themselves...do not at all appear to be mean and treacherous. As individuals they seem to be people playing their own cultural game....this is a study of a fierce people who engage in chronic warfare. It is also a study of a system of controls that usually hold in check the drive towards annihilation." (Napoleon Chagnon, Yanomamo: The Fierce People, 1968) ... "The most distinctive feature of Yanomamo technology is that it is very direct. No tool or technique is complicated enough to require specialized labor or raw materials. Each village, therefore, can produce every item of material culture it requires from the jungle resources around it. ... The jungle provides numerous varieties of food, both animal and vegetable. ... Although the Yanomamo spend almost as much time hunting as they do gardening, the bulk of their diet comes from foods that are cultivated. Perhaps 85 percent or more of their diet consists of domesticated rather than wild foods...." (Napoleon Chagnon, The Fierce People, 1968: 21-33)

FILM MISC: Alliances, feasts, trading: "Alliances between villages are the product of a developmental sequence that involves casual trading, mutual feasting, and finally the exchange of women. ... The feast and the alliance can and often do fail to establish stable, amicable relationships between sovereign villages. ... Yanomamo warfare proper is the raid."

WHY STUDY PEOPLE?: "At the lower end of the scale of salt users [for example!] is a tribe called the Yanomamo, who dwell in the forests of southern Venezuela and consist of an estimated 20,000 people who live by subsistence farming in small villages. They are one of the few remaining tribes unaffected [!] by Western culture. ... The Yanomamo eat virtually no salt at all. Researchers observed 46 members of this tribe who were in their 40s, and found they had an average blood pressure of only 103/65. Another Amazonian tribe, the Carajas, take in little salt, calculated to be half a gram a day, and the average blood pressure of ten of their middle-aged people was slightly lower at 101/69. (The longevity of these people is not recorded, but if there is a link between salt, blood pressure and lifespand then we can assume they will probably all live to be a hundred.) John Emsley, 1998, Molecules At An Exhibition: Portraits Of Intriguiging Materials in Everyday Life, page 38)

WHY STUDY PEOPLE?: "In search of the Shamans' Vanishing Wisdon" by Christopher Hallowell in Time, December 14, 1998, page 71 and the ethnobotanical research by Mark Plotkin and looking for potential new drugs from indigenous plants in South America.

NOTE: "Anthropologists continually seek better ways to record and translate the beliefs and traditions of human cultures. The emergence of ethnographic film-making in this century has given humankind unprecedented opportunities to experience vicariously the details of life in unfamiliar, often distant and isolated places." Timothy Asch, "The Ethics Of Ethnographic Film-Making" in Film As Ethnography, 1992, edited by Peter Crawford and David Turton (Manchester) [CSUC: GN/347/F55/1992], pp. 196-204, page 196.

ALSO NOTE: "Tensions are rising in Venezuela's Amazon rain forests, where Indians and environmentalists are clashing with mining companies and government officials who wish to exploit some of the richest gold deposits in Latin America and build towns and tourist hotels in the wilderness. Rapid economic development 'is going to mean the death of the jungles and of the indigenous people,' said Pemon leader Jose Luis Gonzalez." (San Francisco Chronicle, August 11, 1998, page A14).

TRAVEL CHANGES: "...has reached its climax in our day. Formerly travel required long planning, large expense, and great investments of time. It involved risks to health or even to life. The traveler was active. Now he [or she] became passive. Instead of an athletic exercise, travel became a spectator sport. This change can be described in a word. It was the decline of the traveler and the rise of the tourist." (Daniel Boorstin, 1961, The Image or What Happened to the American Dream; 1964 edition entitled The Image: A Guide to Pseudoevents in America, pages 84-85.)

"The ability of anthropologists to get us to take what they say seriously has less to do with either a factual look or an air of conceptual elegance than it has to do with their capacity to convince us what they say is a result of their having actually penetrated (or, if you prefer, been penetrated by) another form of life, one way or another, truly 'being there.' And that, persuading us that this offstage miracle has occured, is where the writing comes in." Clifford Geertz (1988) Works And Lives: The Anthropologist As Author

"What is the difference in the approach of a good reporter, and a good field anthropologist? They have much in common--in the obstacles they must surmount to meet the people they want to meet, in the care they must take in choosing their informants, and in their regard for accurate recording of what was said and done. ... The difference arises from the purposes for which the two accounts are intended. The reporter must be interesting. The anthropologist is obliged to record the tiresome along with the flashy. The reporter must always think of what will engage his audience, of what will be inteligible to them in terms of their life ways. The first responsibility of the anthropologist is to set down events as seen by the people he [or she] is studying" Clyde Kluckhohn, 1949, Mirror For Man: The Relation of Anthropology To Modern Life (pages 299-300).

I. WHAT DOES AN ANTHROPOLOGIST DO FOR A LIVING? CULTURE & ETHNOGRAPHY AND...(Please see Europe http://www.culture.fr/gvpda.htm [20,000 year old cave paintings] as well as North American Archaeology [http://www.cs.mtsu.edu/~gdennis/nastates.html] and the Society for California Archaeology [http://www.scanet.org/] as well as "Into The World Of Anthropology" (at http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/students/b-sklar/basic387.html) and "Evolution in China" (http://www.cruzio.com/~cscp/index.htm).

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Familiarity with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources and knowledge of how to access such information.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

A. Contemporary American Culture
B. "100 percent American" (please see below for this week in this Notebook).
C. Interested in your instructor? (Home page and lengthy résumé)
D. Interested in the Department of Anthropology at CSU, Chico?
E. Interested in?: http://www.innerbody.com/indexbody.html [Human Anatomy On-Line]

II. ON TRAVEL AND THE GROWTH OF ANTHROPOLOGY
A. What Is Culture?
B. Human Biological Diversity
C. Taxonomy and the Primate Order
D. ANY Significance to: O, T, T, F, F, S, S, E, N, ?.
E. Significance of: T, F, S, E, T, T, F, S, E, T.

"The scholar, in whatever field, is concerned to find out all he [or she] can, to discover or reveal the pattern which underlies the phenomena, and to frame the most coherent possible explanation of what he [or she!] has found." (John Wolfenden, 1963, in The Language of Sciences, page 32).

"In addition to solving puzzles, science also builds understanding by revealing the properties of the world and the relationships between them. Here again, the methods that scientists employ find widespread use in everyday life. From infancy onward, each person measures and classifies the properties of unfamiliar objects in order to integrate them into a larger worldview--from a ten-month-old learning to stack blocks, to Charles Darwin cataloging specimens aboard the Beagle." Arno Penzias [1978 Nobel Laureate in Physics], 1989, Ideas And Information: Managing In A High-Tech World (NY: Simon & Schuster), page 177.

"The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking." (Albert Einstein [1879-1955], 1921 Nobel Laureate in Physics, Ideas and Opinions, 1954: page 65)

"Facts are not really like boulders that have been detached and shaped and deposited exclusively by the play of forces of non-human nature. They are like flaked and chipped flints, hewn stones, bricks or briquettes. Human action has had a hand in making them what they are, and they would not be what they are if this action had not taken place. ... Facts are, in truth, exactly what is meant by the Latin word facta from which the English word is derived. They are 'things that have been made'.... (Arnold J. Toynbee [1889-1975], A Study of History: Reconsiderations, Volume 12, 1964: 250)

"The dullness of fact is the mother of fiction." (Isaac Asimov, 1962, Fact And Fancy, page 11).

"Only the West produced the scientific techniques and speculative analysis of geology, paleontology, and archaeology, which have revealed and preserved the world past." (Camile Paglia [1947- ], Vamps & Tramps: New Essays, page xx.)

III. APPROPRIATE VISUALS

"Myth and rumor come first. People don't believe it until they see it with their own eyes. Then suddenly there it is, and afterward nobody even remembers we disbelieved it. It seems ridiculous to have discounted it. It's all hubris. We think ourselves as the chosen ones, the supreme beings on the whole planet. We think we own the place, but we don't know the first thing about it." John Darnton, 1996, Neanderthal [Random House], page 51.

A. FILM: The Man Hunters

"Human being are the result of the same evolutionary process that produced the entire vast diversity of living things. Yet we cannot help but think of ourselves as somehow significantly 'different' from the rest of nature." (Ian Tattersall, 1998, Becoming Human: Evolution And Human Uniqueness, page 78)

Note: "In the 5 million years since we hominids separated from apes [or "ancestors in common], our DNA has evolved less than 2%." (Time, January 11, 1999, page 43)

B. Brief Introduction to Charles Darwin (1809-1882) (and please see: http://books.mirror.org/gb.darwin.html)

IV. WORKING FOR A LIVING AND PERSPECTIVE[S] CONTINUED:

"I don't think being a son or daughter qualifies you to do what your parents do." (Leonard S. Riggio, born 1941: Chief Executive of Barnes & Noble, Inc.)

"The future is something which everyone reaches at the rate of sixty minutes an hour, whatever he [or she] does, whoever he [or she!] is." C.S. Lewis (1898-1963)

A. Anthropological Activities.
B. Campus Resources (and please see http://www.csuchico.edu/plc/welcome2.html [Career & Placement Center] as well as http://www.csuchico.edu/cont/ids/index.html [Internships])!

V. TO THE FUTURE? and SPRADLEY & MCCURDY READINGS:

"Cultivating the Tropical Rainforest" by Richard K. Reed, pp. 120-129
"Reciprocity and the Power of Giving" by Lee Cronk, pp. 157-163
"Using Anthropology" David W. McCurdy, pp. 383-394

SPECIFIC TERMS FROM SPRADLEY & McCURDY's "GLOSSARY" pp. 401-407.

CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT: The categories and rules people use to classify and explain their physical environment.

DESCENT: A Rule of relationship that ties people together on the basis of reputed common ancestry.

DIFFUSION: The passage of a cultural category, culturally defined behavior, or culturally produced artifact from one society to another through borrowing.

ECOLOGY: The study of the way organisms interact with each other within an environment.

EXOGAMY: Marriage outside any designated group.

HUNTING AND GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involving the foraging of wild, naturally occurring foods.

INCEST TABOO: The cultural rule that prohibits sexual intercourse and marriage between specified classes of relatives.

INNOVATION: A recombination of concepts from two or more mental configurations into a new pattern that is qualitatively different from existing forms.

NUCLEAR FAMILY: A family composed of a married couple and their children.

PRODUCTION: The process of making something.

RITE OF PASSAGE: A series of rituals that move individuals from one social state or status to another.

SEXUAL INEQUALITY: Inequality based on gender.

"Our solid American citizen awakens in a bed built on a pattern which originated in the Near East but which was modified in Northern Europe before it was transmitted to America. He [or she] throws back covers made from cotton, domesticated in India, or linen, domesticated in the Near East, or wool from sheep, also domesticated in the Near East, or silk, the use of which was discovered in China. All of these materials have been spun and woven by processes invented in the Near East. He slips into his moccasins, invented by the Indians of the eastern woodlands, and goes to the bathroom, whose fixtures are a mixture of European and American inventions, both of recent date. He takes off his pajamas, a garment invented in India, and washes with soap invented by the ancient Gauls. He then shaves, a masochistic rite which seems to have been derived from either Sumer or ancient Egypt.

Returning to the bedroom, he removes his clothes from a chair of southern European type and proceeds to dress. He puts on garments whose form originally derived from the skin clothing of the nomads of the Asiatic steppes, puts on shoes made from skins tanned by a process invented in ancient Egypt and cut to a pattern derived from the classical civilizations of the Mediterranean, and ties around his neck a strip of bright-colored cloth which is a vestigial survival of the shoulder shawls worn by the seventeenth-century Croatians. Before going out for breakfast he glances through the windows, made of glass invented in Egypt, and if it is raining puts on overshoes made of rubber discovered by the Central American Indians and takes an umbrella, invented in southeastern Asia. Upon his head he puts a hat made of felt, a material invented in the Asiatic steppes.

On his way to breakfast he stops to buy a paper, paying for it with coins, an ancient Lydian invention. At the restaurant a whole new series of borrowed elements confronts him. His plate is made of a form of pottery invented in China. His knife is of steel, an alloy first made in southern India, his fork a medieval Italian invention, and his spoon a derivative of a Roman original. He begins breakfast with an orange, from the eastern Mediterranean, a cantaloupe from Persia, or perhaps a piece of African watermelon. With this he has coffee, an Abyssinian plant, with cream and sugar. Both the domestication of cows and the idea of milking them originated in the Near East, while sugar was first made in India. After his fruit and first coffee he goes on to waffles, cakes made by a Scandinavian technique from wheat domesticated in Asia Minor. Over these he pours maple syrup, invented by the Indians of the eastern Woodlands. As a side dish he may have the eggs of a species of bird domesticated in Indo-China, or thin strips of the flesh of an animal domesticated in Eastern Asia which have been salted and smoked by a process developed in northern Europe.

When our friend has finished eating he settles back to smoke, an American Indian habit, consuming a plant domesticated in Brazil in either a pipe, derived from the Indians of Virginia, or a cigarette, derived from Mexico. If he is hardy enough he may even attempt a cigar, transmitted to us from the Antilles by way of Spain. While smoking, he reads the news of the day, imprinted in characters invented by the ancient Semites upon a material invented in China by a process invented in Germany. As he absorbs the accounts of foreign troubles, if he is a good conservative citizen, thank a Hebrew deity in an Indo-European language that he is 100 percent American."

"In 1856, at the very time Charles Darwin was writing The Origin of Species, which would popularize the revolutionary concept of evolution worldwide, the fossilized remains of a stocky, powerful, human-like creature were discovered in a German valley called Neander Tal." (Erik Trinkaus and Pat Shipman, 1993, The Neanderthals: Changing The Image of Mankind [CSUC: GN/285/T73/1993].

PALEOANTHROPOLOGY = the science of placing the "chain" or "tree" of the pieces together. It "has been one of the most argumentative of sciences since its beginning. Experts who agree [on the exact sequence of fossils] are rare." = "Close to three million years ago on a campsite near the east shore of Kenya's spectacular Lake Turkana, formerly Lake Rudolf, a primitive hand picked up a water-smoothed stone, and with a few skillful strikes transformed it into an implement. What was once an accident of nature was now a piece of deliberate technology, to be used to fashion a stick for digging up roots, or to slice the flesh off a dead animal. Soon discarded by its maker, the stone tool still exists, an unbreakable link with our ancestors; together with many others, that tool is preserved in the National Museum of Kenya in Nairobi. It is a heart-quickening thought that we share the same genetic heritage with the hands that shaped the tool that we can now hold in our own hands, and with the mind that decided to make the tool that our minds can now contemplate" [stress added]. (Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin, Origins, 1977: 8 [CSUChico GN/31.2/L43/1977]).

Charles F. Hockett (1973: 387) Man's Place in Nature. [CSUChico GN/31/H6] ="range" of cranial capacity: Modern Man [Homo sapiens] 850 to 1700+ cubic centimeters; Neanderthal 1200 to 1640 cc.; Homo erectus 775 to 1225 cc.; Australopithecus 435 to 700 cc.; Gorillas 340 to 752 cc.; and Chimpanzees 320 to 420 cc.

"Apart from several Neanderthals unearthed in Europe, the earliest discoveries of human fossils were made in Java toward the close of the last century. After finding a skullcap and later a femur at Trinil, Eugene Dubois named Pithecanthropus (now Homo) erectus in 1894. Since then, many more bones have come to light, in Africa as well as Asia. ... Assemblages from Olduvai Gorge and the Turkana basin provide much information about the morphology and behavior of populations inhabiting East Africa more than 1.6 million years ago. These people are similar to Homo erectus from China and Indonesia, and all the fossils can be grouped in one species." (G.P. Rightmire, "Homo erectus and Later Middle Pleistocene Humans" in 1988 Annual Review of Anthropology, pp. 239-256) [CSUChico GN/1/B52/1988]).

PLEASE NOTE:

"Evolution does not make predictions, species don't know where they're going, humans did not have to evolve. In fact, if we were to rewind the tape to ten million years ago, when apes dominated the primate world, there would be no assurance that humans would evolve again. But humans have evolved, we are here today. Like no other species that has ever lived, we control the life of all living things--including ourselves. When we understand and accept that we are part of the continuum of life, we will be in a better position to make informed choices--choices which will ensure a better world for all species. Extinction is forever. We must not let it happen. Education is the great liberator. It frees us to think objectively. My studies of human evolution have taught me to respect the natural world. They have also taught me that all humans have a common origin and, therefore, a common destiny--the outcome of which will be determined by humankind itself. We do have the capacity to make the future a long and fruitful one, if only we will take the time to learn who we are and how we fit into the natural world [stress added]. (Donald C. Johanson, 1993, from the "Forward" to Ian Tattersall's 1993, The Human Odyssey: Four Million Years of Human Evolution (Prentice Hall), page xiii.

NOTE THESE WORDS: "The details of the evolutionary process are as hotly debated today as ever, and it would be pointless to try to represnt all sides of this multifaceted argument here." ( Ian Tattersall, 1998, Becoming Human: Evolution And Human Uniqueness, page 99)

AND FROM DECEMBER 1998: "The most complete skeleton of the distant human ancestor known as australopithecus has been discovered in a cave in South Africa and is expected to unlick many mysteries surrounding human origins, scientists reported today. ... The fossilized skeleton, which [Ronald] Clarke says has been dated to 3.2 million to 3.5 million years ago, belongs either to Australopithecus afarensis or africanus." (USA Today, December 9, 1998, page 1D). ... "Previously, the most complete early hominid was 'Lucy,' a 3.2 million-year-old Australopithecus whose partial skeleton--and only fragments of the skull--were discovered in 1974 in Ethiopia [at Hadar by Donanld Johanson]." (Reno Gazette-Journal, December 10, 1998, page 8A)

I. CULTURE & ETHNOGRAPHY (CONT.) & Monkeys, Apes, and Man VTAPE (and see the Wisconsin Primate research site at http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/) or the University of California, Davis at http://www.crprc.ucdavis.edu/crprc/homepage.html).

The ability to present and communicate in anthropologically appropriate ways anthropological knowledge and the results of anthropological research.

Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought and major issues in the subdisciplines.

II. MR. MICHAEL PILAKOWSKI: Primatology and Cultural Anthropology

PRIMATES = There is no single defining characteristic that one can point to and say "Primate!" Instead, think of the primate order (a subgroup under the Linnean taxonomic system by which all living organisms are organized into groups on the basis of shared characteristics) as made up of animals which share a particular combination of traits, some of which include:

1) Nails on the digits rather than claws, for greater precision grasping and manipulation (put on some three-inch false nails and try typing!)
2) Well developed clavicles, to provide stability to the arm (without collarbones, you could touch the tips of your shoulders together in front of your chin!)
3) Eyes enclosed mostly if not wholly by bone.
4) Opposable digits on the hands (and occasionally the feet!)
5) Prehensile limbs (hands and/or feet adapted to grasping, great for climbing in trees or handling tools)
6) Stereoscopic color vision, increasing depth perception and acuity (try walking up stairs with one eye closed and see how hard it can be!)
7) Typically only one or two offspring per birth (allows greater investment of energy into one offspring and thus a greater chance of survival)
8) Prolonged period of gestation and infancy (allows for more complex brain development)

Note: Chimpanzees share up to 98% of their DNA with us (M.C. King and A.C. Wilson, Science 188: 107-16).

Note: Modern humans, the "pinnacle" of primate evolution, are actually physically very weak as a group. We suffer from hernias, hemorrhoids, birthing difficulties, back pain, a lack of speed and a generally a lower level of muscle development. Why would such a physically inferior species advance so far? How could they? The only thing that keeps us going is technology. Where would we be without it?

Note: Please consider why you think we should study primates, their behavior, their organization, their biology, and their fossils; Be ready to stand up, discuss, argue, and defend your ideas.

III. ON TRAVEL AND THE GROWTH OF ANTHROPOLOGY and Darwin Cont. (1809- 1882) (and please see: http://www.wonderland.org/Works/Charles-Darwin/ as well as Darwin's Home: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/tring/tring.html) not to mention "Darwin Takes A Drubbing" (http://www.abcnews.com/sections/science/DailyNews/evolution980617.html) as well as the "Scopes Trial" of 1925 (http://www.crayton.com/~randl/scopes.htm).

"Thomas Jefferson [1743-1826] is very often cited as the 'father' of American archaeology, and he certainly attempted one of the first archaeological explanations of the question ["Who Got here First?"] when he wrote in his famous 'Notes on Virginia' (1787) about an Indian mound that he had excavated many years before. However, his strongest evidence to support his belief in an Asian origin (via the Bering Strait) of the Native Americans was from his study of Indian languages. He cited the diversity of these languages as proof that they had been here a long time." (Stephen William, 1992, "Who Got To America First?" reprinted in Anthropology Explored: The Best Of Smithsonian Anthro Notes, 1998, edited by Ruth O. Selig and Marilyn R. London, pages 141-149, page 144)

"The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you are likely to see." Sir Winston Churchill [1874-1965], 1953 Nobel Prize Winner in Literature

"When the sum total of our knowledge of a particular nationality or ethnic group comes from TV programs, we may think we know all about this group when in fact we know only what a few producers have chosen to show us" (Ester Baruch, "TV: Out With It" from Parent's Journal, June-July 1996, p 24).

"The news media are usually thought of as agents for change, and sometimes this is true. ... Bad news can in fact persuade people that the world is much more dangerous than it is. George Gerbner of the Annenberg School of Communication at the University of Pennsylvania finds that people who watch a lot of television see the world as much more threatening and filled with menace than those who watch less [stress added]" (Caryl Rivers, 1996, Slick Spins And Fractured Facts: How Cultural Myths Distort The News, page 3).

"Prime time doesn't look much like life. Imagine a world where men outnumber women 2-to-1 and women start to vanish after age 30. Where people over age 60, some minority groups and the poor are virtually never seen. Where the worst villains are mentally ill or foreign born. That's prime-time network TV, according to a Screen Actors Guild (SAG) report out Monday [stress added]." (USA Today, December 22, 1998, page 1D)

IV. REMINDERS:
A. WRITING ASSIGNMENT #1 (5%) DUE THURSDAY 18 FEBRUARY 1999 and do you know about: http://www.csuchico.edu/engl/owl/ [CSU, Chico On-Line Writing Center]
B. EXAM I (20%) IS ON THURSDAY 25 FEBRUARY 1999.

V. SPRADLEY & MCCURDY READINGS:

"Lessons From The Field" by George Gmelch, pp. 44-55
"Conversation Style: Talking on the Job" by Deborah Tannen, pp. 71-79
"Teleconditioning and the Postmodern Classroom" by Conrad Kottak, pp. 93-98
"Baseball Magic" by George Gmelch, pp. 320-329

WHY STUDY PRIMATES? = PRIMATES = taxonomic term which is always capitalized and is a fixed plural. "A decade-long baboon study indicates that lecithin, a soybean extract used in many processed foods, can delay and perhaps even prevent alcohol cirrhosis of the liver." R. Cowen, Science News, December 1, 1990: 340; also, "A weakened, but still living virus may be the most powerful and protective AIDS-type vaccine yet tested in monkeys, but researchers say it could take years to determine if such a vaccine is safe for humans" (The Chico Enterprise-Record, 18 December 1992, page 3B). In January 1996, we read the following: "...three weeks after receiving a risky infusion of baboon marrow that doctors hope will save his life" an AIDS patient left a hospital; his body "has adopted the baboon cells, which are naturally resistant to the AIDS virus" (Reno Gazette-Journal, January 5, 1996, page 8A).

AND: "Scientists have developed the first DNA vaccine found to prevent rabies in tests on monkeys. If it turns out to work in humans, it could help prevent some of the more than 40,000 deaths from rabies worldwide each year [or ~109 per day!]...." (USA Today, August 4, 1998, page 8D)

CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING: "Evidence gleaned from twin and adoption studies over the past 20 years has led scientists to theorize that inheritance shapes various broad aspects of individual personality. Now, researchers assert that they have cornered for the first time a gene that participates in shaping a specific personality trait" (Science News, January 6, 1996, page 4). PLEASE CONSIDER A FOLLOWING INTERPRETATION ON GENETIC RESEARCH: "The use of genetic information to exclude high-risk people from health care by denying coverage or charging prohibitive rates will limit or nullify the anticipated benefits of genetic research" (Chico Enterprise-Record, January 1996, page 5C); and from December 27, 1998: "Will cloned humans have souls?--Such Ethical Debates Grow." (The Sacramento Bee, December 27, 1998, page A16)

NOTE: In Atlanta, Georgia: "The nation's largest primate research center is bringing together neuroscientists, geneticists and behavior experts [Anthropologists!] to shed new light on human evolution: Using our closest living relatives - the apes - to explain how human cognition and behavior evolved." (The Chico Enterprise Record, May 11, 1998, page 1)

NOTE: There are approximately 5.75 billion people on the planet and population is increasing by approximately 100,000,000 people per year; given that 1 year = 365.25 days = 8,766 hours = 525,960 minutes, therefore 100,000,000/525,960 = means that the population of the planet is increasing by approximately 189 people a minute. For this 75 minute class, please note that this means that the world will have had a NET INCREASE (births-minus-deaths) of 14,175 individual over this 75-minute class period! And see http://www.popexpo.net/eMain.html [6 Billion Human Beings].

PLEASE NOTE: "According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the resident population of the United States, projected to 11 January 1999 is 271,701,046 [http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/popclock]. On July 1, 1998, the state of California had approximately ~33,500,000 residents (or ~12% of the USA): roughly speaking, one-out-of-every-eight Americans lives in California. "By 2050, the United States population will grow to 394 million, some 50 percent more than at present, the Census Bureau projects in a new population profile. And this population will be older, on average, than now and will contain a larger share of minorities. ... California is expected to continue rapid growth, adding 17.7 million people between 1995 and 2025, the agency said." Chico Enterprise-Record, November 20, 1998, page 11A).

NOTE on the San Francisco Bay Area: "Today, more than 280,000 people travel across the [Bay] bridge each weekday, most of them driving alone. And by the time the new eastern span opens in 2003, traffic is expected to be much worse. The amount of time people waste sitting in backups is expected to increase by 250 percent by 2020, according to the Metropolitan Transportation Commission regional forecast. 'That means if you spend 20 minutes a day in traffic jams now, it'll be an hour and 10 minutes by 2020,' said Stuart Cohen, associate director of the Bay Area Transportation Choices Forum [stress added]. (San Francisco Chronicle, August 10, 1998, page A10)

NOTE: The estimated population for California in the following years will be 39,957,616 (2010), 45,448,627 (2020), and 58,731,006 (2040). (Chico Enterprise-Record, December 18, 1998, page 4A.) What will the population of Chico be by 2040? Or 2020? or next year?! What is the "carrying capacity" of any environment?

"The [1937] Hungarian Nobel Prize winner [in Physiology/Medicine], Szent-Györgyi [von Nagyrapolt], once said that a scientist should see what everybody else has seen and then think what nobody has thought. Nobody did this better than Charles Darwin, who first realized that the evolution of life took place by Natural Selection. Darwin taught us all to see more clearly what everyone had seen, and Darwin also taught us to think, along with him, what no one else had thought. No branch of science is more dominated by a single theory, by a single great idea, than is the whole of biology by the idea of evolution by Natural Selection." (J. Livingston and L. Sinclair, 1967, Darwin and the Galapagos)

"He was an Englishman who went on a five-year voyage when he was young and then retired to a house in the country, not far from London. He wrote an account of his voyage, and then he wrote a book setting down his theory of evolution, based on a process he called natural selection, a theory that provided the foundation for modern biology. He was often ill and never left England again." (John P. Wiley, Jr., 1998, "Expressions: The Visible Link." Smithsonian, June, pages 22-24, page 22)

"William Shakespeare [1564-1616], picked as Britain's man of the millenium, was hailed on Saturday [January 2, 1999] as an international superstar--but scientists felt Charles Darwin or Isaac Newton should have taken the prize. ... 'In the end, Darwin will be seen to have told us more about why we are the way we are...." (The San Francisco Chronicle/Examiner, January 3, 1999, page A14).

FROM: USA Today, January 4, 1999: "The idea was simple. Sit around and pick the 1,000 most important people of the millenium. ... [#1] Johannes Gutenberg (1394?-1468) Inventor of printing.... [#5] William Shakespeare (1564-1616) 'Mirror of the millennium's soul'.... [#6] Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Laws of motion helped propel the Age of Reason.... [#7] Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Theory of Evolution [stress added]." (From the book by Barbara and Brent Bowers & Agnes Hooper Gptt;ieb and Henry Gottlieb, 1998, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men And Women Who Shaped The Millennium.)

The concept of CHANGE is definitely vital to an understanding of Darwin, whether you are reading Darwin himself, reading about him, or discussing him. In 1859 Darwin published On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Please note the changes Darwin made in the SIX editions of the same volume during his lifetime (as calculated by Morse Peckham [Editor], 1959, The Origin Of Species By Charles Darwin: A Variorum Text):

In the 5th edition of 1869, Darwin used (for the first time) the famous phrase (borrowed from Herbert Spencer [1820-1903]): "Survival of the Fittest." In the 6th edition of 1872, "On" was dropped from the title. In the 1st edition of 1859, Darwin only had the following phrase about human beings: "In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history."

In the 2nd edition of 1860 Darwin also wrote the following:

"Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator [STRESS added] into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved."

INCIDENTALLY, in his 1839 publication The Voyage Of The Beagle, Darwin wrote the following:

"Among the scenes which are deeply impressed on my mind, none exceed in subliminity the primeval forests undefaced by the hand of man; whether those of Brazil, where the powers of Life are predominant, or those of Tierra del Fuego, where Death and Decay prevail. Both are temples filled with the varied productions of the God of Nature:--no one can stand in these solitudes unmoved, and not feel that there is more in man than the mere breath of his body [STRESS added]" 1839, page 436)

IF YOU ARE INTERESTED in additional Darwin information, please direct your browser to http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Darwin/DarwinSem-S95.html to read the following:

The paper deals with some of the scientific research of Charles R. Darwin (1809-1882), specifically his monumental 1859 publication entitled On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. This paper also points out the "human" side of this most noted of human beings and Darwin's ideas are presented in the context of his times. Today, Darwin's theory of "natural selection" is hopefully well known but how did the culture of his times influence his ideas and the development and acceptance of his theory? What happened before Darwin published Origin and what came after his numerous other publications? Charles Darwin was an extremely important individual for a variety of reasons: the data he collected, the experiments he conducted, and the theories he proposed influenced a variety of disciplines, from anthropology to zoology as well as ecology, geology, and the general social sciences. His influence continues to be condemned, supported, and debated after almost 150 years. [168 words]

A virtually identical paper to this one with additional Darwin papers by Graduate Students at CSU, Chico, also appears at http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/CASP/1996.html

SOME WORDS BY TO CONSIDER: "Darwin's theory of human evolution caused a great perturbation in man's self-image. For thousands of years Western man [AND HERE the author means men AND women!] had envisioned himself as existing apart from nature. Evolutionary thought not only revealed man's primate status but placed him [or all of us!] right in the middle of the natural world. For the last hundred or so years, that concept has been working its way from the centers of learning through society at large. It is a very painful notion. To be suddenly removed as a very special child of the Creator and placed in the zoo with all the other animals is a traumatic experience. Human society has not recovered from the shock. ... If we, as a society, are still uneasy about our primate status, it is an understandable malaise. Our position has eroded over the past few hundred years from being the center of the universe to being one more species on a small planet orbiting a medium-sized star in one galaxy out of the multitude of galaxies that exist in the universe. It is from this humble starting point that we must begin to recreate love, beauty, and truth. It is a truly gargantuan job that leave us little time to monkey around and certainly does not permite us simply to ape the intellectual attitudes of our predecessors [stress added]" (Harold J. Morowitz, 1979, The Wine Of Life And Other Essays On Societies, Energy & Living Things, pages 133-134).

"The Galápagos Islands straddle the Equator, 600 miles west of Ecuador. HMS Beagle arrived there on September 15, 1835. Now almost four years away from England, the Beagle had just come from surveying down the Brazilian coast, through the Strait of Magellan at the southern tip of the continent, and up the coast of Peru. Charles Darwin was only 26 years old. Judging from his journal and his later comments, he had not yet begun to think about what he would eventually call 'the species question.' Darwin was impressed by 'the strange Cyclopean scene.' ... He also found some strange birds. For their role in his thinking about evolution, they are now referred to as 'Darwin's finches.' ... On Darwin's last day in the Galápagos, the official supervising the nearby British penal colony declared that he could tell on which island a tortoise originated by its distinctive shell pattern. 'I did not for some time pay sufficient attention to this statement,' Darwin wrote, 'and I had already partially mingled together the collections from two of the islands.' ... Later he wrote that the distribution of Galápagos animals, combined with the similarities between South American fossils and living species in the same region, were 'the factual origin of all my views.' Although the fossils nagged at him from the beginning, other naturalists back home in England had to point out the significance of the finches. In time, Darwin would write of the Galápagos in the 1839 edition of his Journal of Researches: 'The natural history of these islands is eminently curious, and well deserves attention. Here, both in space and time, we seem to be brought somewhere near to that great fact--that mystery of mysteries--the first appearance of new beings on this earth" [stress added]." Michael Sims, 1997, Darwin's Orchestra: An Almanac of Nature in History and the Arts (NY: Henry Holt), page 321-322.

AND SEE:

http://www.pbs.org/cgi-bin/saf/gi.pl [December 6-13, 1998 "field trip" to the Galapagos Islands]
http://www.wwf.org/galapagos [Gálapagos Islands]
http://www.cdl.edu/EvolveIt/ [Gálapagos Islands Evolution Simulation]

"1997 was warmest year yet. Scientists say people are partly to blame." (San Francisco Chronicle, January 9, 1998, page A3)

"The warming of the Earth in this century is without precedent in at least 1,200 years and cannot be fully explained by any known combination of natural forces... New research is strengthening the argument that humans are partly responsible for the rising temperatures...." (Reno Gazette-Journal, December 9, 1998, page 11A).

"The Earth's average surface temperature in 1998 is the highest by far since people first began to measure it with thermometers in the mid-19th century...." (San Francisco Chronicle, December 18, 1998, page A3) and see http://www.eurekalert.org/releases/nsf-ncsm.html.

"Some of the most polluted air you can breathe isn't downtown but inside your own home. Surprised? Studies from the Environmental Protection Agency show typical airborne pollutants now run two to five times higher indoors than out, especially now that auto emissions and industrial soke have been curbed. Blame it on household chemicals and appliance vapors, along with molds accumulating inside tightly sealed houses." (The Wall Street Journal, December 7, 1998, page B1)

"Scientists are taking the first steps to see if organs like hearts or livers can be grown inside the human body using a new tissue replacement technique, a bioengineering company said yesterday. ... The company said the technology has already been used to grown new livers in rats and dogs and also to generate heart muscles in animals with diseased hearts." (The San Francisco Chronicle, June 24, 1998, page A17).

"The numbers defy the imagination: 1 million children killed every year, 200 million people afflicted. Malaria is steadily gaining resistance to medicine's scant arsenal of drugs. Although Americans think of malaria as a Third World disease, the mosquitoes that carry it are found in North America and could easily become infected with drug-resistant strains." (Business Week, June 2, 1997)

"SÃO Paulo, Brazil. The markets that most excite the world's automakers these days are not in the United States, Japan or Germany, but in cities like this. It is impossible to find a parking space here, and daily traffic jams last for hours. ... There are already 4.5 million cars in SÃO Paulo, more than twice the 2.1 million in New York City, which has about as many people. The number here is rising by about 1,000 a day. ... Even SÃO Paulo, roughly tied with New York now in the U.N. listings as the world's second largest after Tokyo, will probably be overtaken in the next two decades by four impoverished cities growing even more rapidly: Bombay, Lagos, Shanghai and Jakarta. All four already have terrible traffic problems." (Keith Bradsher, "In The Biggest, Booming Cities, a Car Population Problem." The New York Times, May 11, 1997, page 4E)

"...organisms, and their microbial cousins, have an influence on life that is wholly disproportionate to their dimensions and invisibility. First, consider the difference in size between some of the very tiniest and the very largest creatures on earth. A small bacterium weighs as little as 0.000000000001 grams. A blue whale weighs about 100,000,000 grams. Yet a bacterium can kill a whale" (Bernard Dixon, 1994, Power Unseen: How Microbes Rule The World, page xvii).

Washington, D.C., December 18, 1998: "Local doctors and hospitals are being urged to reduce their use of a potent antibiotic because bacteria are developing resistance to it. At many area hospitals, patients whose infections once would have been treated immediately with the drug vanomycin now are being given less powerful medications. Pharmacies are questioning prescriptions for vanomycin and are asking doctors to consider other drugs. One hospital stopped stocking the drug [stress added]." (USA Today, December 28, 1998, page 8A).

"Most of the 8,500 people infected with the AIDS virus worldwide each day have little hope of getting the costly new treatments causing so much excitement in the industrialized world, top AIDS experts said Sunday [July 7, 1996]" (Kim Painter, "8,500 New HIV Cases Occur Daily" in USA Today, July 8, 1996, page 1).

"As AIDS exploded into new regions, here are the latest U.N. estimates of new cases of infection and disease in 1997....44,000 North America...47,000 Carribean...180,000 Latin America...4,000,000 Sub-Saharan Africa...19,000 North Afirca and Middle East...30,000 Western Europe...100,000 Eastern Europe amd Central Asia...1,300,000 South and Southeast Asia...180,000 East Asia and The Pacific...and 600 Australia and New Zealand." [Or approximately 16,155/day] (David Perlman, 1998, "Poor Nations Losing Battle Against Aids" in The San Francisco Chronicle, June 24, 1998, page 1 and page A13).

"For the first time, doctors are reporting the ominous spread to a strain of AIDS virus that is resistant to the key medicines that have revolutionized care of the disease over the past two years." (Reno Gazette-Journal, July 1, 1998, page 8A)

"Scientists for the first time have mapped the entire gene pattern of an animal, a tiny worm that already is providing clues to human problems such as cancer, aging and Alzheimer's disease. ... The worm, a type of nematode called Caenorhabditis elegans, is as common as dirt. A handful of garden soil contains thousands. But the animal provides a crucial keyhole view of the vast world of genetics.... By studying genes shared by worm and human, researchers will learn at a molecular level what can go wrong and how to fix it. ... [People] worked together for eight years to identify the worm's 20,000 genes. To do this, they had to find and sequence about 97 million DNA base pairs, a task that required labs to work around the clock." (Reno Gazette-Journal, December 11, 1998, page 12A)

"Indeed, the almost daily advances in our ability to forecast any of the 4,000 inherited diseases our genes might bequeath us have created such a throny knot of private, ethical and social issues that the new genetic procedures are the subject of some 20 bills before Congress." (Time, January 11, 1999, page 56)

"A key British government report on the effects of growing genetically modified crops has been suppressed because of its controversial warning of serious environmental risks. The report says there are serious dangers to Britain's birds and indigenous plants from growing genetically modified crops on a commercial scale." (The San Francisco Examiner/Chronicle, December 13, 1998, page A22)

"To the Inuits of northern Canada, DDT [dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane] is one of the scariest poisons imaginable - an invisible toxic chemical that has infiltrated the cells of arctic creatures from plankton to people and turned ordinary whales into floating hazardous waste dumps. To governments in central Africa, it is a chemical safety net, a primary defense against a worsening malaria epidemic that kills 5,000 children each day in countries south of the equator." (The San Francisco Chronicle, June 29, 1998, page A8)

"'America began to change on a mid-September day in 1958, when the Bank of America dropped its first 60,000 credit cards on the unassuming city of Fresno, California,' according to Joseph Nocera, in his book A Piece of the Action: How The Middle Class Joined The Money Class. (In Josh Hammond & James Morrison, 1996, The Stuff Americans Are made Of: The Seven Cultural Forces That Define Americans--A New Framework For Quality, Productivity & Profitability, page 245).

"USA Today published the first issue, Volume 1, Number 1 on September 15, 1982; in 1984, "it was losing more than $10 million a month. Put another way, the newspaper was losing $339,726 every day, $14,155 every hour, $236 every minute, $3.93 every second. ... [finally] USA Today broke into the black with profit of $1,093,756 for month of May [1987], six months ahead of schedule" (Peter S. Prichard, 1987, The Making Of McPaper: The Inside Story of USA Today, pages 305 and 378].

NOTE: As of September 30, 1997, according to The World Almanac And Book Of Facts 1999, page 185:

Wall Street Journal with a circulation of 1,774,880 [1,783,532 in the previous year]
USA Today with a circulation of 1,629,665 [1,591,629 in the previous year ]
New York Times with a circulation of 1,074,071 [1,071,120 in the previous year ]
Los Angeles Times with a circulation of 1,050,176 [1,029,073 in the previous year ]
Washington Post with a circulation of 775,894 [789,198 in the previous year ]

NOTE information about "Barnes & Noble's Superstores" in the USA: "With 483 Barnes & Noble superstores and 582 mall-based B. Dalton's the company inked sales in the year ended in January [1998] of $2.8 billion, over double the total four years ago. ... forsees adding 500 more supersize Barnes & Noble stores over the next decade." (I. Jeanne Dugan, "The Bargain Of Books.' Business Week, June 29, 1998, pages 108-115)

"The world is headed for an unprecedented food shortage that neither science nor current farming practises will be able to meet, a summit of leading agriculture scientists has concluded. ...the Third World's population is expected to grow by 2 billion people by 2025, developing countries will need at least 75 percent more food than currently consumed.... 'A global wake-up call is needed'.... The world must also cope with an unprecedented increase in population, with projected growth averaging 90 million people annually." ("World Food Shortage Is In Store, Agriculture Scientists Warn" in The Sacramento Bee, July 13, 1996, page A14)

"Trawling by the world's fishing fleets is profoundly altering the balacne of life in the seas, causing widespread disruption of ocean-bottom habitats and destroying countless creatures, including commercially important ones, a groupd of marine scientists says. The ecological damage from trawline and dredging is at least comparable to the toll from clearing in forests, yet the problem has gone virtually unnoticed until now." (San Francisco Chronicle, December 10, 1998, page A10)

"The sea otter population between Santa Cruz and Point Conception was down 12 percent from the count last fall and the otter colony on San Nicolas Island is slipping towards extinction, federal authorities said. ... Disease and pollution are suspected...." (San Francisco Chronicle, December 10, 1998, page A25)

"Scientific evidence is mounting that...music may be as powerful a food for the brain as for the soul. Not only does it pluck at emotional heart strings, but scientists say that it also turns on brain circuits that aid recognition of patterns and structures critical to development of mathematics skills, logic, perception and memory" (Bill Henrrick, "Parents, Studies Say Music Lends An Ear To Learning" in the San Francisco Chronicle, July 6, 1996, page A7).

FINALLY, PLEASE CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING about a child, born May 5, 1997: "Like no generation before, Alyssa's enters a consumer culture, surrounded by logos, labels, and ads almost from the moment of birth. As an infant, Alyssa may wear Sesame Street diapers and miniature pro baskeball jerseys. By the time she's 20 months old, she will start to recognize some of the thousands of brands flashed in front of her each day. At age 7 [in the year 2004], she will see some 20,000 TV commercials a year. By the time she's 12 [in the year 2009], she will have her own entry in the massive data banks of marketers. Multiply Alyssa by 30 million--the number of babies born in this country since 1990--and you have the largest generation to flood the market since their baby boom parents. More impressive than their numbers, though, is their wealth [stress added]." (Business Week, June 30, 1997, page 62)

I. RESEARCH & ECOLOGY & INTO LANGUAGE (and have a look at Professor Murad's "Skull Module" located at http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/Module/skull.html) as well as information on Australian Aborigines at http://www.insects.org/ced1/aust_abor.html and "Australian Aborigines On-Line" at http://www.gu.edu.au/gint/ozlit/austab.htm and http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVL-Aboriginal.html).

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought.

"My intention is not, however, to [simply] impart information, but to throw the burden of study upon you. If I succeed in teaching you to observe, my aim will be attained." Louis Aggasiz [1807-1873], Swiss-American Scientist.

A. VTAPE: Mysteries of Mankind
B. FILM: Non-Verbal Communication [and see http://www.careersonline.com.au/easyway/int/nvcomm.html].

"Communication begins with self and with others. The way we have learned about ourselves as women or as men affects how we communicate with others. This, in turn, affects others' perceptions of us and communication with us. How others see and communicate with us spirals back and influences our self-concept." (Judy Cornelia Pearson et. al, 1991, Gender & Communication [2nd edition]), page 74.

"The thought of every age is reflected in its technique." (Norbert Wiener, 1961, Cybernetics: Or Control And Communication In The Animal And The Machine, page 38).

"Body language is innate. Worldwide, all people who pout adopt the same expression. None other than Charles Darwin [1809-1882] recorded that observation." (The San Francisco Chronicle, March 1, 1998, page 8)

NOTE: Jo-Ellan Dimitrius writes: "For fifteen years since then, I have made my licing reading people. I have sized up more than ten thousand prospective jurors, and evaluated thousands of witnesses, lawyers, and even judges. ... My more important skill is my ability to see the pattern of someone's personality and beliefs emerge from among conflicting traits and characteristics." Jo-Ellan Dimitrius and Mark Mazzarella, 1998, Reading People, pages xii-xiii.

II. A STRATEGY OF ADAPTATION: CULTURAL EVOLUTION
A. Importance of Terminology
B. Strategies On Foraging, Gathering, Hunting, Pastoralism, and....

III. REMINDERS:
A. EXAM I (20%) on THURSDAY FEBRUARY 25, 1999 (Map, Multiple Choice, & True/False)
B. Potential EXAM I Questions below in this Notebook
C. Map for Exam 1 (below)
D. And See} http://www.myna.com/~mccollam/geoquiz/afrquiz.html [AFRICA Map Quiz]
E. Writing Assignment #1 (5%) DUE this week on FEBRUARY 18, 1999 and Writing Assignment #1 Instructions available at the end of this Notebook.

IV. SPRADLEY & MCCURDY READINGS:

"Language and Communication" by Spradley & McCurdy, pp. 57-60
"The Sounds of Silence" Edward T. Hall & Mildred Reed Hall, pp. 61-70

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment of jobs to people.

HUNTING & GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involving the foraging of wild, naturally occurring foods.

PASTORALISM: a subsistence strategy based on the maintenance and use of large herds of animals.

SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES: Strategies used by groups of people to exploit their environment for material necessities. Hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, and industrialism are subsistence strategies.

VIDEOTAPE = Brief review of work of Raymond Dart (1893-1989), Louis Leakey (1903-1972), Mary Leakey (1913-1996), and Charles Darwin (1809-1882).

VIDEOTAPE = "Lucy" discovered = "...a small female australopithecine who lived three million years ago, beside a lake in what is now Ethiopia. With forty percent of her skeleton recovered, she is the most complete specimen of an early hominid ever found. The shape of the pelvic bone shows that she was female, while the leg bones indicate that she walked upright. Her teeth suggest that she was about twenty years old when she died." (Richard E. Leakey, 1981, The Making of Mankind, page 67)

VIDEOTAPE = Richard Leakey, son of the Drs. Louis and Mary Leakey, as the "organizing genius of modern paleontology. ... Homo erectus - the first human species to leave Africa. ... Tools as a reflection of the user."

VIDEOTAPE = Pat Schifman = "The problem for us today is to tease out of the past - to coax out of the evidence - ... And once we know when we started and how we started and what was important, then we may have a very different idea of what it means to be human.

VIDEOTAPE = Deals with DNA research and the hypothesis of a single woman in Africa approximately 200,000 years ago = "the more closely alike the DNA, the more closely related the individuals are."

NOTE:

"Luther Young's "Africa 'Eve' mother of us all?" in The Sacramento Bee, February 19, 1990: "A Biochemist's theory that all living humans descended from a single African 'Eve' who lived a relatively brief 200,000 years ago was strongly disputed Sunday by prominent anthropologists. ... The Eve theory was proposed several years ago by Allan C. Wilson, a biochemistry professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Wilson ingeniously applied the genetic 'clock' in a form of DNA, of deoxyribonucleic acid, found in human mitochondria--small areas within a cell, separate from the nucleus, that play an important role in the cell's energy production. Unlike the double-stranded nuclear DNA that controls genetic inheritance for the entire body, mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA, affects only the mitochondria and is replicated only by women in their female offspring. Theoretically, all women would have had a common ancestor." - theory challenged by Milton H. Wolpoff, University of Michigan anthropologist: "Wolpoff agreed there was probably an Eve. But 'she lived a long time ago, certainly longer than 200,000 years ago.'"

VIDEOTAPE = "The science of anthropology is little more than a hundred years old. New technologies will add other new pieces to the expanding puzzle, but that is all we can expect--random puzzle pieces--never can the entire picture be known. For scientists, the excitement of the quest never diminishes."

SEE Scientific American of April 1992 for article by Wilson & Cann entitled "The Recent African Genesis of Humans" and an opposing article by Thorne & Wolpoff entitled "The Multiregional Evolution of Humans" where they state that "The reasoning behind a molecular clock is flawed" and see Discovery September 1995 (pages 70-81) for some of the latest work by Ofer Bar-Yosef at Kebara.

"One of the greatest lessons that can be learned from the history of science is one of humility. Science may indeed be steadily learning more about the structure of the world, but surely what is known is exceedingly small in relation to what is unknown. There is no scientific theory today, not even a law, that may not be modified or discarded tomorrow." (Martin Gardner, 1990, The New Ambidextrous Universe: Symmetry and Asymmetry From Mirror Reflections to Superstrings, 3rd edition, page 335).

"A hauntingly brief but significant message extracted from the bones of a Neanderthal who lived at least 30,000 years ago has cast new light both on the origin of humans and Neanderthals and on the long disputed relationship between the two. The message consists of a short strip of the genetic material DNA that has been retrieved and deciphered despite the age of the specimen. It indicates that Neanderthals did not interbreed with the modern humans who started to supplant them from their ancient homes about 50,000 years ago. ... The split between Neanderthal and human mitochondrial DNA, which marks the start of the split between the human and Neanderthal lineages, would have occurred between 550,000 and 690,000 years ago, the authors say, while the individual from whom all modern human mitochondrial DNA is descended, would have lived 120,000 to 150,000 years ago. (July 11, 1997, The New York Times)

"My view is that knowledge is a rearrangement of experience, in which we put together those experiences that seem to us to belong together, and put them apart from those that do not" (Jacob Bronowski [1908-1984], The Identity of Man, 1966: 26).

NOTE: "Nonverbal communication functions in several important ways in regulating human interactions. It is an effective way of (1) sending messages about our attitudes and feelings, (2) elaborating on our verbal messages, and (3) governing the timing and turn taking between communicators." ( Gary P. Ferraro, 1990, The Cultural Dimensions Of International Business, page 69).

FILM: "The world of people is a world of words....[but]." "Just as a bird watcher watches birds, so a man-watcher [or a people watcher] watches people. But he [or she] is a student of human behavior, not a voyeur. To him [or her], the way an elderly gentleman waves to a friend is quite as exciting as the way a young girl crosses her legs. He [or she] is a field-observer of human actions, and his [or her] field is everywhere--at the bus-stop, the supermarket, the airport, the street corner, the dinner party and the football match. Wherever people behave, there the man-watcher [or people watcher] has something to learn--about his [or her] fellow-men and ultimately about himself." [Desmond Morris, Manwatching: A Field Guide to Human Behavior,1977: 8]

FILM: The human face, one of the most expressive "tools." ... How do "we" know that it is the face and not the knowledge about the feeling behind the face? ... "Proxemics" or the study of interpersonal space in human beings. Females are more sensitive to non-verbal cues than men. Important for survival in the environment. ... Deliberate ambiguity of non-verbal communication [NVC]. ... NVC as an instrument of self-presentation; used to qualify remarks; synchronize communications; and express a thought or feeling we may wish to take back. If some NVC are learned, some are also traced to our biological heritage.

NOTE: Zones: Intimate, Personal, Social, and Public. (See Peter Marsh, 1988, Eye To Eye: How People Interact, page 42); "Culture is communication and communication is culture....Culture is not one thing, but many....Culture is concerned more with messages...." (E. T. Hall, The Silent Language, 1959: 169).

"What we mean by the word 'world' usually is the world encompassed by human communication. The world was one thing when word seeped around from tribe to tribe. It became another when traders and religious enthusiasts set forth journeying. So it progressed through centuries--mail service, print, telegraph, telephone, electronic credit. Each time the means of communication advanced, the 'world' metamorphosed." (Stewart Brand, The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT, 1987: xiii)

NOTE: "According to anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell, in any human conversation, no more than thirty-five percent of the social meaning is communicated in words. All the rest is nonverbal." (Flora Davis, Eloquent Animals: A Study in Animal Communication, 1978: 183)

"What language does, says Pinker, is allow us to translate our murky, fuzzy, infinitely complex thoughts into a discrete set of sounds that can be transferred through time and space to be understood by others. But words and sentences are not thought itself, as those who have struggled to find the right words to express how they feel can testify. Language is a notoriously poor method of expressing emotions, feelings, and the richer tapestries of human existence such as love, faith, beauty, and truth--studies show that people rely more on facial expression and tone of voice to judge a person's emotional state than his or her explicit words. And while language can be used to describe a particular place or scene, for most people a picture is really worth a thousand words [stress added]." William F. Allman, 1994, The Stone Age Present: How Evolution Has Shaped Modern Life--From Sex, Violence, And Language To Emotions, Morals, and Communities (NY: Simon & Schuster), pages 171-172.

NOTE: "Why do men and women communicate so differently? It may be something in our genes. A new study has found evidence of a gene that may explain why women tend to be more adept in social situations than men - contradicting the popular notion that cultural differences cause the male-female social gap. 'This suggests that there is a genetic basis for female intuition ... the ability to read social situations that are not obvious,' says David Skuse, lead author of the report in this week's issue of Nature. 'Women are born with that facility and men have to learn it.' ... No word yet on finding a gene for people who are just plain boring." (Robert Langreth, The Wall Street Journal, June 12, 1997, page B1)

1. Anthropology provides ______ basis for dealing with the crucial dilemmas of today's world.
a: an historical; b: a scientific; c: a computerized; d: a romantic

2. Among the Yanomamo, the following took place: a: alliances; b: trading; c: feasts; d: all-of-the-above.

3. Nonverbal communication functions in several important ways in regulating human interactions: a: it is an effective way of sending messages about our attitudes and feelings; b: they elaborate on our verbal messages; c: they govern the timing and turn taking between communicators; d: all-of-the-above.

4. The minimal category of speech sounds that signals a difference in meaning is termed: a: a morpheme; b: noun; c: phoneme; d: verb.

5. Patrilineal descent refers to: a: unilineal descent through the father's group; b: unilineal descent through the mother's group; c: clan descent through a totemic ancestor; d: a grouping of men (a cohort) born during a certain time span.

6. TRUE FALSE For various anthropologists, "evidence" can be tools, bones, or genes.

7. TRUE FALSE Research suggests that there is a genetic basis for "female intuition."

8. TRUE FALSE Chimpanzees share 100% of their DNA with Homo sapiens.

9. TRUE FALSE The first responsibility of the anthropologist is to set down events as seen by the people he [or she] is studying.

10. TRUE FALSE According to Turner, until about 200 years ago, vast areas of the world were inhabited by native, mostly hunter-gatherer or horticultural, peoples.

WHAT DO YOU think about the following headlines: "Overuse of Antibiotics Erodes Their Healing Power" in The Sacramento Bee Forum of July 23, 1995 (page 1) and the following words: "Antibiotic resistance is on the rise. Every year more and more bacteria are able to survive assault by what used to be called 'wonder drugs.' Everone pays for it in money and inconvenience. A few pay in illness and death. The bill is going up every year. The source of antibiotic resistance is no mystery: It is the use of antibiotics themselves. The forces of nature guarantee that some bacteria will overcome some antibiotics, sooner or later" and please consider Business Week, of August 1, 1994 (pages 52-53) and their words: "After 40 years of aggressively pushing antibiotics, doctors are now confronting bacteria that have mutated defenses against the drugs. Of the 2 million patients who get infections in hospitals each year, up to 60% are struck by microbes that have become resistant to drugs. ... what now happens with antibiotics--a Darwinian survival of the fittest that results, in this case, in resistant bugs [STRESS added]" and "Nightmare of drug-resistant bacteria expected to get worse before it gets better.... There hasn't been a new class of antibiotics developed in 25 years, a time span in which bacteria can go through 100,000 generations." (James W. Brosnan, Chico Enterprise-Record, December 15, 1998, page 8A).

NOTE: "Researchers at Yale University for the first time have found a way to make drug-resistant bacteria--superbugs that shrug off the assault of antiobiotics--vulnerable again. ... They are altering the genetic action inside the bacteria that gives the bugs power to fend off antibiotic attack." (USA Today, August 5, 1997, page 1D).

ALSO PLEASE REMEMBER: "Examinations are formidable even to the best prepared; for the greatest fool may ask more than the wisest man [or individual!] can answer." (Charles Colton, 1780-1832).

I. LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION & REVIEW AND EXAM I (20%) on 2/25/99.

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

II. LANGUAGE, THOUGHT, AND CULTURE
A. Sapir-Whorf [Who were they? who cares?!] [as well as http://www.adelaide.net.au/~venus/suggestion/sapir.html and http://www.aber.ac.uk/~dgc/whorf.html]
B. Culture is Communication is Culture!

"Culture is communication. In physics, so far as we know, the galaxies that one studies are all controlled by the same laws. This is not entirely true of the worlds created by humans. Each cultural world operates according to its own principles, and its own laws--written and unwritten. Even time and space are unique to each culture. There are, however, some common threads that run through all cultures. It is possible to say that the world of communication can be divided into three parts: words, material things, and behavior." Edward & Mildred Hall, 1990, Understanding Cultural Differences [CSUC/HD/31/H229/1990], page 3.

"Humans, of course, have always exchanged symbolic images of reality. That is what language is all about. It is what knowledge is based on. However, different societies require either more or less symbolic exchange. The transition to a knowledge-based economy sharply increases the demand for communication and swamps the old image-delivery systems. ... Jeffrey Moritz is president of National College Television, which uses satellites to distribute specialized programming to college students for forty-two hours a week. NCT claims a student audience of 700,000. Ranging in age from eighteen to thirty-four, these are citizens today and potential leaders tomorrow. ... 'Today's college student of age 20 is the most 'video-sophisticated audience' in history.' Alfred Toffler, 1990, Power Shift: Knowledge, Wealth, and Violence At The Edge Of The 21st Century, page 334 and page 367.

"Encouraging students to trust themselves is one of the most important things a teacher can do. ... You can help the student know herself [or himself] by inspiring participation and promoting self-confidence." (Judith Kahn, 1975, The Guide To Conscious Communication, page 4)

"Communication begins with self and with others. The way we have learned about ourselves as women or as men affects how we communicate with others. This, in turn, affects others' perceptions of us and communication with us. How others see and communicate with us spirals back and influences our self-concept." (Judy Cornelia Pearson et. al, 1991, Gender & Communication [2nd edition]), page 74.

"Babies struggling to turn babble into polished patter use a previously undiscovered [!] instinct for rules to master the building blocks of language, scientists at New York University announced Thursday. The new insight [!!] is persuasive evidence that the ability to think in terms of formulas and rules is not just something that must be learned through schooling, as some scholars have argued, but is also a fundamental characteristic of every human mind, several language experts said. ... Working with 7-month-old infants, the NYU researchers determined that even the very young can make sense of speech by figuring out on their own simple rules about the patterns of language structure and grammar. ... The research, published today in Science, broadens the understanding of what may be built into every human brain at birth.... [stress added]." (The Sacramento Bee, January 1, 1999, page A8)

"Babies may not kow a verb from a noun, but researchers have found even 7-month-olds can learn how sentences are organized, a discovery that may lead to early diagnosis of infants with language disorders [stress added]." (Chico Enterprise-Record, January 3, 1999, page 7C).

III. COMMENTS AND REVIEW
A. VTAPE: Language
B. EXAM I (20%) ON THURSDAY 25 FEBRUARY 1999!
C. Review all Spradley & McCurdy pages & Notebook pages to date.
D. Map} Central and South America and Africa.
E. See: http://www.myna.com/~mccollam/geoquiz/afrquiz.html [AFRICA Map Quiz]
F. Multiple Choice and True/False.

IV. REMINDER: READINGS, TERMS, AND FILM FOR THIS WEEK ARE INCLUDED ON THE EXAM ON THURSDAY:

"Shakespeare in the Bush" by Laura Bohannan, pp. 34-43
"The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Worlds Shaped by Words" by David S. Thomson, pp. 80-92

GRAMMAR: The categories and rules for combining vocal symbols.

LANGUAGE: The system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech.

MORPHEME: The smallest meaningful category in any language.

NONLINGUISTIC SYMBOLS: Any symbol that exists outside the system of language and speech; for example, visual symbols.

PHONEME: The minimal category of speech sounds that signals a difference in meaning.

PHONOLOGY: The categories and rules for forming vocal symbols.

SEMANTICS: The categories and rules for relating vocal symbols to their referents.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC RULES: Rules specifying the nature of the speech community, the particular speech situations within a community, and the speech acts that members use to convey their messages.

SPEECH: The behavior that produces meaningful vocal sounds.

SYMBOL: Anything that humans can sense that is given an arbitrary relationship to its referent.

VIDEOTAPE: Looks at the work of Jane Goodall, David Premack, Philip Lieberman, Ursala Bellugi (expert in sign languages of the deaf), Helen J. Neville, Patricia Kuhl, and others.

VIDEOTAPE: "In fact, language is so central to the human mind that it emerges in everyone with normal human abilities, even when hearing is absent at birth." ... Pidgin language develops into Creole as a result of the children. "So it may be the very structure of language is programmed into the brain."

NOTE: "Derek Bickerton...believes that creoles provide evidence for an innate language program. Creoles--more than a hundred are known--generally appeared when the slave trade and European colonialism forced great numbers of people who spoke different languages to work together." (Ann Finkbeiner, 1988, in The Day That Lightning Chased The Housewife ...And Other Mysteries of Sciences, edited by Julia Leigh and David Savold, page 12).

VIDEOTAPE: Issues, such as, language and environment, thinking, and the world. Work of Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941) and information about the Hopi Indians; "Like all languages, the Hopi language holds a mirror to the world its speakers live in." ... "Language as a coping mechanism."

"Any human infant raised in Budapest will learn to speak perfect Hungarian. Any human infant raised in the Eastern Cape will learn to speak perfect Xhosa. The language one speaks reflects social circumstance, not genetic difference. ... You cannot predict the language a child will speak from knowledge of its DNA [stress added]." Joseph Schwarz, 1992, The Creative Moment: How Science made Itself Alien To Modern Culture (Harper Collins), pages 143-144.

"Despite these dangers, I am joining the growing dialogue on gender and language because the risks of ignoring differences is greater than the danger of naming them. Sweeping something big under the rug doesn't make it go away; it trips you up and sends you sprawling when you venture across the room. Denying real differences can only compound the confusion that is already widespread in this era of shifting and re-forming relationships between women and men." (Deborah Tannen, 1990, You Just Don't Understand: Women And Men In Conversation, page 16)

I. ECOLOGY & SUBSISTENCE (CONTINUED)

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

A. FILM: Bushmen of the Kalahari [the !Kung] (and see http://www.mg.co.za/mg/news/97mar1/7mar-botswana.html as well as http://www.newcastle.ac.uk/~nantiq/menu.html and http://www.designnet-pro.com/ata/atm/bushmen.html).

"When one comes to think of it, it is pretty obvious that Woman, not Man was the innovator who laid the foundations of our civilization. While the men went hunting, the Woman was the guardian of the fire and, pretty certainly, the first maker of pottery. It was she who went picking the wild berries and nuts and seeds and who went poking with sticks to unearth the edible roots. In the mother-to-daughter tradition, the knowledge of plants born of long observation led women to experiment in cultivation. Biologically Woman was more observant than Man, because the recurring phases of the moon coincided with the rhythm of her fertile life and she could observe the period of gestation not only in herself but in the animals and in the seasonal reappearance of the plants. So she had a sense of Time, and the measurement of Time was one of the earliest manifestations of constructive and systematic thinking." (Sir Ritchie Calder, 1961, After The Seventh Day: The World Man Created, page 69)

II. A STRATEGY OF ADAPTATION: CULTURAL EVOLUTION
A. Importance of Terminology
B. Strategies on Gathering, Hunting, Pastoralism, and...for the "Big Picture" please go to: http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/archivepix.html as well as http://www.newcastle.ac.uk/~nantiq/timeline.jpg.
C. VTAPE: Hunters-Gatherers/Pastoralists
D. FILM: Primitive People [CFU: Horrible title but semi-reasonable film!]
E. ESSAY: Body Ritual Among the Nacirema [please see below in this Notebook] and if you have access to the WWW, please see http://www.beadsland.com/nacirema/[but read the article below first].

III. SPRADLEY & MCCURDY READINGS:

"Eating Christmas in the Kalahari" by Richard Borshay Lee, pp. 26-33
"Ecology and Subsistence" by Spradley & McCurdy, pp. 101-104
"The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari" by Richard Borshay Lee, pp. 105-119
"India's Sacred Cow" by Marvin Harris, pp. 130-140
"Adaptive Failure: Easter's End" by Jared Diamond, pp. 141-150

"Until about 10,000 years ago, everyone in the world survived by hunting and gethering wild foods. They lived in intimate association with their natural environments and employed a complex variety of strategies to forage for food and other necessities of life." ["The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari" by Richard B. Lee, 1968, in Man The Hunter, reprinted in Spradley & McCurdy, 1997, Conformity and Conflict: Readings In Cultural Anthropology [9th edition], pp. 105-119, page 105.)

"We cannot know all that we have gained in acquiring civilization until we know what we have lost." Elman Service, 1996, The Hunters, page 1. "Pastoral nomadism is in fundamental ways the ecological converse of forest agriculture: an adaptation to open semi-arid grassland as opposed to tropical rain forest, a commitment to animal husbandry to the virtual exclusion of plant cultivation, and an economic basis rather of chiefdoms than of segmentary tribes." Marshal Sahlins, 1968, Tribesmen, page 32.

"...an unwitting or a deliberate bias in time perspective. The evaluations about which we hear most have been made by Western Europeans and their colonial descendants. The date is the present, when the star of the Occident is in its ascendancy and its followers have made themselves the masters and arbiters of the lifeways of the people with whom they compare themselves. It might, of course, be argued on the Darwinian principle of the survival of the fittest that this ascendancy is proof of racial superiority, except that it is a relatively recent phenomenon that is not correlated with any demonstrable change in the biological composition of Europeans a generation prior to A.D. 1492. The truth is that a European mastery of large parts of the globe has been due more to the possession of gunpowder and iron--both non-European inventions--than to racial superiority. Comparisons dating from the period just before the destructive effects of Western civilization made themselves felt would be more justifiable. Our historical records contain many illustrations of the fact that Europe then was not much in advance of many other parts of the world that were conquered by its representatives. When Cortez reached the Aztec city of Tenochtitlàn in 1519, he and his men were understandably astonished by the artistic, industrial, and governmental achievements of its builders [stress added]." H.G. Barnett, 1953, Innovation: The Basis of Cultural Change, page 30.

"The Natufians [of the Middle East] survived in their new life as sedentary hunter-gatherers until, about 11,000 years ago...a sudden cold snap. ... Start moving again or find a new way to survive. They turned to agriculture." William F. Allman, 1994, The Stone Age Present: How Evolution Has Shaped Modern Life--From Sex, Violence, And Language To Emotions, Morals, and Communities (NY: Simon & Schuster), pages 239-240.

"In the age of information, survival still depends on hunters and gatherers. In that modern day tribe called a corporation, it's still the survival of the fittest. And in the treacherous nineties, the fittest will certainly be the best informed. So making it safely--and prosperously--through the next quarter may well depend on having a plentiful supply of the news and information business feeds on." [Paid Advertisement for the Dow Jones Information Services in The Wall Street Journal, August 19, 1991.

"...the continent of Greater Australia must have been colonised prior to about 40,000 years ago, the times of our ealiest evidence. From all indications the colonists arrived from Southeast Asia by sea, and can be counted amongst the earliest of modern human populations." Harry Lourandos, 1997, Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory (Cambridge University Press) [CSUC: GN/871/L68/1997], pages 296; but also see/read in the same publication:

"The evidence itself is, however, constantly changing or being modified. As we go to press new claims are being made of a radically early chronology for the prehistory of Australia. From the site of Jinmium in the Kimberly of northwestern Australia have been reported fallen panels of rock art engravings dated at between 58,000 and 75,000 years ago, and stone artefacts at between 116,000 and 176,000 years ago." Harry Lourandos, 1997, Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory (Cambridge University Press) [CSUC: GN/871/L68/1997], page xv.

"Aboriginal Australia was divided into some three hundred tribes, each associated with a separate area. Tribal unity was based on common language and common mythology, but not usually upon group action. For the individual native, membership in a local group or horde was much more important than tribal membership. Each horde was identified with a subdivision of the tribal area and consisted of a number of families related to one another through various kinship ties. Males usually dwelt throughout their lives in the territory where they were born; wives were selected from other parts of the tribe and moved to their husbands' place at marriage. But although residence was more commonly based upon father relationships, ties with the mother were also emphasized through important totemic means. Yet more important than either of these social groupings was the biological family unit. ... The family unit has been aptly called the group of orientation. For, in Australia as in most other primitive [sic.] cultures, an individual's family relationships determined the kinship terms and behavior he used toward every other person in his social universe." (D.L. Oliver, The Pacific Islands, 1961, pp. 31-32)

"In considering the political structure of the native Australians we must remember that Australia is a continent, and the only one that was inhabited exclusively by hunters and gatherers. Probably the most formal and the most complex kind of chieftainship recorded in Australia was that of the Jaraldi people in the Lower Murray River country, one of the continents most populous regions. In the middle of the last century, each territorial clan had its own headman and council, and there was also a paramount chief for the entire tribe. The council members of each clan were elected in a meeting between the middle-aged and elderly men, and a few of the outstanding younger ones as well. In a few cases women were also elected." (Carlton S. Coon, The Hunting Peoples, 1971: 282-283).

See San Francisco Chronicle of 15 July'92 and article entitled "Australia's Aborigines Fighting Back After Years of Oppression" on page A11 = "Despite Australia's reputation as a socially progressive nation, education, health and labor conditions for the country's 300,000 aborigines remain inadequate. It is only in the last 20 years that the federal government has exerted power over the country's six states to enforce civil and human rights laws after a 200-year legacy of near genocide."

Also see San Francisco Chronicle of 29 May 1997: "Australia ruled out any compensation yesterday for 100,000 ABoriginal children forcibly taken from their families by the government for more than a half a century until the early 1970s. ... Under state laws starting in 1910, the government removed Aboriginal children from their families because the white majority considered it as in their best interest. ... Australia's 303,000 Aborigines make up 1 percent of its population. They have long complained of discirimination, and they lag behind other Australians in access to jobs, education and health services" (page A10).

"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema" by Horace Miner in The American Anthropologist, Vol. 58 (1956), pp. 503-507.

"The anthropologist has become so familiar with the diversity of ways in which different peoples behave in similar situations that he [or she!] is not apt to be surprised by even the most exotic customs. In fact, if all of the logically possible combinations of behavior have not been found somewhere in the world, he is apt to suspect that they must be present in some yet undescribed tribe. This point, has, in fact been expressed with respect to clan organization by Murdock [of HRAF interests]. In this light, the magical beliefs and practices of the Nacirema present such unusual aspects that it seems desirable to describe them as an example of the extremes to which human behavior can go.

Professor Linton first brought the ritual of the Nacirema to the attention of anthropologists twenty years ago, but the culture of this people is still very poorly understood. They are a North American group living in the territory between the Canadian Cree, the Yaqui and Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of the Antilles. Little is known of their origin, although tradition states that they came from the east....

Nacirema culture is characterized by a highly developed market economy which has evolved in a rich natural habitat. While much of the people's time is devoted to economic pursuits, a large part of the fruits of these labors and a considerable portion of the day are spent in ritual activity. The focus of this activity is the human body, the appearance and health of which loom as a dominant concern in the ethos of the people. While such a concern is certainly not unusual, its ceremonial aspects and associated philosophy are unique.

The fundamental belief underlying the whole system appears to be that the human body is ugly and that its natural tendency is to debility and disease. Incarcerated in such a body, man's only hope is to avert these characteristics through the use of the powerful influences of ritual and ceremony. Every household has one or more shrines devoted to this purpose. The more powerful individuals in the society have several shrines in their houses and, in fact, the opulence of a house is often referred to in terms of the number of such ritual centers it possesses. Most houses are of the wattle and daub construction, but the shrine rooms of the more wealthy are walled with stone. Poorer families imitate the rich by applying pottery plaques to their shrine walls.

While each family has at least one such shrine, the rituals associated with it are not family ceremonies but are private and secret. The rites are normally only discussed with children, and then only during the period when they are being initiated into these mysteries. I was able, however, to establish sufficient rapport with the natives to examine these shrines and to have the rituals described to me.

The focal point of the shrine is a box or chest which is built into the wall. In this chest are kept the many charms and magical potions without which no native believes he could live. These preparations are secured from a variety of specialized practitioners. The most powerful of these are the medicine men, whose assistance must be rewarded with substantial gifts. However, the medicine men do not provide the curative potions for their clients, but decide what the ingredients should be and then write them down in an ancient and secret language. This writing is understood only by the medicine men and by the herbalists who, for another gift, provide the required charm.

The charm is not disposed of after it has served its purpose, but is placed in the charmbox of the household shrine. As these magical materials are specific for certain ills, and the real or imagined maladies of the people are many, the charm-box is usually full to overflowing. The magical packets are so numerous that people forget what their purposes were and get to use them again. While the natives are very vague on this point, we can only assume that the idea in retaining all the old magical materials is their presence in the charmbox, before which the body rituals are conducted, will in some way protect the worshipper.

Beneath the charmbox is a small font. Each day every member of the family, in succession, enters the shrine room, bows his head before the charm-box, mingles different sorts of holy water in the font, and proceeds with a brief rite of ablution. The holy waters are secured from the Water Temple of the community, where the priests conduct elaborate ceremonies to make the liquid ritually pure.

In the hierarchy of magical practitioners, and below the medicine men in prestige, are specialists whose designations is best translated 'holy-mouth-men.' The Nacirema have an almost pathological horror of and fascination with the mouth, the condition of which is believed to have a supernatural influence on all social relationships. Were it not for the rituals of the mouth, they believe that their teeth would fall out, their gums bleed, their jaws shrink, their friends desert them, and their lovers reject them. They also believe that a strong relationship exists between oral and moral characteristics. For example, there is a ritual ablution of the mouth for children which is supposed to improve their moral fiber.

The daily body ritual performed by everyone includes a mouth-rite. Despite the fact that these people are so punctilious about care of the mouth, this rite involves a practice which strikes the uninitiated stranger as revolting. It was reported to me that the ritual consists of inserting a small bundle of hog hairs into the mouth, along with certain magical powders, and then moving the bundle in a highly formalized series of gestures.

In addition to the private mouth-rite, the people seek out a holy-mouth-man once or twice a year. These practitioners have an impressive set of paraphernalia, consisting of a variety of augers, awls, probes, and prods. The use of these objects in the exorcism of the evils of the mouth involves almost unbelievable ritual torture of the client. The holy-mouth-man opens the clients mouths and, using the above mentioned tools, enlarges any holes which decay may have created in the teeth. Magical materials are put into these holes. If there are no naturally occurring holes in the teeth, large sections of one or more teeth are gouged out so that the supernatural substance can be applied. In the client's view, the purpose of these ministrations is to arrest decay and to draw friends. The extremely sacred and traditional character of the rite is evident in the fact that the natives return to the holy-mouth-men year after year, despite the fact that their teeth continue to decay.

It is to be hoped that, when a thorough study of the Nacirema is made, there will be careful inquiry into the personality structure of these people. One has but to watch the gleam in the eye of a holy-mouth-man, as he jabs an awl into an exposed nerve, to suspect that a certain amount of sadism is involved. If this can be established, a very interesting pattern emerges, for most of the population shows definite masochistic tendencies. It was to these that Professor Linton referred in discussing a distinctive part of the daily body ritual which is performed only by men. This part of the rite involves scraping and lacerating the surface of the face with a sharp instrument. Special women's rites are performed only four times during each lunar month, but what they lack in frequency is made up in barbarity. As part of this ceremony, women bake their heads in small ovens for about an hour. The theoretically interesting point is that what seems to be a preponderantly masochistic people have developed sadistic specialists.

The medicine men have an imposing temple, or latipso, in every community of any size. The more elaborate ceremonies required to treat very sick patients can only be performed at this temple. These ceremonies involve not only the thaumaturge but a permanent group of vestal maidens who move sedately about the temple chambers in distinctive costume and headdress.

The latipso ceremonies are so harsh that it is phenomenal that a fair proportion of the really sick natives who enter the temple ever recover. Small children whose indoctrination is still incomplete have been known to resist attempts to take them to the temple because 'that is where you go to die.' Despite this fact, sick adults are not only willing but eager to undergo the protracted ritual purification, if they can afford to do so. No matter how ill the supplicant or how grave the emergency, the guardians of many temples will not admit a client if he cannot give a rich gift to the custodian. Even after one has gained admission and survived the ceremonies, the guardians will not permit the neophyte to leave until he makes still another gift.

The supplicant entering the temple is first stripped of all his or her clothes. In everyday life the Nacirema avoids exposure of his body and its natural functions. Bathing and excretory acts are performed only in the secrecy of the household shrine, where they are ritualized as part of the body-rites. Psychological shock results from the fact that body secrecy is suddenly lost upon entry into the latipso. A man, whose own wife has never seen him in an excretory act, suddenly finds himself naked and assisted by a vestal maiden while he performs his natural functions into a sacred vessel. This sort of ceremonial treatment is necessitated by the fact that the excreta are used by a diviner to ascertain the course and nature of the client's sickness. Female clients, on the other hand, find their naked bodies are subjected to the scrutiny, manipulation and prodding of the medicine men.

Few supplicants in the temple are well enough to do anything but lie on their hard beds. The daily ceremonies, like the rites of the holy-mouth-men, involve discomfort and torture. With ritual precision, the vestals awaken their miserable charges each dawn and roll them about on their beds of pain while performing ablutions, in the formal movements of which the maidens are highly trained. At other times, they insert magic wand's in the supplicant's mouth or force him to eat substances which are supposed to be healing. From time to time the medicine men come to their clients and jab magically treated needles into their flesh. The fact that these temple ceremonies may not cure, and may even kill the neophyte, in no way decreases the people's faith in the medicine men.

There remains one other kind of practitioner, known as a 'listener.' This witchdoctor has the power to exorcise the devils that lodge in the heads of people who have been bewitched. The Nacirema believe that parents bewitch their own children. Mothers are particularly suspected of putting a curse on children while teaching them the secret body rituals. The counter-magic of the witchdoctor is unusual in its lack of ritual. The patient simply tells the 'listener' all his troubles and fears, beginning with the earliest difficulties he can remember. The memory displayed by the Nacirema in these exorcism sessions is truly remarkable. It is not uncommon for the patient to bemoan the rejection he felt upon being weaned as a babe, and a few individuals even see their troubles going back to the traumatic effects of their own birth.

In conclusion, mention must be made certain practices which have their base in native esthetics but which depend upon the pervasive aversion to the natural body and its functions. There are ritual fasts to make fat people thin and ceremonial feasts to make thin people fat. Still other rites are used to make women's breast's larger if they are small, and smaller if they are large. General dissatisfaction with breast shape is symbolized in the fact that the ideal form is virtually outside the range of human variation. A few women afflicted with almost inhuman hyper-mammary development are so idolized that they make a handsome living by simply going from village to village and permitting the natives to stare at them for a fee.

Reference has already been made to the fact that excretory functions are ritualized, routinized, and relegated to secrecy. Natural reproductive functions are similarly distorted. Intercourse is taboo as a topic and scheduled as an act. Efforts are made to avoid pregnancy by the use of magical materials or by limiting intercourse to certain phases of the moon. Conception is actually very infrequent. When pregnant, women dress so as to hide their condition. Parturition takes place in secret without friends or relatives to assist, and the majority of women do not nurse their infants.

Our review of the ritual life of the Nacirema has certainly shown them to be a magic-ridden people. It is hard to understand how they have managed to exist so long under the burdens which they have imposed upon themselves. But even such exotic customs as these take on real meaning when they are viewed with the insight provided by Malinowski when he wrote:

'Looking from far and above, from our high places of safety in the developed civilization, it is easy to see all the crudity and irrelevance of magic. But without its power and guidance early man could not have mastered his practical difficulties as he has done, nor could man have advanced to the higher stages of civilization.'" [NOTE: The article is also reprinted in The Nacirema: Readings on American Culture, 1975, edited by J. Spradley and M. Rynkiewich, pp. 10-13]

"The shrinking of the world makes mutual understanding and respect on the part of different peoples imperative. The subtle diversities in the view of life of various peoples, their expectancies and images of themselves and of others, the differing psychological attitudes underlying their contrasting political institutions, and their generally differing 'psychological nationality' all combine to make it more difficult for nations to understand each other. It is the anthropologist's duty to point out that these 'mental' forces have just as tangible effect as physical forces" Clyde Kluckhohn, 1949, Mirror For Man: The Relation of Anthropology To Modern Life (page 273).

"The barbarous heathen are nothing more strange to us than we are to them.... Human reason is a tincture in like weight and measure infused into all our opinions and customs, what form soever they be, infinite in matter, infinite in diversity." (Michel Eyquem de Montaigne [1533-1592], Essays, page 53 [1959 paperback publication of a translation from 1603].

FILM: John Marshall & Kerewele Ledimo seek the village of !Kadi and ask the question "Do the people still pursue their ancient way of life and freedom of the Kalahari? ... The people I lived with in the Western Kalahari called themselves zhu twa si [the harmless people; they also call all strangers zhu dole or dangerous people]." ... "Beyond satisfying hunger, hunting confirmed kinship ties ... drawing them together. ... Kinship has always been the key to Bushmen survival."

FILM: Mentions John Marshall's sister Elizabeth Marshall (authored 1958 book The Harmless People. "Most respected for scientific work would be Lorna Marshall, John's mother. Also see The Hunters [CSU Chico Film #16003/04] dealing with a Bushmen hunting party.

NOTE: John Marshall wrote that "from ÇToma (1911-1988), I learned as much about observing as I did about hunting and gathering. ÇToma taught me how to watch, listen and suspend judgement. ... ÇToma stressed the importance of telling the truth and being specific. For obvious reasons, Ju/'hoansi could not rely on magic and belief to survive in the Kalahari where rain is local and erratic, bushfoods are hard to find and the game is hard to track; arriving where water had been mistakenly reported could be fatal. Knowledge had to be extensive, objective and accurate [STRESS added]." The Cinema of John Marshall, 1993 (Edited by Jay Ruby) [CSUC: GN/21/M258/C56], p. 34-35.

From: The Harmless People: the Bushmen knows "every bush and stone, every convolution of the ground, and have usually named every place in it where a certain kind of valid food may be. ... If all their knowledge about their land and its resources were recorded and published, it would make up a library of thousands of volumes. Such knowledge was as essential to early man as it is to these people. ... They have no chiefs or kings, only headmen who in function are virtually indistinguishable from the people they lead, and sometimes a band will not even have a headman. A leader is not really necessary, however, because the Bushmen roam about together in small family bands rarely numbering more than twenty people. ... Their culture insists that they share with each other, and it has never happened that a Bushmen failed to share objects, food, or water with the other members of his band, for without very rigid co-operation Bushmen could not survive the famines and droughts that the Kalahari offers them. ... Trust, peace, and cooperation form the spine of Bushmen life. ... By maintaining these three virtues, Bushmen live where otherwise people might not."

NOTE: John Marshall wrote that "In order to understand the problems Ju'hoansi have faced in the last thirty years, and the changes in their economy and society they have endured, it is important to know where they started from. But people do not start from scratch; the invisible reality of history shapes their present and future [STRESS added]." The Cinema of John Marshall, 1993 (Edited by Jay Ruby) [CSUC: GN/21/M258/C56], p. 64.

FILM: "We discussed not the past but the new problems of life on the reservations. ... Their concern was with the future: I wondered how long their past would remain in living history."

FILM: On Bushmen rock paintings} points out that "theory says such handprints are signatures or magical signs." ... "They had so little except a great knowledge of their environment. ... culture was intangible knowledge, tradition, values: his [musical] compositions were its living record--easily swept away." ... A Bushman states that "I left the desert long ago because of thirst. My father is dead, my people scattered. I am here because there was nowhere else to go. I don't remember my father's music: why should I?"

FILM: "Their lives depended as they always had, on what women could gather." ... "..killing so efficiently [now] instead of an act of kinship...." "...the people were dependent on their future on an ancient engine and a four-inch pipe."

NOTE: On "tourism" and some Bushmen: "...for the past five years their only path to survival has been to become tourist exhibits (Chico Enterprise-Record, January 7, 1996, page 1E).

"The list of female inventors includes dancers, farmers, nuns, secretaries, actresses, shopkeepers, housewives, military officers, corporate executives, schoolteachers, writers, seamstresses, refugees, royalty, and little kids. All kinds of people can and do invent. The idea that one's gender somehow precludes the possibility of pursuing any technological endeavor is not only outdated but also dangerous. In the words of 1977 Nobel Prize winner [in Physiology/Medicine] Rosalyn Yallow: 'The world cannot afford the loss of the talents of half of its people if we are to solve the many problems which beset us.'" (Ethlie Ann Vare and Greg Ptacek, 1987, Mothers of Invention: From the Bra to the Bomb, Forgotten Women and Their Unforgettable Ideas, page 17)

I. ECONOMICS & KINSHIP & FAMILY & MAGIC & RELIGION & ...

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

For Papua New Guinea "today" please see http://travel.state.gov/primer.html as well as http://forests.lic.wisc.edu/pngtoktok/ [Papua Niugini Toktok Bilong Lukautim].

II. DESCENT & MARRIAGE & GENDER & ENDOGAMY/EXOGAMY &.... Kinship Tutorial from the University of Manitoba (http://www.umanitoba.ca:80/anthropology/kintitle.html).

III. SOME SPECIFIC ETHNOGRAPHIC EXAMPLES
A. Various Background Research(ers)
B. FILM: Dead Birds

"People were laughing at Copernicus or Columbus and saying their theories were worthless while they were hailing the flummery written by some ignoramous as absolute gospel. So it's easy to imagine our way of life, that we're so content with, will seem strange, primitive, ignorant, unsanitary, maybe even immoral...." (The character: Aleksandr Ignatych Vershinin in the Anton Chekov [1860-1904] play Three Sisters [1901]).

IV. SPRADLEY & MCCURDY READINGS:

"Kinship and Family" by Spradley & McCurdy, pp. 191-194
"Family and Kinship in Village India" by David W. McCurdy, pp. 205-213
"Polyandry: When Brothers Take a Wife" by Melvin C. Goldstein, pp. 214-221
"Uterine Familes and the Women's Community" by Margery Wolf, pp. 222-228
"Why Women Take Men to Magistrate's Court" by Mindie Lazarus-Black, pp. 270-281
"Religion, Magic, and World View" Spradley & McCurdy, pp. 307-309

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment of jobs to people.

ECONOMIC SYSTEM: The provision of goods and services to meet biological and social wants.

ENDOGAMY: Marriage within a designated social unit.

EXOGAMY: Marriage outside any designated group.

EXTENDED FAMILY: A family that includes two or more married couples.

FAMILY: A residential group composed of at least one married couple and their children.

HORTICULTURE: A kind of subsistence strategy involving semi-intensive, usually shifting, agricultural practices. Slash-and-burn farming is a common example of horticulture.

MAGIC: Strategies people use to control supernatural power to achieve particular results.

POLYGAMY: A marriage form in which a person has two or more spouses at one time. Polygyny and polyandry are both forms of polygamy.

POLYGYNY: A form of polygamy in which a man is married to two or more wives at one time.

RELIGION: The cultural knowledge of the supernatural that people use to cope with the ultimate problems of human existence.

ROLE: The culturally generated behavior associated with particular statuses.

SEXUAL INEQUALITY: Inequality based on gender.

SORCERY: The malevolent practice of magic.

SUPERNATURAL: Things that are beyond the natural. Anthropologists usually recognize a belief in such things as goddesses, gods, spirits, ghosts, and mana to be signs of supernatural belief.

WITCHCRAFT: The reputed activity of people who inherit supernatural force and use it for evil purposes.

FILM: "There is a fable told by the mountain people living in the ancient Highlands of New Guinea about a race between a snake and a bird. It tells of a contest which decided if men would be like birds and die, or be like snakes which shed their skins and have eternal life. The bird won and from that time, all men, like birds, must die." ... FILM: "The ghosts, which more than anything else, rule the lives of these people, are known to be most active in the dark. ... The enemy came this morning to kill, to avenge the ghost of their warrior slain by Wejak's group more than two weeks before. Until they do, they live in a state of spiritual decline. Both sides believe that each man has a soul, to which they attribute the shape of seeds. These seeds at birth are planted in the solar plexus. They call them edai-egen, or seeds of singing. Until a child is able to walk and talk, his edai-egen are only rudimentary. As he or she grows older, the edai-egen also grow. One's soul, or seeds, are especially sensitive to the death of a friend or a member of the family. By contrast, causing the death of an enemy is tonic for the soul and lifts the spirit."

FILM: "A little boy is dying by the Aikhe [River]....Each life that's taken is celebrated by both sides. The ones that lose a life prepare a chair, the only furniture that they know, to lift the corpse for ghosts to see while they cry and have their funeral....The bones are all together--the end of all the work and love it took to make a boy."

FILM: "Soon both men and birds will surrender to the night. They'll rest for the life and death of days to come. For each, both awaits; but with the difference that men, having foreknowledge of their doom, bring a special passion to their life. They will not simply wait for death nor will they bear it lightly when it comes--instead they'll try with measured violence to fashion fate themselves. They kill to save their souls and, perhaps to ease the burden of knowing what birds will never know and when they as men, who have forever killed each other, cannot forget...."

"Flying into Wamena, district capital of Jawaijaya in Irian Jaya, the profound natural beauty of the Baliem Valley is spread before you. ... The Dani population who have lived for perhaps 25,000 years in their pristine environment are confronting change....Governed by Indonesia, Irian Jaya is a country of two cultures, in Wamena the incredible meeting of the two is obvious. ... Officially opened to outsiders in 1986, there is now a Baliem Valley tourist map for trekkers." (Liz Thompson in Pacific Islands Monthly, July 1989, pp. 27-30)

"...from Australian National University, Pacific 2010--Challenging The Future, outlines some grim facts about the where we, as a region, are headed. The outlook is not bright, but at least we are being warned of the pitfalls that lie ahead and can take action now to [possibly] avoid some of them in the future. ... Of major concern to the region is its relatively high rate of population growth. ... [problems in] providing basic education facilities for a growing number of youngsters. In addition, the larger number of school leavers have to have jobs to go. There just aren't enough jobs for school leavers today. ... In PNG [the nation of Papua New Guinea], for instance, growth in employment during the 1980s was 0.5 per cent per annum or about 1000 jobs. This left 35,000 school leavers every year with no alternative but a subsistence existence or crime [stress added]." (Pacific Islands Monthly, July 1993, page 4)

FROM 1998: "Violent protests have broken out in recent days in remote eastern provinces where separatists are demanding independence after years of suppression by the old regime of ex-President Suharto. ... In Irian Jaya, the western, Indonesian half of New Guinea...." (The Chico Enterprise-Record, July 13, 1998, page 8A)

AND: "Papua New Guinea, with a population of 4 million, occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea. It has a moutainous, jungle-filled interior that has only been explored in the past 20 to 30 years.... The tsunami struck west of Aitape in West Sepik province.... The area, which was home of up to 10,000 people, was deserted after villagers fled to high ground." (Reno Gazette-Journal, July 20, 1998, page 3A)

I. ROLES & INEQUALITY & ECONOMICS & CHANGE

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

The ability to present and communicate in anthropologically appropriate ways anthropological knowledge and the results of anthropological research.

Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought.

"....descriptions vary with the conceptual or theoretical framework within which they are couched. To evaluate a description properly one must know something about the theoretical framework that brought it into being." (D. Kaplan and R. Manners, Culture Theory, 1972: 22)

"The barbarous heathen are nothing more strange to us than we are to them.... Human reason is a tincture in like weight and measure infused into all our opinions and customs, what form soever they be, infinite in matter, infinite in diversity." (Michel Eyquem de Montaigne [1533-1592], Essays, page 53 [1959 paperback publication of a translation from 1603].

II.THE EMERGENCE OF THE GLOBAL CULTURE: WORLD WAR II AS CULTURAL PHENOMENA! (and see http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/ww2time.htm as well as http://www.msstate.edu/Archives/History/USA/WWII/ww2.html and http://quaboag.k12.ma.us/worwar.html and finally http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/amex/).

"In many crucial ways, the Earth is becoming as small as it appears to orbiting astronauts and cosmonauts. Global communications, universal trends, and common aspirations are making us more alike than we are different. Despite our rich cultural diversity, we gradually are becoming nearly one world. ... We share history. World War II tore us apart. ... We share technology. Communication satellites make it possible for millions to share the information and entertainment that's on television. Satellites have also revolutionized telephone and telefax communication. We sent reporters all over the world, but rarely were they out of reach of a telephone. We share high-speed transportation. Today, it takes less than twenty-four hours to travel between virtually any two points in the world." (Allen H. Neurath [with Jack Kelley and Juan J. Walte], 1989, Nearly One World, pages 4-6)

"History matters deeply to feminist scholar Gerda Lerner, primarily because she narrowly escaped having her own history [and future] snuffed out by the Nazi Anschluss into Austria in 1938. ... Because Fascism taught Lerner 'first-hand what it means to be defined as 'the Other,' the deviant,' it fueled her scholarly quest to understand the arbitrary power of all social definitions that judge a group inferior." Judith Stacey, 1997, "Historian Confronts Her Own Past." Judith Stacey, Book Review of Why History Matters: Life And Thought. The San Francisco Chronicle & Examiner, Book Review, July 20-26, 1997, page 4.

III. REVOLUTIONS
A. Industrial (Continued)
B. Information/Knowledge
C. Cyberspace!
D. SeeThe United States Holocaust Museum: http://www.ushmm.org/
E. A Massive Pacific Site [My name for it]: http://sunsite.anu.edu.au/spin/wwwvl-pacific/index.html
F. And Others at:

Pacific Islands Report [up-to-the-date news]: http://pidp.ewc.hawaii.edu/pireport/
Pacific Islands Development Program: http://166.122.161.83/
The Kingdom of Tonga in Cyberspace: http://www.netstorage.com/kami/tonga/
Some Urbanowicz "Pacific Words"} http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/FSep-30-93.html
Tonga On-Line [The Tonga Chronicle]: http://www.netstorage.com/kami/tonga/news/
Nation of Hawai'i} http://www.aloha.net/nation/hawaii-nation.html
Papua NG WWW} http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/PNG/WWWVL-PNG.html
New Zealand Government On-Line} http://www.govt.nz/
Pacific Islands Monthly [PIM]: http://www.pim.com.fj/
Pacific Magazine} http://www.pacificMagazine.com/
Honolulu Star-Bulletin} http://starbulletin.com/
ABC News [Australia]: http://www.abc.net.au/news/
The Press On-Line [New Zealand]: http://www.press.co.nz/
As well as The Central Intelligence Agency: http://sunsite.anu.edu.au/region/spin/GENINFO/ciaindex.htm

"The worldwide tourism industry will expand so fast between now and 2020 that 'it will not only be the world's biggest industry, it will be the largest by far the world has ever seen,' according to a new study by the World Tourism Organization. ... 'The world in the year 2020 [or 21 years from now when the reader of this paragraph will be...?!] will be characterized by the penetration of technology into all aspects of life,' the report says. ... 'In consequence, people will crave the human touch, and tourism will be a principal means through which they seek to achieve this [stress added].'" (Stephen Kinzer, The Sacramento Bee, January 4, 1998, Travel, page 1.)

IV. EXAMPLES and various Pacific Islands (http://www2.hawaii.edu/usr-cgi/ssis/~ogden/ogden-newpacific.html)
A. VTAPE: First Contact
B. FILM: Margaret Mead's New Guinea Journal

"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." (Clarke's Third Law in Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible by Arthur C. Clarke, 1984, page 26)

"I am convinced that the history of so-called scientific work in our famous centers of European civilization will, in a couple of hundred years, represent an inexhaustible source of laughter and sorrow for future generations." Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy [1828-1910], What Is Art (1898)

NOTE: "Nurture edges out nature in determining a person's IQ, according to a new study that also finds a surprisingly important role for prenatal development in shaping human intelligence. In an analysis combining more than 200 earlier studies, statisticians concluded that genes account for 48 percent of the factors that determine IQ. That's less than most psychologists would estimate, said study author Bernie Devlin, and far enough below the figure cited by the controversial 1994 book 'The Bell Curve' to undercut its authors' main conclusions. ...He and his colleagues report their findings in today's issue of the journal Nature." Reno Gazette-Journal, July 31, 1997, page 5A.

V. AND THE ACADEMY AWARDS WINNERS on MARCH 21, 1999 WILL BE....?
A. http://www.wiesenthal.com/mot/index.html [Museum of Tolerance]
B. http://www.wiesenthal.com/testimony [World War II Japanese War Crimes]

VI. SPRADLEY & MCCURDY READINGS:

"Roles and Inequality" by Spradley & McCurdy, pp. 231-234
"Society and Sex Roles" by Ernestine Friedl, pp. 243-251
"Culture, Rank, and IQ: The Bell Curve Phenomenon" by Mark Nathan Cohen, pp. 252-258
"The Vice Lord Phoenix" by Lincoln Keiser, pp. 259-265
"Cargo Beliefs and Religious Experience" by Stephen C. Leavitt, pp. 337-346

ACCULTURATION: The process that takes place when groups of individuals having different cultures come into first-hand contact, which results in change to the individual cultural patterns of both groups.

CASTE: A form of stratification defined by unequal access to economic resources and prestige, which is acquired at birth and does not permit individuals to alter their rank.

CULTURE CONTACT: The situation that occurs when two societies with different cultures somehow come into contact with each other.

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment of jobs to people.

INDUSTRIALISM: A subsistence strategy marked by intensive, mechanized food production and elaborate distribution networks.

MANA: An impersonal supernatural force inherent in nature and in people. Mana is somewhat like the concept of 'luck' in American culture.

RANK SOCIETIES: Societies stratified on the basis of prestige only.

RECIPROCAL EXCHANGE: The transfer of goods and services between two people or groups based on their role obligations. A form of nonmarket exchange.

REDISTRIBUTION: The transfer of goods and services between a group of people and a central collecting service based on role obligation. The U.S. income tax is a good example.

RELIGI0N: The cultural knowledge of the supernatural that people use to cope with the ultimate problems of human existence.

ROLE: The culturally generated behavior associated with particular statuses.

SEXUAL INEQUALITY: Inequality based on gender.

STATUS: A culturally defined position associated with a particular social structure.

SUBSTANTIVE LAW: The legal statutes that define right and wrong for members of a society.

SUPERNATURAL: Things that are beyond the natural. Anthropologists usually recognize a belief in such things as goddesses, gods, spirits, ghosts, and mana to be signs of supernatural belief.

TACIT CULTURE: The shared knowledge of which people are usually unaware and do not communicate verbally.

WORLD VIEW: The way people characteristically look out on the universe.

VIDEOTAPE: "It's no good pretending I went up there for the good of the natives, because I didn't. I went there for the good of James Leahy, and I didn't do too badly. ... The only reason we killed people was simply if we hadn't killed them, they would have killed us and our carriers." See San Francisco Chronicle of 8 September 1983 and the words of a New Guinea Native stated in the film: "That man from heaven has just excreted, he told us. As soon as the white man went away, everyone went to look. Their skin is different, we said, but their s--- smells just like ours."

BOOK: "Of all the colonised people of the earth, New Guinea's highlanders must surely rank among the most fortunate. Colonial domination came late in the day and was short lived--a mere half-century of foreign rule. The Australians arrived in 1930, and left in 1975--not a long time in the scheme of things. Largely because of this, the highland people were spared many of colonialism's more manifest evils [page 9]." ... "This book [and the videotape] is based primarily on interviews with highlanders and Australians who took part in the events described [1930's+] and on the diaries and other written records of the Australians. The interviews were recorded in Papua New Guinea and Australia between 1981 and 1985. In the case of the highlanders, the authors always relied upon interpreters and translators--men and women of various ages and walks of life but primarily educated highlanders whose first language was that of the informants whose stories they were translating. The primary intention at all times was to keep faith with what people were saying, and whenever possible the transcribed interviews are reproduced verbatim. However, in some of these and in the interviews conducted with the surviving Australians, the authors felt it necessary, in the interests of precision and clarity, to edit the transcripts by eliminating repetition, supplying punctuation and occasionally correcting grammatical errors [stress added] (page 307)."

HISTORICAL NOTE: "The first serious field anthropological studies [in the South Pacific] were those carried out by Makluklio-Maklai (1846-1888) to New Guinea in 1871 and by the zoological expedition to the Torres Straits and New Guinea in 1898-99 in which A.C. Haddon (1855-1940) and W.H.R. Rivers (1864-1922) took part." (J.D. Bernal, Science in History, 1954: 746)

ANOTHER HISTORICAL NOTE: "America's foremost woman anthropologist, Margaret Mead authored scientific studies...that made anthropology meaningful to an unprecedented number of American readers. Coming of Age in Samoa [1928] and Growing Up In New Guinea [1930] both ranked as national best sellers; these and other studies introduced Americans to cultures where male and female roles differed markedly from those in Western society.... Over the years Margaret Mead became a national institution; she wrote over thirty books and lectured widely. Of her profession she concluded (in her autobiography): 'There is hope, I believe, in seeing the human adventure as a whole and in the shared trust that knowledge about mankind, sought in reverence for life, can bring life [1972, Blackberry Winter]." Vincent Wilson, Jr., 1992, The Book of Distinguished American Women, page 68.

NOTE FROM AUGUST 1998: "Margaret Mead popularized cultural anthropology 70 years ago with the publication of Coming of Age in Samoa. Her now-famous field observations (some recently called into question) represent the inevitably limited perspective of an outsider looking in on an unfamiliar culture." (Susan Faust, Book Review, San Francisco Chronicle, August 9, 1998, page 12)

FILM COMMENTS: In 1928, there was an endless effort to repay debts to one another in the islands; marriage was purely a financial arrangement. Copra was the main export of the territory and Manus Islanders "were in the European world but not of it." In traditional times, as hard as life was for men it was harder for women: surrounded by various taboos.

NOTE from Margaret Mead: "When the people of Peri beat the death drums as our canoe pulled away from the village in 1929, neither they nor I expected that I would ever return. ...In 1953, twenty-five years after the first field work in Peri village, I decided to go back in response to questions no one had answered about the incredible changes that had taken place in Manus and to find answers to new problems on the postwar world...." (Margaret Mead, New Lives For Old: Cultural Transformation in Manus, 1928-1953, 1966 edition, pp. xi-xii) ... "The transformation I witnessed in 1953 taught me a great deal about social change--change within one generation--and about the way a people who were well led could take their future in their own hands." (Margaret Mead, 1996, New Lives For Old, page: xiv & xii-xiii). ...

FILM: In 1944, on the 2nd of March, American armed forces attacked the Japanese bases in the Admiralty Islands and eventually the islands were secured for the Allies and a huge American base was established for the continuation of the war in the Pacific against the Japanese.

REVITALIZATION MOVEMENTS: "Movements that occur in times of change, in which religious leaders emerge and undertake to alter to revitalize a society." (C.P. Kottak, Cultural Anthropology, 1987: 286)

CARGO CULTS = "These revitalization movements (also designated as revivalist, nativistic, or millenarian) received their name from movements in Melanesia early in this century that were and are characterized by the belief that the millennium will be ushered in by the arrival of great ships loaded with European trade goods (cargo). The goods will be brought by the ancestral spirits and will be distributed to the natives who have acted in accordance to the dictates of the cults. Sometimes the cult leaders call for the expulsion of all alien elements, the renunciation of all things European on the part of the cult followers, and a return to the traditional way of life. In contrast, other cult leaders promise a future ideal life if followers abandon their traditional ceremonies and way of life in favor of copying European customs. Cargo cults, like other revitalization movements, develop in situations where there is extreme material and other inequality between societies in contact. Cargo cults attempt to explain and erase the differences in material wealth between natives and Europeans [stress added]." (D.E. Hunter & P. Whitten, Encyclopedia of Anthropology, 1976: 67)

ALSO NOTE: "Papua New Guinea should be rich, its people educated and healthy. Its 4.2 million population is scattered over a resource-rich land double the sizew of the United Kingdom. Second in world gold production, it exports hundreds of millions of dollars of minerals, oil and timber each year. But after 23 years of independence, it's a mess: Life expectancy and adult literacy rates are among the Asia-Pacific's lowest; infant mortality among the highest. Per capita income stagnated over 20 years.... Why? Many Papuan have a one-word answer: Australia." (The Wall Street Journal, April 14, 1998, pager A19)

PLEASE NOTE that Margaret Mead WAS NOT the only female anthropologist of the 19th & 20th Centuries and please see the volume edited by Ute Gacs, Aisha Khan, Jerrie McIntyre, and Ruth Weinberg (1989) entitled Women Anthropologists: Selected Biographies for information about: Theodora Kroeber (1897-1979), Anne Fischer (1919-1971), Camilla Wedgewood (1901-1955), Beatrice Blackwood (1889-1975), Hortense Powdermaker (1896-1970), Ruth Benedict (1887-1948), Elsie Clews Parsons (1874-1941), Zelia Nuttall (1857-1933), Alice C. Fletcher (1838-1923), and Zora Neale Hurston (1903-1960) (among others).

PS: For the 1997-1998 Academic Year, 289 females (57%) received the Ph.D. in Anthropology and 217 males (43%) received the Ph.D. in Anthropology, for a total of 508 Ph.D.'s in Anthropology (Source: The 1998-99 American Anthropological Association Guide, page 545).

I. CYBERSPACE: A term used William Gibson in Neuromancer (1984) to describe interactions in a world of computers and human beings. Cyberspace should be viewed as another location to be explored and interpreted by anthropologists. The "World Wide Web," I honestly believe, is similar to the period known as "The Enlightenment" in France (combined with the industrial revolution that began two centuries ago); and for why I personally do what I do, please see: http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/K12Visuals98.htm (which has the following visual as well as others):

II. ON CAMPUS: begin in Meriam Library 116 (and see "Student Computing" at: http://www.csuchico.edu/stcp/).

"The driving force in the semiconductor industry has been the theorem known as Moore's Law. First posited by Intel Corp. co-founder Gordin Moore in the 1960s, Moore's Law states that the number of transistors that fit on a chip will double every 18 months. ... Moore's Law has held true so far, with Intel's latest Pentium cramming 8 million transistors on a tiny sliver of silicon. The industry is confident that it can achieve even more astounding figures, such as 100 million transistors on a chip." (San Francisco Chronicle, August 10, 1998, page E1)

III. INTERNET growth results in Cyberspace today (see http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Jan'98_Millennium_Paper.html).
A. Learn how to use "search engines" and "subject directories" and to connect to the ones in The Meriam Library, please click here (Directories) and here (Search Engines).
B. For a MAJOR search engine to find "images" on the web, please see: http://image.altavista.com/cgi-bin/avncgi
C. Learn how to "weigh" the information available over the Internet!

"Internet savvy Allana Blanco knows she can find living essential in cyberspace, but the 23-year-old's challenge is to make it through a Chico State University semester without setting foot in any store. When in want, it'll be her job to go online and find it." (Chico Enterprise-Record, December 30, 1998, page 6A). (And see http://www.levi.com/us/semester/ as well as http://www.ecst.csuchico.edu/~ablanco/)

D. http://statejobs.com/index.htm [Internet Job Source]

"Texas Instrument announced in December 1997 xerogel bubbles: "These 'xerogel' bubbles, made from silicon dioxide, are really tiny--a mere 0.001 microns across. You would need 100,000 of the bubbles to span the stump of a human hair. They are small enough to coat circuit lines, which are expected to shrivel to 0.1 microns by 2010, enabling chips to be crammed with 500 million transistors--almost 100 times today's mightiest chips [stress added]" Otis Port, 1997, The Secret in TI's Chips: Bubbles, Business Week, December 22, page 79.

IV. WWW (World Wide Web) and LINKS and what will tomorrow be like?
A. On Exploring the World Wide web (from http://www.gactr.uga.edu/exploring/index.html)
B. And The World Wide Web itself (at http://www.w3.org/WWW/)

V. EXPERIMENT and EXPLORE and don't be afraid of the jargon (and be willing to "play" around!)

VI. THROUGHOUT THIS Notebook YOU HAVE SOME URL "addresses" for WEB PAGES to be reached by a browser: they are a guide for you to explore on your own and they can lead to other links!

"When this circuit learns your job, what are you going to do?" In Marshall McLuhan & Quentin Fiore (1967), The Medium Is The Massage (NY: Bantam), page 20.

PLEASE CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING from the San Francisco Examiner & Chronicle of January 14, 1996: "For '90s workers, flexibility is key ... Flexibility in today's job market -- where in a nanosecond you can be replaced by a computer program.... 'Nothing stays the same,' said Dewyer, a career consultant for 15 years. 'The U.S. Department of Labor says we'll change professions two or three times over a lifetime. I think we'll have five or six different careers and at least fifteen different jobs" (Page 19).

"'We used to educate farmers to be farmers, factory workers to be factory workers, teachers to be teachers, men to be men, women to be women.' The future demands 'renaissance people. You can't be productive in the information age if you don't know how to talk to a diverse population, use a computer, understand a world view instead of a parochial view, write, speak.'" (In Byrd L. Jones and Robert W. Maloy, 1996, Schools For An Information Age: Reconstructing Foundations For learning And Teaching, page 15).

"It wasn't so long ago that people were actually afraid of computers, as if they would steal our souls while we sat in front of the monitor. Today we chuckle at such naive thinking. Computers are not evil--it is the people who make and sell them. As you have heard now is the time to buy a new computer. They are practically giving them away in boxes of cereal. The question is, do you need one? ... The answer is always the same--you need a new computer." (C.W. Nevius, "Gigabyte Sticker-Shock." The Sunday San Francisco Chronicle & Examiner, October 11, 1998, page 5)

NOTE: "Experts call this new field 'cognitive computing,' a blend of behavioral sciences and computer science. Some Web developers now employ staffs of psychologists, sociologists, and cultural anthropologists, along with the requisite software engineers, to create Web interfaces that are tailor-made for a particular market, or, in some instances, for an individual customer's consciousness. 'You have to be a student of human behavior to be an effective e-commerce developer...you have to tailor content to those differences online'" [stress added]. Gene Koprowski, 1998, "The (New) Hidden Persuaders" in The Wall Street Journal, December 7, 1998, page R10.

ALSO NOTE: Clifford Stoll, 1989 author of The Cuckoo's Egg: Tracking A Spy Through The Maze Of Computer Espionage and 1995 author of the best-selling Silicon Snake Oil: Second Thoughts On The Information Highway, had this to write concerning the relative value of computers versus books:

"Today, however, the bargains are on paper, not on disk. Don't believe me? Spend seventy dollars on an atlas at your bookstore. While you're paging through it, notice its precise colors and logical layout. Now think of the hundred dollars you've saved by avoiding those map-making CD-ROMS, with cruder resolution and no topography. Twenty years from now, you'll still read that atlas and dream of faraway places; the software will be long since obsolete and unusable [stress added] (Clifford Stoll, 1995, Silicon Snake Oil: Second Thoughts On The Information Highway, pages 140-141

AND NOTE FROM DECEMBER 26, 1998: "Information age isn't yet history. The Declaration if Independence, written two centuries ago, can be read by a child. The Dead Sea Scrolls are a bit tougher, but scholars can still decode wors written on parchment two millenia ago. But if you were to dig up a computer disk formatted on a PC just two decades ago [1978!], you'd be hard-pressed to read it. Even if the magnetically coded information is undisturbed, the 5 1/4-inch floppy won't read it and any computer than could is probably in a museum. In an era when tecvhnological innovations are old by the time they make it to market, the world is faced with a paradox: We can create and distribute information faster and more easily than ever, but it has become harder to store and retrieve" [stress added]." Carlos Alcalá, Information age isn't yet history. The Sacramento Bee, December 26, 1998, pages 1 and page A21, Page 1.

#1} http://www.csuchico.edu [California State University, Chico]
#2} http://www.cnet.com/ [C|Net Central]
#3} http://www.usc.edu/dept/v-lib/anthropology.html [WWW Virtual Library:Anthropology]
#4} http://server.berkeley.edu/AUA/resources.html [Anthropological Resources on the WWW]
#5} http://durendal.cit.cornell.edu/TestPit.html [Archaeological Fieldwork Server]
#6} http://ash.lab.r1.fws.gov [Forensic Science]
#7} http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/ABFA/ [Located in the Department of Anthropology at CSU, Chico]
#8} http://www.UrbanLegends.com/ [Urban Legends = NOT "Urbanowicz" Legends!]
#9} http://www.christusrex.org/ [Christus Rex]
#10} http://wings.buffalo.edu/world/ [Virtual Tourist]

ALSO SEE "Anthropology On The Internet: A Review And Evaluation Of Networked Resources" by Brian Schwimmer, 1996, Current Anthropology, Vol. 37, No. 3, pages 561-568; also see a hypertext version of this paper, with linkable URLs at: http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~anthro/ca/papers/schwimmer/intro.html.

A 1998 STATEMENT ON THE CONTEMPORARY MICROPROCESSOR: "Historical precedent is a good place to start. The Industrial Revolution, which irrevocably changed the world was brought on by a 50-times improvement in productivity--a leap so prodigious that it turned society upside down. It changed the nature of work and play; it transformed commerce, education, medicine, government and religion. It led to new forms of art, literature and political theory. More important, it changed forever the way we look at ourselves and our families, and at time the universe. But the microprocessor has already eclipsed that revolution. Evolving faster than any invention in history, the microprocessor's capabilities has grown ten thousand-fold over the past 25 years [stress added]." (Rick Smolan, 1998, One Digital Day: How The Microchip Is Changing Our World [CSUC: X-Folio/TK/7819/053/1998], page 15; AND SEE: http://www.onedigitalday.com.

"A group of computer programmers at Tsinghua University in Beijing is writing software using Java technology. They work for IBM. At the end of each day, they send their work over the Internet to an IBM facility in Seattle. There, programmers build on it and use the Internet to zap it 5,222 miles to the Institute of Computer Science in Belarus and Software House Group in Latvia. From there, the work is sent east to India's Tata Group, which passes the software back to Tsinghua by morning in Beijing, back to Seattle and so on in a great global relay that never ceases until the project is done. 'We call it Java Around the Clock,' says John Patrick, vice president of Internet technology for IBM. 'It's like we've created a 48-hour day through the Internet [stress added].'" (USA Today, April 24, 1997, page B1).

CONSIDER: "...deoxyribose nucleic acid or DNA as computer, with "calculations trillionths of a second, a thousand times faster than the fastest supercomputer." (Michael Stroh, 1997, The Next Frontier: DNA Computers" in The Sacramento Bee, 1997, December 23, pages A1 and A14, page A14)

URBANOWICZ ALSO ADDS THIS PS FOR THE SPRING of 1999: Some Web Statistics: "Some of Alexa's additional recent findings, announced August 31, 1998: A current snapshot of the Web is 3 terabytes, or 3 million megabytes; The Web doubles in size every 8 months; There are approximately 20 million Web content areas; 90% of all Web traffic is spread over 100,000 different host machines; 50% of all traffic goes to the top 900 Web sites currently available." From: http://www.alexa.com/company/inthenews/starreport.html

SO: if the total amount of "information" on the web right now, March 18, 1999, is "X" then on November 18, 1999 (eight months from now), there will be 2X!

I. WEEK #8 TOPICS CONTINUED & CULTURE CHANGE

An understanding of the phenomenon of culture as that which differentiates human life from other life forms; an understanding of the roles of human biology and cultural processes in human behavior and human evolution.

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several subdisciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

The ability to present and communicate in anthropologically appropriate ways anthropological knowledge and the results of anthropological research.

Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought.

A. VTAPE: Culture and Personality
B. VTAPE: Hunters of the Seal (and see http://www.lib.uconn.edu/arcticcircle/ as well as http://www.nunanet.com/~nic/).

III. SPRADLEY & MCCURDY READINGS FOR THIS WEEK:

"Culture Change and Applied Anthropology" by Spradley & McCurdy, pp. 349-353
"Government, Oil, and Political Transformation: The Inupiat Eskimo Case" by Norman A. Chance, pp. 299-305
"God's Saviors in the Sierra Madre" by William L. Merrill, pp. 310-319

AFFINITY: A fundamental principle of relationship linking kin through marriage.

COSMOLOGY: A set of beliefs that defines the nature of the universe or cosmos.

CULTURAL ECOLOGY: The study of the way people use their culture to adapt to particular environments, the effects they have on their natural surroundings, and the impact of the environment on the shape of culture, including its long-term evolution.

CULTURE SHOCK: A form of anxiety that results from an inability to predict the behavior of others or act appropriately in cross-cultural situations.

INCEST TABOO: The cultural rule that prohibits sexual intercourse and marriage between specified classes of relatives.

MYTHOLOGY: Stories that reveal the religious knowledge of how things have come into being.

STRATIFIED SOCIETIES: Societies that are at least partly organized on the principle of social stratification. Contrast with egalitarian and rank societies.

WORLD VIEW: The way people characteristically look out on the universe.

PLEASE NOTE the words of Derek Freeman: "In my book of 1983 evidence was amassed to demonstrate that Margaret Mead's conclusion of Coming of Age in Samoa, because it is at odds with the relevant facts, cannot possibly have been correct. It had become apparent that the young Margaret Mead had, somehow or other, made an egregious mistake. ... The making of mistakes by humans, in science as in all other forms of human activity, is altogether commonplace." Derek Freeman, 1996, Margaret Mead And The Heretic: The Making And Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth, pages vi and xii-xiii.

FROM San Francisco Examiner (August 13, 1995), page A15: "Japanese struggling to deal with war legacy: Nation seeking way to face up to its barbaric deeds and finding suitable apologies to world" by Teresa Watanabe and Mary William Walsh.

NATIONAL CHARACTER: An old approach: "Thus in Exodus, the Histories of Herodotus, and the Germania of Tacitus the authors try to set down the essential traits of the people....Generally the basic ideas and approaches of the culture and personality field are used--basic personality structure, modal personality, cultural character--except that the problems oif adequate samnpling and sound generalizations are recognized to be greater." David E. Hunter & Phillip Whitten, 1976, Encyclopedia of Anthropology, p. 281)

VIDEOTAPE: Impact of World War II on National Character research. ... "We can only learn to respect how precious and unique our separate cultures and personalities are to cherish that being we call a person."

"Make peace with the fact that there are subtleties surrounding foreign cultures that you will never understand and intimacies you will never be able to achieve. S.I. Hayakawa [1906-1992] once said that "One can no more truly understand another country than can one a frog or a hummingbird.' Recognize that as a professional on the go you will always be struggling to strike a balance between cultural considerations and the urgent requirements of your assignment. Be firm and tactful in evading difficulties such as ceremonies that would irreperably upset your schedule, local foods that might compromise your health, arrangements that might violate your security." (Henry Steiner and Ken Haas, 1995, Cross-Cultural Design: Communicating In The Global Marketplace [CSUC: Folio/NC/730/C69/1995], page 217.

In traditional times: "The nuclear family, consisting of the father, mother, and children, was the most important social unit among the Netsilik Eskimos. It was characterized by continuous co-residence, sexual division of labor between the spouses in various technological activities, sexual intimacy between husband and wife, and child rearing. The nuclear family [however] was not completely independent in the accomplishment of many of these important functions, but had to align itself continuously with other families, closely or distantly related, to become part of larger groupings. Sometimes such wider alignments were determined by the inexorable necessity of collaboration in hunting. ... Under no circumstance could the Netsilik nuclear family survive for prolonged periods isolated by itself among the rigors of the Arctic wilderness. ... The nuclear family was always part of a larger kinship group....called the extended family. ... In addition to kinship, the necessity to collaborate in subsistence activities and food distribution was an important binding force in Netsilik society. .. Collaboration is not only an objective necessity related to the technology and strategy of hunting or fishing but a recognized behavioral norm." [Asen Balicki, The Netsilik Eskimo, 1970: 101-130]

VIDEOTAPE: "We either hunt together or we die" ... In traditional times, the Netsilik had a preoccupation with "survival" in their environment. ..."The hunter must remain on good terms with the animal he hunts." In traditional times, the Netsilik had their Holy Men = "Shamans who knew how to manipulate the spirits of their old world." ... "Until the mid-1960's Zachary Itimagnac and his family lived the nomadic life of the Eskimo hunter in the Pelly Bay region of the Arctic. Then the Canadian Government introduced measures to provide heated dwellings, a school, a hospital, medical care, a cooperative, air transportation." See CSUChico FILM #12688/89 entitled Yesterday/Today: The Netsilik Eskimos]

VIDEOTAPE: "Today the kids don't get a chance to see the traditional ways of doing things. .. With the introduction of the permanent houses in Pelly Bay, the Netsilik could begin to accumulate possessions for the first time." Balicki states that "school" has the "most profound influence on these people."

Contemporary times: "Following a multiplicity of factors, gradually the nuclear family emerges as the basic economic unit. ...The nuclear family appears increasingly today as economically autonomous." .. The income of the Eskimo is mostly derived from stone carvings, family allowances, and old age pensions. Their houses are owned by the government which also supplies heat and electricity. The tenant pays rent which is pro-rated to his income. Zachary Itimagnac, whose income is under $1200/year, pays $15 a month in rent. Most of Zachary's income goes for up-keep on his snowmobile, and for the purchase of clothing, tea, and tobacco."

I. CULTURE CHANGE (CONTINUED)

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Familiarity with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources and knowledge of how to access such information.

II. REMINDER #1:
A. EXAM II (25%) SCHEDULED FOR THURSDAY APRIL 15, 1999 (next week).
B. Potential EXAM II Test Questions below
C. Maps below}: Europe, Middle East, Asia & Pacific) & Multiple Choice & True/False.
D. And Please See} http://www.lizardpoint.com/fun/geoquiz/euroquiz.html [Europe Map quiz]

III. REMINDER #2: WA #2 (term paper) (15%) DUE THURSDAY April 29, 1999
A. The secret of learning how to write: learn how to re-write.
B. Extensive reading also helps!
C. Remember those Pacific sites mentioned in Week 8: to return to those, please click here.

IV. THEORY AND ETHNOGRAPHIC EXAMPLES:
A. Anthropology & Cyberspace briefly repeated
B. FILM: Going International #1
C. VTAPE: Anthropology on Trial
D. HRAF (Humans Relations Area Files) [partially available at: http://www.yale.edu/hraf/culcov.html (list of cultures currently included].

V. SPRADLEY & McCURDY READING

"Revitilization Drives American Militias" by William O. Beeman, pp. 330-336
"Cocaine and the Economic Deterioration of Bolivia" by Jack McIver Weatherford, pp. 354-364

ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES: The knowledge that people use to assign rights to the ownership and use of resources.

MARKET EXCHANGE: The transfer of goods and services based on price, supply, and demand.

PRODUCTION: The process of making something.

TECHNOLOGY: The part of a culture that involves the knowledge that people use to make and use tools to extract and refine raw materials.

GOING INTERNATIONAL [#1]: BRIDGING THE CULTURE GAP [CSUC Film #13049] ..is an introduction to the challenges of traveling, living and working in a foreign culture. Colorful film from around the world powerfully illustrates fundamental concepts of culture, in theory and in practise. Interviews with experts and foreign nationals show the importance of cross-cultural awareness, giving audiences a new understanding of the impact of cultural differences on all international activities." [CSUChico Film # 13049]

"If the success of the international businessperson is to be maximized, there is no substitute for an intimate acquaintance with both the language and the culture of those with whom one is conducting business. In fact, because of the close relationsip between language and culture, it will be virtually impossible not to learn about one while studying the other." (Gary P. Ferraro, 1990, The Cultural Dimensions Of International Business, page 46).

FILM : "We Americans tend to see ourselves as separate from nature. We talk about 'harnessing the forces of nature'; we talk about 'mastering our environment.' Most of the people in the world see themselves as a part of nature, very much subject to the same forces that affect, for example, a tree."

FILM : "We are all creatures of culture, and culture is learned. We may have to unlearn many attitudes and behaviors to do well overseas. ... To succeed we must learn the rules, but that is not enough. We must ask questions, watch, and listen. Wherever we go we are ourselves, but we must respect the host culture. We are the guests in their country."

Stereotype: "A process of making metal printing plates by taking a mold of composed type or the like in papier-mâché or other material and then taking from this mold a cast in type metal. ... a standardized conception or image invested with special meaning and [thought to be] held in common by members of a group." (The Random House College Disctionary, 1975, page 1288.)

Culture shock: A form of anxiety that results from an inability to predict the behavior of others or act appropriately in cross-cultural situations.

Ethnocentrism: A mixture of belief and feeling that one's own way of life is desirable and actually superior to others'.

GOING INTERNATIONAL (#2): MANAGING THE OVERSEAS ASSIGNMENT [CSUC Film #13050] "...portrays communication problems anyone can experience in foreign situations. ... U.S. travelers in countries as diverse as Japan, Saudi Arabia, England, India and Mexico illustrate how cultural taboos and accepted standards of behavior differ around the world. Nationals of the featured countries and cross-cultural experts explain how travelers can adapt their communication skills and personal conduct to be more effective abroad."

FILM : "Working abroad usually means expanded responsibility and authority for those traveling or relocating. Being in charge can be rewarding, but it can also be stressful. Under pressure, even people with the best intentions can behave in ways which are perfectly acceptable at home, but inappropriate to a foreign culture. None of the Americans in the five scenes is an 'ugly American.' Indeed, they all behave in ways which are rewarded in the USA. They are admirably restrained in expressing the frustration they feel. But in each scene, the American is ineffectual because of a failure to understand the essentials of doing business in the host country."

FILM : "...to work effectively abroad, we must recognize that the cultural values of a country determine how business is done there. One's own values, perceptions, and management methods are not necessarily valued in other cultures. ... A demonstrated awareness of and respect for the host culture will make a big difference to the success of social and business interactions."

GOING INTERNATIONAL (#3): BEYOND CULTURE SHOCK [CSUC Film #13051] ... "explain[s] the psychological phases of the adjusmtment process. U.S. and Canadian expatriate families describe their experiences and suggest strattegies for overcoming culture shock. ... practical suggestions for making living abroad an enriching adventure." [And Urbanowicz adds, the film can be "viewed" on several levels simultaneously.]

GOING INTERNATIONAL (#4): WELCOME HOME STRANGER [CSUC Film #13052] "...focuses on the unexpected problems of returning home. Family members share how they overcame the difficulties of 'reentry' into the workplace, community and school environments. Reentry is often the hardest part of an overseas experience and should not be ignored."

PAPUA NEW GUINEA: ANTHROPOLOGY ON TRIAL [Videotape] = dealing with Margaret Mead (1901-1978) and the work of John Barker, Andrew Strathern, Ongka, and Wari Iamu.

VTAPE: "I think in the '80's we must stop anthropologists from coming into the country...[Anthropology is] part and participle of the colonial forces. ... [some of Mead's work]: "half-truths or unrealistic. ... Margaret Mead wrote the story of Peri [not the "story" of the people of Manus]. ... I've stopped the film [Margaret Mead's New Guinea Journal]. ... She [Margaret Mead] didn't understand our customs."

REMEMBER THE WORDS of Derek Freeman earlier:

"In my book of 1983 evidence was amassed to demonstrate that Margaret Mead's conclusion of Coming of Age in Samoa, because it is at odds with the relevant facts, cannot possibly have been correct. It had become apparent that the young Margaret Mead had, somehow or other, made an egregious mistake. ... The making of mistakes by humans, in science as in all other forms of human activity, is altogether commonplace." Derek Freeman, 1996, Margaret Mead And The Heretic: The Making And Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth, pages vi and xii-xiii.

Margaret Mead wrote: July 23, 1975 = "This time although I will have interesting things about change to discuss and although these Manus people continue to condense centuries into decades and decades into years, yet I am almost conscious of the enormous sense of continuity as I look at old men whom I knew as children and see the grandfathers' faces reflected in their descendants. The shared memories, the shared experiences bind them together in a web that is stronger than the ancestral ghosts they fear if they do not send money and gifts home to parents who put in hard work to rear them . . . Their major successes today are in the fields of engineering of various sorts, but not in the more abstract fields. Paliau's son, who wanted to become a doctor, has settled--without a degree, at least for the time being--for an administrative clerkship; Lokus' son has been to Japan for advanced mechanical training. In contrast Gabrield Gris, a Matankor man, is chancellor of the University of Papua New Guinea, and among the Usuai, Nahau is planning to take a Ph.D.--on the Paliau Movement!--and Bernard Mino of Drano is going to the United States to study literature." (Margaret Mead, 1977, Letters from the Field, 1925-1975,page 314 and page 323)

VIDEOTAPE also looks at the work of John Barker [in New Guinea], Andrew (& Marilyn) Strathern [in New Guinea], Ongka [of New Guinea] and Wari Iamo [in California, USA].

1. Market exchange refers to the transfer of goods and services based on: a.price; b: supply; c: demandl d: all-of-the-above.

2. A set of beliefs that defines the nature of the universe or cosmos is called: a: acculturation beliefs; B; basic religious beliefs; c: cosmological beliefs; d: mana beliefs.

3. The influential Patterns of Culture as written by: a: Margaret Mead; b: Ruth Benedict; c: Gregory Bateson; d: Reo Fortune.

4. The term "dege" in the Dani Language of New Guinea meant: a: human being; b; a "moiety" of the Dani people; c: a term of contempt; d: a digging stick or a spear.

5. In "traditional" times, the Netsilik Eskimo of North America had their holy men, called: a: pilchuks; b: Big-Men; c: shamans; d: Itimagnacs.

6. During World War II, "National Character" studies were conducted by: a: Margaret Mead; b: Ruth Benedict; c: both a and b; d: Bronislaw Malinowski.

7. TRUE FALSE Margaret Mead was the only female anthropologist to ever do fieldwork research in Melanesia.

8. TRUE FALSE The Industrial Revolution, which irrevocably changed the world, was brought on by a 50-times improvement in productivity--a leap so prodigious that it turned society upside down.

9. TRUE FALSE The term "caste" refers to a type of social stratification.

10. TRUE FALSE "World view" is the way people characteristically look out on the Universe.

11. TRUE FALSE According to Merrill, one of the most important functions of religion is to reconcile life's contradictions.

12. TRUE FALSE Sorcery is defined as the use of "magic" to cause harm.

CHANGE has obviously been a component of this course from the very beginning: "In 1978, after three years of lobbying, a political organization called the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada won access to a government communications satellite and was given money to establish an experimental Inuit network." (From "Igloos and Boob Tubes" by Mary Williams Walsh, 1992, The San Francscio Chronicle & Examiner, This World, December 27, page 3). What is the Inuit Tapirisat? What is a communications satellite? Who cares? Who should care? What are the implications (and examples) for (and from) other parts of the world? (Such as the South Pacific or Native Americans or the Eskimo or....?)

I. CULTURE CHANGE/REVIEW AND EXAM II (25%) on 4/15/99

II. WHERE WE HAVE COME FROM AND WHERE WE ARE GOING
A. FILMS: Going International #2 + #3 [please go back in Notebook]
B. REVIEW on Tuesday April 13, 1999 & EXAM II (25%) on Thursday April 15, 1999.

III. REMINDER: Writing Assignment #2 (15%) DUE on THURSDAY May 6, 1999.

I. WEEK 12} LAW & POLITICS & RELIGION, MAGIC, AND WORLD VIEW

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

II. ADDITIONAL CYBERSPACE INFORMATION
A. The Internet Society (http://www.isoc.org/)
B. Remember those Pacific sites mentioned in Week 8: to return to those, please click here.
C. And for "Asian Economies" please see http://www.stern.nyu.edu/~nroubini/asia/asiahomepage.html

II. EXAMPLES (ETHNOGRAPHIC AND OTHERS)
A. FILM: That Uncertain Paradise [Micronesia in the North Pacific Ocean]
B. FILM: The Colonel Comes to Japan [and please see FILM notes for "stress" in the 1990s]

"Island Nations Say Global Warming Drowning Their Homes. In an urgent plea for help, island states at a summit on the Earth's future told an alarming tale Tuesday [June 24, 1997] of the here and now: The seas may already be encroaching on their fragile lands. ... The United States, with 5 percent of the world's population emits more than 20 percent of the world's man-made carbon dioxide. ... Micronesia is not alone. Similar anectdotal reports have come in from such Pacific island groups as the Marshalls, Kiribati, and the Cartaret atoll off Papua New Guinea. Many islanders blame global warming. Islanders also say they believe violent ocean storms have increased in frequency, another predicted effect of global warming." (Chico Enterprise-Record, June 25, 1997, page 5A).

"In this shrunken electronic world, CNN, MTV, and The Wall Street Journal want you--whether you happen to be in Taipei or Greenwich Village. Telephones, televisions, satellites, and computers have made great physical distances obsolete vy allowing instant communication between virtually anyone, and that has led to some nearly universal cultural phenomena. National Basketball Association games are seen in more than 100 countries. Toyota cars can be purchases in 151 countries. Coca-Cola can be consumed in 185 countries--seven more countries than there are members of the United Nations. The blossoming of the World Wide Web, functioning as a global electronic library equally accessible by all who are connected, only enhances the situation. Web pages are as varied as humanity itself and yet they are all [potentially] connected to one another. With the Web, it's a small world after all--between twelve and twenty inches diagonally, depending on the size of one's computer screen [stress added]." David Shenk, 1997, Data Smog [HM/221/S515/1997], page 110.

III. SPRADLEY & MCCURDY READINGS:

"Cross-Cultural Law: The Case of the Gypsy Offender" by Anne Sutherland, pp. 282-289
"Navigating Nigerian Bureaucracies" by Elizabeth A. Eames, pp. 290-298.

THAT UNCERTAIN PARADISE =[CSUC #12846/47] = the film deals with an area and "people spread over an area of the tropical [North] Pacific, slightly larger than the continental United States. The people who occupy about 100 of some 2,000 small islands, are virtually unknown to the American public, although annually more than 80 million American tax dollars are injected into the region. Places such as Truk [Chuk], Eniwetok, Ulithi, which were household words in the United States during WWII, have returned to their former isolation."The question that gnaws at Micronesians today is whether to attempt to preserve their old ways or to propel themselves as fast as possible into the 20th Century. Automobiles and air-conditioned hotels are standard fixtures in the district centers. Thatched huts, bare-breasted women and dugout canoes are still part of outer island life."

FILM: "Recently a growing political awareness, influenced by the global trend away from colonialism, has brought about political unrest. No one knows what to do about it. Micronesia constitutes a model of the problems primitive [sic.] people face when confronted with the 20th Century." Film "visits all districts including some outer islands and observes the cultural, social, economic, and political conflicts. The old culture, represented by dances, ceremonies, island architecture, and family life in a typical village, is contrasted to the often tawdry facade of the district center, the gleaming luxury hotels, the jet liners, and the local variety of Life in the United States. The old South Seas [sic.] romance comes to life during a trip on a government ship to the outer islands. Appearing in the film are former Secretary of State Dean Rusk [1909-1994]; Ambassador Haydn Williams; Senator Petrus Tun and Representative John Rugulmar of the Congress of Micronesia; Chief Ngirakebou; Chief Tagachilbe; the people of Ngchesar on Babeldup Island [Palau]; Trust Territory officials; and Micronesians from all walks of life"(Annals of Tourism Research, Oct/Dec'77:73-4).

NOTE: "The two aspects of the Micronesian environment that seem to dominate Micronesian thought are the near-universal scarcity of land and the weather (depending on the location), either in the form of droughts or typhoons. Nearly all of the people of Micronesia have had to adapt to these harsh facts of the envioronment." (W.A. Alkire, The Peoples and Cultures of Micronesia, 1972: 5). ... "Micronesian political systems fall into the type generally called chiefdoms. All recognized distinctions of rank based largely on genealogical seniority in a system of ranked matriclans segmented into lineages or other subunits. ... Everywhere, chiefs had some authority over decision making about public labor and resources and control over some kinds of conduct. Chiefly clans generally receivd some kind of first fruits or other payment, most commonly in return for grants of land made generations ago to more recent immigrants." (James G. Peoples, 1993, "Political Evolution in Micronesia" in Ethnology, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 17, pp. 4-5). Major islands in Micronesia (from West to East): Northern Marianas, Guam, Belau (Palau), Federated States of Micronesia (Yap, Chuk [Truk], Ponape, and Kosrae), Marshall Islands, Kiribiti (formerly Gilbert Islands), Tuvalu (formerly Ellice Islands), and Nauru.

TODAY = 1990 = Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: population of 43,345. CoNM extends over a 300 mile archipelago and totals approximately 179 square miles.

TODAY = 1990 = Guam: population of 133,152. It is an island of 210 square miles.

TODAY = 1999 = Republic of Palau: population of 18,110. RoP includes 300 islets, totalling 188 square miles.

TODAY = 1999 = FSM = Federated States of Micronesia: population of 129,658. FSM includes 807 islands, totalling 271 square miles.

TODAY = 1999 = Republic of the Marshall Islands: 63,031. RoMI totals approximately 70 square miles.

In 1998 = "The International Atomic Energy Agency has confirmed fears that the area surrounding France's nuclear test sites in the South Pacific will be contamnated for centuries. ... Several kilograms of deadly plutonium particles are scattered in the sediment of the lagoons at Muroroa and Fongataufa atolls from atmosphere explosions. Radioactive tritium produced by underground tests will migrate from fissures into the lagoons in a few thousand years, according to the French-commissioned study [stress added]." (San Francisco Chronicle, June 27, 1998, page A19)

THE COLONEL COMES TO JAPAN [1981] (CSUC FILM #12995) "Japan is the restaurant capital of the world....one eating establishment for every 81 people. Competition, understandably, is fierce." Japan = 145,882 Square Miles (est. pop: 125,931,533); Size of California = 155,973 Square Miles (estimated 1998 population: ~33,500,000); size of the state of Montana = 145,5566 Square Miles with an estimated 1998 population of 878,810. Japan is a Parliamentary Democracy and the Emperor is the Head of State.

FILM: "One outfit that has been able to penetrate the market is Kentucky Fried Chicken. KFC was actually asked by the enormous Japanese conglomerate MITSUBISHI to participate in a fast food venture. The gesture was not simply hands-across-the-water generosity. Mitsubishi just happens to be the largest chicken grower in Japan. KFC would have had trouble finding enough chicken to fry elsewhere in the country, and imported birds develop skin disease. The partnership has turned out to be mutually rewarding, with Mitsubishi leading the Colonel through the maze of the Japanese bureaucracy, and KFC netting a solid profit."

FILM: Japan is the 2nd largest consumer market; Loy Weston, Chairman, KFC/Japan. ... Basic Operations Training (BOT) + On Job Training (OJT); Quality, Service, & Cleanliness. FILM: ADAPTATION. 3 A's = Authenticity, American, Aristocratic. ... Success = Japanese partners + long-range views + needs and expectations of consumers. ... "The company that refuses to adapt will invariably fail, as many have; the company that does adapt can flourish."

NOTE: "The company [McDonald's] has long tailored menus at its 24,000 worldwide restaurants to local tastes.... [and] weakened Asian markets have made it cheaper to build new outlets: 2,000 are anticiptated over the next three years." Business Week, December 14, 1998, page 8.

AND NOTE: If one year = 365.25 days then 2000/1095 = 1.8 new McDonald's a day for three years!

FROM: ZAIBATSU America: How Japanese Firms Are Colonizing Vital U.S. Industries (1992) by Robert L. Kearns} "A zaibatsu means quite literally a 'financial clique'--zai batsu--or as it evolved, a family-dominated holding company, whereas the word keiretsu describes a lineage or a group arranged in vertical order--a group which since World War II has come to revolve around its bank and trading company (page 4). ... a keiretsu is a business cartel composed of a dominant Japanese manufacturer and its major suppliers" (U.S. Congressman Jack Brooks, page 168).

NOTE FROM December 28, 1998: "Japan's floundering economy has cross another humiliating milestone: Its official unemployment rate is as high as America's for the first time since Tokyo started keeping such statistics 45 years ago. The Japanese government said Friday that its jobless rate, which averaged 2.5% in the 1980s, rose in November to a record 4.4% from 4.3% in October, matching the U.S. rate for the same period, announced a few weeks ago. ... Japan's job-security system is now under unprecedented strain. ... The pressures are only expected to worsen, with unemployment continuing to rise and direct American-style layoffs imminent. ... Young Japanese are finding it hard to find work. As of October, only 67.5% of college seniors graduating in March had jobs lined up, down from 73.6% a year earlier. In a country where well over 90% of all college students used to have their lifetime job lined up at the start of their senior year, it's frightening [stress added]." (The Wall Street Journal, December 12, 1998, page A1 and A8).

I. ON RELIGION, MAGIC, AND WORLD VIEW (CONTINUED)

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

A. FILM: Saudi Arabia: The Oil Revolution
B. FILMS: Going International #4 [go back please]

II. Remember: Writing Assignment #2 (15%) DUE on THURSDAY May 6, 1999.

III. MR. MICHAEL PILAKOWSKI: on Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity.

A. Faces of Culture: Acculturation and Culture Change
B. What is cultural relativity and why should I care?
C. Aren't anthropologists already practicing this? - the Malinowski example and Ales Hrdlicka's bold statement (see below).
D. What sorts of things cloud our perceptions of others without our realizing it? Here are just a few to think about:

i. Religion = "Although it was the Serbs in Krajina who provoked the outbreak of hostilities, over the long run the fighting betweeen Serbs and Croats in Croatia in Slavonia has been fueled by culturally derived feelings of 'otherness' between Orthodox Serbs and Catholic Croats. Orthodox-catholic prejudice is a powerful force. A few yeas ago, I visited the Orthodox monastery of Iviron on Mount Athos, Greece. While I was attending the early morning litugy, a monk approached and asked whether I was Orthodox or Catholic. When I replied 'Catholic', he told me to 'go outside and pray.'" Thomas Butler, The Ends of History: Balkan Culture and Catastrophe. Washington Post , August 30, 1992 page C3.

ii. Ethnicity = "Nationalism was not an explosive issue when most people lived in small rural communities where everybody belonged to the same ethnic group. But in the modern world, people of different ethnic backgrounds are increasingly concentrated in huge urban agglomerations, and compete against each other. . . The very fact that mobile society offers a way to the topleads to fierce competition in which any weapon, but especially ethnic differences, lends itself to effective use. As Kautsky put it, 'railways are the greatest breeder of national hatreds,' and airlines work even better, we may add." Andrew Bell-Fialkoff, Ethnic Conflict. The World and I, July 1993 pages 465-77.

iii. Race = "The paramount scientific objective of Physical Anthropology is the gradual completion in collaboration with the anatomist, the physiologist, and the chemist, of the study of the normal white man living under ordinary conditions. . . The choice of the white man for the standard is only a matter of most direct concern and convenience; the yellow-brown or the black man would serve equally well, if not better, were we of his blood. . . ." Ales Hrdlicka, "Preface" to Premier Issue of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1(1): 1918, pages 1-23.

IV. SPRADLEY & MCCURDY READINGS:

"Symbolizing Roles: Behind the Veil" by Elizabeth W. Fernea and Robert A. Fernea, pp. 235-242

SAUDI ARABIA: THE OIL REVOLUTION (CSUC FILM #12938 ) Saudi Arabia: Located in all but the southern and eastern portions of the Arabian Peninsula. SIZE: 864,000 square miles [California: 155,973 sq.miles] with a current estimated population of 20,785,955. According to the census, the capital of Riyadh had a population of 2,619,000 followed by Jeddah (1,492,000), Makkah, or Mecca, (777,000), followed by Ta'If, and Madinah (or Medina). ...

"In the early years of this century the house of Sa'ud emerged from the desert to conquer the greatest part of the Arabian peninsula, and they called the empire they created after themselves: Sa'udi Arabia. They control the Kingdom to this day." Robert Lacey, 1981, The Kingdom: Arabia & The House of Sa'ud, page 13; note, according to the 1997 Information Please Almanac (page 815), the 1995 literacy rate was 63%.

"The bulk of the Arabian peninsula (around 80 per cent of it) was transformed in the twentieth century into Saudi Arabia - in effect, the Arabia of the House of Saud." Geoff Simons, 1998, Saudi Arabia: The Shape of a Client Feudalism, page 144.

ADDITIONAL BACKGROUND: "In the Middle East, as elsewhere, geography and ecology have been among the important architects of history. Ismail I. Nawab et al., 1980, Aramco And Its World: Arabia And The Middle East, page 4.

FILM: "The internal tensions of this kingdom in transition since the oil boom of the mid 1960's and the reforms of King Faisal are probed in this overview of a country that is changing practically day-to-day. Everywhere are images of the often bizarre collisions between Muslim orthodoxy and the demands of modernization. In this, the world's richest oil-producing country, the majority of the people are land-poor fellahin; 92% of them are illiterate. They till the soil with crude implements unchanged for a thousand years. Some of their countrymen, however, train on the latest jet fighters, and cavalry men of the Saudi army churn up the desert on their world famous Arabian ponies while practising their traditional saber-wielding skills."

FILM: Four faces of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Soil, Sea, City, & Wanderer.

NOTE:

"Before Muhammad [570-632], Arabia was divided among numerous warring tribes and sma;; kingdoms and was at times dominated by larger Arabian and non-Arabian kingdoms. It was nited for the first time by Mohammed , in the early 7th century AD. His successor conquered the entire Near East and North Africa, bringing Islam and the Arabic language. But Arabia itself soon returned to its former [tribal] status. Nejd, long an independent state and center of the Wahhabi sect, fell under Turkish rule in the 18th century. In 1913 Ibn Saud, founder of the Saudi dynasty, overthrew the Turks and captured the Turkish province of Hasa in E Arabia; took the Hejaz region in W Arabia in 1925 and most of Asir. in SW Arabia by 1926. The discovery of oil in the 1930s transformed the new country. ... Ibn Saud reigned until his death, Nov. 1953. Subsequent kings have been the sons of Ibn Saud. The king exercises authority together with a Council of Ministers. The Islamic religious code is the law of the land. Alcohol and public entertainments are restricted, and women have an inferior legal status. There is no constitution and no parliament, although a Consultative Council was established by the king in 1993. ... King Faisal played a leading role in the 1973-74 Arab oil embargo against the U.S. and other nations. Crown Prince Khalid was proclaimed king on Mar. 25, 1975, after the assassination of Faisal. Fahd became king on June 13, 1982, following Khalid's death. The Hejaz contains the holy cities of Islam--Medina, where the mosque of the Prophet enshrines the tomb of Muhammed, and Mecca, his birthplace. ... Following Iraq's attack on Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990, Saudi Arabia accepted the Kuwait royal family and more than 400,000 Kuwaiti refugees. King Fahdinvited Western and Arab troops to deploy on its soil in support of Saudi defense forces. ... The nation's northern Gulf coastliner suffered severe pollution as a result of Iraqi sabatage of the Kuwaiti oil fields." (The World Almanac And Book of Facts 1997, page 815)

FILM: Out in the desert, in a Bedouin (nomad) family's hovel, the master's several wives remain veiled and totally submissive. Elsewhere liberated women emulate the dress and habits of those in the West and attend schools and universities. Faisal encouraged the growth of these segregated schools for women, against the advice of many. ...Women in Saudi Arabia may take any job, as long as they are not seen. ...King Faisal, absolute ruler until his assassination in 1975, kneels in devout prayer five times a day like any of the Muslim faithful."

NOTE: "The word 'Bedouin' comes from the French version of the Arabic word badawi (plural, badu) which means simply desert dweller. It is an accurate term but used only by townsmen. They refer to themselves, simply and proudly, as 'Arabs.' Bedouin life evolved from the demands of a harsh environment. The constant and compelling need for water and pasturage...." (Ismail I. Nawab et al., 1980, Aramco And Its World: Arabia And The Middle East, page 130). ... "Saudi Arabia is the cradle of Islam. The Prophet Muhammad preached the new religion 1,400 years ago, vanquished Mecca and Medina, and spread the faith throughout Arabia.... (PAN AM'S World Travel Guide,p.467-472)

ALSO NOTE from The Wall Street Journal of June 23, 1997, page 1: "Twenty years ago, oil consumers fretted about rising prices. Today, a big issue is whether the world can afford the environmental damage from rising use of oil, natural gas and coal. The answer seems to be no, and the pressure to reduce harmful emissions and consumption is expected to rise. So now it's the turn of the oil companies to fret. ... The environmental questions center on the contention that emissions from burning hydrocarbons are raising global temperatures--the so-called greenhouse effect--and damaging the world's climate, perhaps calamitously. Not everyone agrees, and scientific evidence is scarce and disputed. But the alarm was raised in an unlikely and influential quarter. In a speech last month at Stanford University, British Petroleum Co. Chief Executive John Browne said: 'The time to consider policy dimensions of climate change is not when the link between greenhouse gases and climate change is conclusively proven, but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is taken seriously by the society of which we are part" [stress added].

PLEASE NOTE: "The world faces a devastating oil crisis in the early years of the new millenium, according to a new assessment of conventional oil reserves. Global production will peak as early as 2002, then decline over the next 70 years...." The Chico Enterprise-Record, August 2, 1998, page 6B.

BUT SEE / READ ABOUT OIL: "The future of the industrialized world will depend on it, and on a group fo small, fledgling nations that most Americans have never heard of. Veering through Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.... All but a handful of the globe's current oil-producing giants will have emptied their proven reserves during the next two decades. The United States is expected to run out of domestic oil in 10 years, Indonesia and Canada in nine years, Nigeria and Russia in 20. By contrast, Azerbaijan's proven reserves alone should last into the 22nd century. Even Saudi Arabia, with its 262 billion barrels of untapped oil, will empty its reserves by the year 2080 at present production levels [stress added]." (San Francisco Chronicle, August 10, 1998, page 1 and page A8)

FINALLY, from December 30, 1998: "Saudi Arabia reported a $12.3 billion budget deficit for 1998 and said it would cut spending 12.7% in 1999, a move that is likely to spread fears of an oil-related recession in the Gulf. ... Saudi Arabia now gets barely $10.00 a barrel for its crude oil, compared with about $14.50 a year ago [stress added]." (The Wall Street Journal, December 30, 1998, page A6)

I. ALMOST OVER & WINDING DOWN!!

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Familiarity with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources and knowledge of how to access such information.

II. CULTURE CHANGE AND APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY
A. What is Change? and How does Change take place?

"One can describe the world of today to the people of today only if one describes it as capable of alteration [All stress added]." (Bertolt Brecht [1898-1956]), Can Today's World Become Restored Through Theatre? (1955)

B. What is Creativity? and The Global Society (Continued)

III. BACK TO THE PACIFIC: FILM} The Last Tasmanian (and see http://www.tas.gov.au/tasfaq/history/who-text.html as well as http://dnausers.d-n-a.net/dnetdkdk/deadheart/discographies/earth_and_sun_and_moon/trugan1.htm) and please see http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Pacific/Tasmania.html.

A. The Centre for Pacific Studies (http://www.kun.nl.cps/)
B. Remember those Pacific sites mentioned in Week 8: to return to those, please click here.

"...organisms, and their microbial cousins, have an influence on life that is wholly disproportionate to their dimensions and invisibility. First, consider the difference in size between some of the very tiniest and the very largest creatures on earth. A small bacterium weighs as little as 0.000000000001 grams. A blue whale weighs about 100,000,000 grams. Yet a bacterium can kill a whale" (Bernard Dixon, 1994, Power Unseen: How Microbes Rule The World, page xvii).

"A virulent strain of influenza sweeping northern China suggests that the USA may be hit with a particularly miserable Year 2000 flu bug late next year, federal health officials said Wednesday. Researchers are closely watching China, where hospitals and clinics in Beijing and other cities are packed with as many as four times the usual number of sufferers complaining of fevers and breathing problems. Flu strains that emerge in China one year typically land in the USA the next." (USA Today, December 24-27, 1998, page 1)

IV. DATES TO REMEMBER:
A. Writing Assignment #2 (15%) Due today at the Beginning of class.
B. Thursday, May 13th, 1999, last date of formal instruction in class.
C. ANTH 13-01} EXAM III (30%) on TUE May 18, 1999, from Noon->1:50pm

V. S&M READINGS:

"The Shadow Economy: Cleaners in Bombay" by Sara S. Mitter, pp. 164-170
"Workaday World--Crack Economy" by Philippe Bourgois, pp. 171-179
"Subsistence and Market: When the Turtle Collapses" by Bernard Nietschmann, pp. 180-189

Tasmania is 26,178 square miles in size and is a State of the Commonwealth of Australia [2,966,2000 square miles]. Tasmania had an estimated 1994 population of ~472,000. The 1994 estimated population of Australia was 18,260,863. The capital of Tasmania is Hobart. The State of California is approximately 158,706 square miles and the State of West Virginia is approximately 24,232 square miles. ... "The [aboriginal] Tasmanians may have come over a land bridge from the continent of Australia; or in canoes which were lost and not reproduced from native timbers. ... For century upon century these people pursued their lonely and nomadic way, living upon game and shellfish, dancing their tribal dances and acquiring no permanent habitations nor much clothing. Agriculture was unknown to them." (C. Turnbull, Black War: The Extermination of the Tasmanian Aborigines, 1948: 4) The potential of British-French rivalry in Australia prompted the British in Australia (where they had established a convict colony in 1788) to send a ship to Tasmania . On December 14, 1802, while Frenchmen were already on Tasmania, the British raised their flag and took formal possession of Tasmania in the name of King George of England.

"When Tasmania was first colonised the natives were roughly estimated by some at 7000 and by others at 20,000. Their number was soon greatly reduced, chiefly by fighting with the English and with each other. After the famous hunt by all the colonists, when the remaining natives delivered themselves up to the government, they consisted only of 120 individuals,* who were in 1832 transported to Flinders Island. This island, situated between Tasmania and Australia, is forty miles long, and from twelve to eighteen miles broad: it seems healthy, and the natives were well treated. Nevertheless, they suffered greatly in health. In 1834 they consisted (Bonwick, p. 250) of forty-seven adult males, forty-eight adult females, and sixteen children, or in all of 111 souls. In 1835 only one hundred were left. As they continued rapidly to decrease, and as they themselves thought that they should not perish so quickly elsewhere, they were removed in 1847 to Oyster Cove in the southern part of Tasmania. They then consisted (Dec. 20th, 1847) of fourteen men, twenty-two women and ten children.*(2) But the change of site did no good. Disease and death still pursued them, and in 1864 one man (who died in 1869), and three elderly women alone survived. The infertility of the women is even a more remarkable fact than the liability of all to ill-health and death. At the time when only nine women were left at Oyster Cove, they told Mr. Bonwick (p. 386), that only two had ever borne children: and these two had together produced only three children! (* All the statements here given are taken from The Last of the Tasmanians, by J. Bonwick, 1870. * This is the statement of the Governor of Tasmania, Sir W. Denison, Varieties of Vice-Regal Life, 1870, vol. 1, p.67.)." Charles Darwin (1871), The Descent of Man)

On October 17, 1995: "...the premier [of Tasmania], Ray Groom, announced that he would introduce legislation to transfer 3800 hectares [~9390 acres] of land to the Tasmanian Aborigines. ... The Premier stressed that this was the government's first and final transfer of land to the Tasmanian Aborigines." Lyndall Ryan, 1996, The Aboriginal Tasmanians [2nd edition] (Australia: Allen & Unwin), page 310.

ADDITIONAL NOTES: The term "genocide" was first used by Raphael Lemkin [1900-1949] in his 1944 publication entitled Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: "By genocide we mean the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group." Lemkin combined a Greek and Latin root to create the word. On the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize Winner Elie Wiesel: "But because of his telling, many who did not care to believe have come to believe, and some who did not care have come to care. He tells the story out of infinite pain, partly to honor the dead, but also to warn the living--to warn the living that it could happen again and that it must never happen again. Better that one heart be broken a thousand times in the retelling, he has decided, if it means that a thousand other hearts need not be broken at all." Robert McAfee Brown, 1986, Night (NY: Bantam Edition), page vi.

I. CULTURE CHANGE AND APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY & REVIEW

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought.

A. The Applied Anthropology Computer Network (http://www.acs.oakland.edu/~dow/anthap.html)
B. http://www.ota.gov/nativea.html [Native American Indian issues] and contemporary Native American Nations
C. Columbus and Discoveries [http://www.millersv.edu/~columbus/mainmenu.html]

II. CHANGE AS THE NATURAL / CULTURAL ORDER OF THINGS
III. STAR WARS "PREQUEL" (Episode 1: The Phantom Menace") opens on May 19, 1999.
III. EXPLORATION AND CONTACT

"When Columbus set sail from Spain in 1492, he speculated that his fastest route to the gold and spices of the Orient was west by sea. After 33 days of sailing, Columbus was within sight of land and assumed he was approaching Asia. He had no idea that the Carribean island before him was the doorstep to two 'unknown' continents. Neither Columbus nor the islands inhabitants who greeted him could have predicted the global consequences of the encounter that began that day. Seeds of Change [video and 1991 book] commemorates the 500th anniversary of Columbus's voyage by focusing on the exchange of plants, animals, and peoples that resulted. Five 'seeds'--corn, potatoes, diseases, horses, and sugar--form the core of this exhibition which tells the story of 500 years of encounter and exchange" [stress added] (1991 Smithsonian Institution brochure).

Native Americans and Continuous Culture Change and Cahokia, Illinois

"In 1492, there were no Indians in America, only Native people. By 1800, the descendants of those original inhabitants were called Indians. There were far fewer of them, and most lived in ways undreamed of by their ancestors and on a fraction of their ancient homelands. The people responsible for their decline had taken and applied Indian ways as they took over the Indians' lands. Despite their determination to remain who they were, they had also changed." Colin G. Galloway, 1997, New Worlds For All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America (Johns Hopkins), page196.

III. EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE AND THE FUTURE
A. Continuing To Place Things in Perspective & Into The Future!
B. Potential EXAM III Test Questions below
C. Map for EXAM III below.

IV. REMEMBER
A. EXAM III (30%) based on S&M since EXAM II on TUE May 18, 1999, from Noon->1:50pm and
B. George R. Stewart's Earth Abides and Notebook and
C. Forty-Five Specific terms (cumulative) below.
D. EXAM III will be a world map (below), Multiple Choice, True/False, and one Essay Questions based on Earth Abides.

V. SPRADLEY & MCCURDY READINGS:

"Culture and the Contemporary World" by Spradley & McCurdy, pp. 3-11
"Using Anthropology" by David McCurdy, pp. 383-394
"The Medical Anthropologist as Consultant" by Eric J. Bailey, pp. 395-400

AND THE FINAL URBANOWICZ QUOTES for Spring 1999: "Life is lived forward but it is understood backward." Sören Kierkegaard (1813-1855) or from another translation: "Philosophy is perfectly right in saying that life must be understood backward. But then one forgets the other clause--that it must be lived forward." Journals and Papers, 1843, Vol. 1. and please remember: "The most important word in the English language is attitude. Love and hate, work and play, hope and fear, our attitudinal response to all these situations, impresses me as being the guide." Harlen Adams (1904-1997)

"Columbus changed forever the history of the planet. But he did so by connecting two worlds of equal maturity, not by 'discovering' a new one. Knowing this, some find it easy to dismiss European insistence on calling America the New World as nothing more than Eurocentric arrogance. Convinced that Europe was synonymous with civilization, colonizing Europeans failed to see anything of value in Indian civilizations. They regarded Indian people as 'primitive' and viewed the land as virgin wilderness. Like other human beings, they were blind to much of what lay before them and instead took in what they wanted to. In a very real sense, however, America did exists as a new world for Europeans. America was more than just a place; it was a second opportunity for humanity--a chance, after the bloodlettings and the pogroms, the plagues and the famines, the political and religious wars, the social and economic upheavals, for Europeans to get it right this time. In the beginning, the American dream was a European dream, and it exerted emotional and motivational power for generations" [stress added]." Colin G. Galloway, 1997, New Worlds For All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America (Johns Hopkins), page 10.

"Investigations were made in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to determine whether the American Indians were the lost tribes of Judah; and it was pretty well proved both yes and no, and unporovable either way, which made it an excellent topic for study and exploitation, one populated by warm bodies and tear-strained faces and beautiful, waiting children." John Ehle, 1988, Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation (page 1).

"History's most surprising encounter, perhaps, was that between the Europeans who followed in the wake of Columbus and the native inhabitants of [what was called] the New World. The conquering Spaniards viewed the complex, sophisticated Aztecs and Inca civilizations with disbelief; surely these people could not have achieved such cultural heights without outside inspiration--from other, earlier European visitors or Transpacific wanderers from Asia. The native Americans, for their part, too often regarded the intruders with haughty disdain and paid for their unwariness by falling prey to superior technology and clever strategy." Joseph L. Dardner et al., 1986, Mysteries of the Ancient Americas: The New World Before Columbus (page 5).

On the Mashantucker Pequot: "The Pequot War of 1636-37 paved the way for the establishment of English hegemony in southern New England." Alfred A. Cave, 1996, The Pequot War (University of Massachusets Press), page 1.

"The Spanish and French who first saw these hillocks found it difficult to believe them to be the deliberate creations of mankind. They were so much larger than any work of architecture known to them. The entire facade of the Palace of the Louvre, in Paris, can fit easily within the space surrounded by the D-shaped earthen rings at Povery Point, Louisiana, built at the same time as Stonehenge. The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in Rome, complete with its plaza and gardens, could be placed within the circular embankement at Watson Brake [Louisiana], which is probably at least a thousand years older than Poverty Point [stress added]" (Roger G. Kennedy, 1996, Hidden Cities: The Discovery And Loss of Ancient North American Civilization , page 8].

Dr. Coulter, in describing (Journal R. Geograph. Soc., vol. v., 1835, p. 67) the state of California about the year 1830, says that the natives reclaimed by the Spanish missionaries, have nearly all perished, or are perishing, although well treated, not driven from their native land, and kept from the use of spirits. He attributes this, in great part, to the undoubted fact that the men greatly exceed the women in number; but he does not know whether this is due to a failure of female offspring, or to more females dying during early youth. The latter alternative, according to all analogy, is very improbable. He adds that "infanticide, properly so called, is not common, though very frequent recourse is had to abortion." If Dr. Coulter is correct about infanticide, this case cannot be advanced in support of Colonel Marshall's view. From the rapid decrease of the reclaimed natives, we may suspect that, as in the cases lately given, their fertility has been diminished from changed habits of life." Charles Darwin, 1871, The Descent of Man)

"The story of Ishi begins for us early in the morning of the twenty-ninth day of August in the year 1911 and in the corral of a slaughter house. It begins with the shaorp barking of dogs which roused the sleeping butchers. In the dawn light they saw a man at bay, crouching against the corral fence--[the person who would eventually known as] Ishi." Theodora Kroeber, 1961, Ishi In Two Worlds: A Biography of the Last Wild Indian in North America (Berkeley: UC Press), page 3.

"Ishi is in the news again, and again his story is a poignant reflection of our society. Ishi's saga begins in the 1860s. White settlers in this area had either enslaved, murdered, or expelled the Maidu [Native Americans] from the valley, but had not yet subdued the Yahi, who were protected by the remote and tortuous terrain of Deer and Mill Creek canyons, and could survive on the limited resources of that area supplemented with goods gathered on occasional raids of the settlers' ranches. These raids were met with retaliatory attacks, and violence escalated. In 1862, three white children were killed, and in response the settlers resolved to destroy the entire native population. The genocide of the Yahi was ferocious and absolute. ... By 1870 the Yahi population, once in the hundreds, was five. For the next 41 years this small group hid themselves along Derr Creek. In 1911, the last survivor [subsequently named], Ishi, reappeared in the white man's world, ironically at a slaughterhouse." (Tim Bousquet, The Chico News & Review, June 12, 1997, Vol. 20, No. 46, page 8).

"...the bloody years of Yana history: 1850-1872. It was in the early 'sixties that the whole white population of the Sacramento Valley was in an uproar of rage and fear over the murder of five white children by hill Indians--probably Yahi. But the soberly estimated numbers of kidnappings of Indian children by whites in California to be sold as slaves or kept as cheap help was, between the years 1852 and 1867, from three to four thousand; evey Indian woman, girl, and girl-child was potentially and in thousands of cases actually subject to repeated rape, to kidnapping, and to prostitution. Prostitution was unknown to aboriginal California, as were the venereal diseases which accounted for from forty to as high as eighty per cent of Indian deaths during the first twenty years following the gold rush." Theodora Kroeber, 1961, Ishi In Two Worlds: A Biography of the Last Wild Indian in North America (Berkeley: UC Press), page 46.

1863: "A Captain Starr escorted the Indians on their [forced] march. He left Chico with four hundred and sixty-one indians, and arrived at Round Valley with two-hundred and seventy-seven. Two were unaccounted for; thirty-two died on the march; and a hundred and fifty were left sick along the trail to be brought in later if they should recover enough to continue the trip." Theodora Kroeber, 1961, Ishi In Two Worlds: A Biography of the Last Wild Indian in North America (Berkeley: UC Press), page 73.

NOTE ELSEWHERE / ELSEWHEN: "There are various estimated and several arguments about the social, cultural, and physical damage caused by the 1838 [Cherokee] removal. The main portions of all five tribes were uprooted and the people became socially disoriented, their town and clan organizations disrupted. ... How many Cherokees and their slaves died? The answer is a mystery, enhanced, complicated by decades. In the detention camps, from three hundred to two thousand died, depending on the authority accepted; on the trail, from five hundred to two thousand. In other words, the answer is a combined total of between eight hundred and four thousand." John Ehle, 1988, Trail of Tears: The Rise And Fall Of The Cherokee Nation (NY: Anchor), page 390.

IN THE 1990s: "[Native American] Casino money has helped finance reservation schools, day-care programs, after-school tutors, computers, RV parks, gas stations, administration buildings, libraries, wastewater treatment plants, recreation centers. As the Casino profits mount, more and more tribes are paying their own way. ... California's Indian gaming emporiums employ more than 15,000 people--mostly non-Indians--and have infused over a half-billion dollars into local economies. ... California has 40 Indian casinos (some of them closed), more than any other state. Several more are proposed." (The Sacramento Bee, July 2, 1997, page A12; note, this comes from Part Four of a four-part series that Began on June 29, 1997).

"Gambling is now bigger than baseball, more powerful than a platoon of Schwarzeneggers, Spielbergs, Madonnas and Oprahs. More Americans went to casinos than to major league ballparks in 1993. Ninety-two million visits!" (The New York Times Magazine, July 17, 1994) and "Nevada's major hotel-casinos grossed $12 billion in fiscal 1995 and reported annual net, pre-federal tax profits of $1.28 billion....In the previous fiscal year the clubs took in $11 billion and had a pre-tax profit of $1.2 billion...." (Reno Gazette-Journal, February 5, 1996, page 4F); and see The Sacramento Bee, July 23, 1996, page B8: "From 1974 to 1994, the amount of money legally wagered annually has risen 2,800 percent, to $482 billion from $17 billion. The gambling industry generates six times the revenue of all American spectator sports combined." [Please see: http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/FApr11-96.html as well as http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/14th_ICAES.html.

NOTE on the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe: "The tiny Mashantucket Pequot tribe--grown wealthy by casino profits--is putting the finishing touches on a $135 million museum that resurrects a nearly forgotten past. The Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center, which celebrates the lives of American Indians of southeastern Connecticut, open Aug. 11 [1998]. The 308,000-square-foot complex is set on the tribe's reservation, also home to the Foxwoods Resort Casino. ... The money to build the museum comes from the tribe's casino.... The Pequot tribe, which has about 400 members, got assistance from about 50 other tribes, from helping to reproduce artifacts to sharing oral histories and providing original artwork." (The Washington Post, August 4, 1998, page C10)

"Almost no one had heard of the Mashantucket Pequot tribe of Connecticut before 1992, when the tiny Native American nation unveiled one of the world's largest casinos. ... the largest and--at $193 million--most expensive museum devoted to a single tribe. By comparison, the giant National Museum of the American Indians, now under development by the Smithsonian and planned for the National mall in Washington, D.C., is expected to cost just $110 million (the Pequots gave $10 million for that project, too--the largest donation in Smithsonian history). Even the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. (at $190 million) doesn't match up." (USA Today, August 7, 1998, page 1D)

Native Americans have legally taken advantage of the "entertainment propensity" of all Americans and as of November 1997, it was reported that some 147 Tribes have entered into 158 Compacts in 24 American States and it is still changing (please see http://legiweb.legislate.com/n/news/tribes.htm).

FORTY-FIVE SPECIFIC TERMS FROM SPRADLEY & McCURDY's "GLOSSARY" WHICH COULD APPEAR ON EXAM #3

ACCULTURATION: The process that takes place when groups of individuals having different cultures come into first-hand contact, which results in change to the cultural patterns of both groups.

AGRICULTURE: A subsistence strategy involving intensive farming of permanent fields through the use of such means as the plow, irrigation, and fertilizer.

APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY: Any use of anthropological knowledge to influence social interaction, to maintain or change social institutions, or to direct the course of cultural change.

BILATERAL (COGNATIC) DESCENT: A rule of descent relating someone to a group of consanguine kin through both males and females.

CASTE: A form of stratification defined by unequal access to economic resources and prestige, which is acquired at birth and does not permit individuals to alter their ranks.

CLAN: A kinship group normally comprising several lineages; its members are related by a unilineal descent rule, but it is too large to enable members to trace actual biological links to all other members.

COSMOLOGY: A set of bliefs that defines the nature of the universe or cosmos.

CULTURAL ECOLOGY: The study of the way people use their culture to adapt to particular environments, the effects they have on their natural surrounding, and the impact of the environment on the shape of culture, including its long-term evolution.

CULTURE: The knowledge that is learned, shared, and used by people to interpret experience and generate behavior.

CULTURE CONTACT: The situation that occurs when two societies with different cultures somehow come into contact with each other.

CULTURE SHOCK: A form of anxiety that results from an inability to predict the behavior of others or act appropriately in cross-cultural situations.

DESCENT: A Rule of relationship that ties people together on the basis of a reputed common ancestry.

ECOLOGY: The study of the way organisms interact with each other within an environment.

ECONOMIC SYSTEM: The provision of goods and services to meet biological and social needs.

ENDOGAMY: Marriage within a designated social unit.

ETHNOGRAPHY: The task of discovering and describing a particular culture.

ETHNOCENTRISM: A mixture of belief and feeling that one's own way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

EXOGAMY: Marriage outside any designated group.

GRAMMAR: The categories and rules for combining vocal symbols.

HORTICULTURE: A kind of subsistence strategy involving semi-intensive, usually shifting, agricultural practices. Slash-and-burn farming is a common example of horticulture.

INCEST TABOO: The cultural rule that prohibits sexual intercourse and marriage between specified classes of relatives.

INNOVATION: A recombination of concepts from two or more mental configurations into a new pattern that is qualitatively different from existing forms.

KINSHIP: The complex system of social relations based on marriage (affinity) and birth (consanguinity).

LANGUAGE: The system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech.

LINEAGE: A kinship group based on a unilineal descent rule that is localized, has some corporate powers, and whose members can trace their actual relationships to each other.

MAGIC: Strategies people use to control supernatural power to achieve particular results.

MANA: An impersonal supernatural force inherent in nature and in people. Mana is somewhat like the concept of 'luck' in American Culture.

MATRILINEAL DESCENT: A rule of descent relating a person to a group of consanguine kin on the basis of descent through females only.

MORPHEME: The smallest meaningful category in any language.

MYTHOLOGY: Stories that reveal the religious knowledge of how things have come into being.

NAIVE REALISM: The notion that reality is much the same for all people everywhere.

NUCLEAR FAMILY: A family composed of a married couple and their children.

PATRILINEAL DESCENT: A rule of descent relating consanguine kin in the basis of descent through males only.

PHONEME: The minimal category of speech sounds that signals a difference in meaning.

PHONOLOGY: The categories and rules for forming vocal symbols.

POLYGAMY: A marriage form in which a person has two or more spouses at one time. Polygyny and polyandry are both forms of polygamy.

PRAYER: A petition directed at a supernatural being or power.

REDISTRIBUTION: The transfer of goods and services between a group of people and a central collecting service based on role obligation. The U.S. income tax is a good example.

RELIGION: The cultural knowledge of the supernatural that people use to cope with the ultimate problems of human existence.

RITE OF PASSAGE: A series of rituals that move individuals from one social state or status to another.

SEXUAL INEQUALITY: Inequality based on gender.

SHAMAN: A part-time religious specialist who controls supernatural power, often to cure people or affect the course of life's events.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC RULES: Rules specifying the nature of the speech community, the particular speech situations within a community, and the speech acts that members use to convey their messages.

SYMBOL: Anything that humans can sense that is given an arbitrary relationship to its referent.

WORLD VIEW: The way people characteristically look out on the universe.

1. George R. Stewart was a Professor of: a: Anthropology at UC Berkeley; b: English at UC Berkeley; c: Anthropology at CSU, Chico; d: English at UC Santa Barbara.

2. Ishi, the "last" of the California Native Americans was "found" in: a: 1859; b: 1911; c: 1929; d: 1949.

3. A petition directed at a supernatural being or power is often called a: message stick; b: prayer; c; memo; d: totemic intermediary.

4. The Japanese Economy and Japanese businesses in the 1990s have: a) not suffered at all from the world-wide economic crisis; b) have still been able to maintain their "job-for-life philosophy; c) have seen unemployment rates match those of the USA; d) all of the above.

5. The film entitled The Last Tasmanian demonstrated how: a: the Tasmanians were peacefully accepted into white Tasmanian society; b: the last Tasmanian (Ishi) became a Prime Minister of Tasmania; c: Tasmanians died as Europeans entered the island; d: how Tasmanians operate the "Church's Fried Chicken" franchise today.

6. François Peron has been described as an early __who worked in Tasmania: a gold miner; b: paleontologist; c: anthropologist; d: entomologist.

7. The shrine of the Holy Kaaba is located in: a: Libya; b: Egypt; c: Saudi Arabia; d: Peru.

8. TRUE FALSE A family composed of a married couple and their children is described as a nuclear family.

9. TRUE FALSE Tasmanians entered that island from a land bridge from New Zealand.

10. TRUE FALSE The "city" of Cahokia never had a population over 1,000 individuals.

11. TRUE FALSE Nationalism was not an explosive issue when most people lived in small rural communities where everybody belonged to the same ethnic group.

12. TRUE FALSE Acording to some, learning can be seen as the acquisition of information, but before it can take place, there must be interest.

13. TRUE FALSE In the airline industry, after personnel costs, fuel costs are the second largest expense.

14. TRUE FALSE The "veil" worn by some women of the Middle East has been described as a "symbol" of their culture.

15. TRUE FALSE The time to consider policy dimensions of climate change is not when the link between greenhouse gases and climate change is conclusively proven, but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is taken seriously by the society of which we are part.

16. TRUE FALSE After 1777, Hawai'ians did not suffer population decline as a result of contact.

So, we have gone "full circle" from one of your first Anthropology Films this SPRING 199 SEMESTER (The Yanomamo: A Multidisciplinary Study), to the end of this Cultural Anthropology 13 course in SPRING 1999 and Earth Abides.

What was Earth Abides all about? Was it well-written? If so, why? If not, why not? According to Urbanowicz, what was the inspiration for the novel? What are the major themes in Earth Abides? Do any similar stories come to mind? What can you state about the future of mankind? How does anthropology contribute to an understanding of Homo sapiens?

FINALLY, what do you think about these closing words from the distinguished author, C.P. Snow:

"We should most of us agree, I think, that in the individual life of each of us there is much that, in the long run, one cannot do anything about. Death is a fact--one's own death, the deaths of those one loves. There is much that makes one suffer which is irremediable: one struggles against it all the way, but there is an irremediable residue left. These are facts: they will remain facts as long as man remains man. This is part of the individual condition: call it tragic, comic, absurd or, like some of the best and bravest of people, shrug it off. But it isn't all. One looks outside oneself to other lives, to which one is bound by love, affection, loyalty, obligation: each of those lives has the same irremediable components as one's own; but there are also components that one can help, or that can give one help. It is in this tiny extension of the personality, it is in this seizing on the possibilities of hope, that we become more fully human: it is a way to impove the quality of one's life: it is, for oneself, the beginning of the social condition [stress added]." (C.P. Snow, 1964, The Two Cultures: And A Second Look [New American Library], pp. 71-72)

AND FINALLY-FINALLY, some thoughts to ponder:

"A population burst unlike any since the heydey of the baby boom has entered the American system. And although its members are still children, their impact on business and society is already immense. ... The annual number of U.S. births started rising around 1980, ending the baby-bust years. In each of the years from 1989 to 1993, U.S. births exceeded four million for the first time since the early 1960s. Today there are roughly 57 million American under age 15--and more than 20 million in the peak years between four and eight. ... 'Technologically, this generation is going to make the Gen-Xers look like fuddy-duddies,' says Frank Gevorsky, a 41-year-old social historian at the Discovery Institute, a Seattle think tank. He predicts that within five years, members of Generation Y will be producing term papers with full motion video. 'They're on fast-forward,' he says. Generation Y was born into a world so different from the one their parents entered that they could be on different planets" [stress added]." Melinda Beck, 1997, "Next Population Bulges Shows Its Might." The Wall Street Journal, February 3, 1997, pages B1 + B2, page B1.

"I suggest you come to class everyday and read [the] film notes prior to the class period."

"My advice is attend class everyday; each class contains crucial information! Keep up with the reading and do not wait until the end of the semester to begin Earth Abides."

"Take advantage of every lecture. It makes you think about life and gets you motivated. I have never had a class that inspired me until now."

"Pay attention to what he says, it might change the way you think." (ANTH 13 Student, Fall 1998)

"What a wonderful class! Definitely worth taking. It is classes like this that make the college experience all that much better. Have fun; take advantake, and enjoy!" (ANTH 13 Student, Fall 1998)

"Thank you so much for being such an enthusiastic sharer of information. I have thoroughly enjoyed this class in spite of stress and exhaustion. The plentitude of ideas and experiences I left each class with (without having ever left the comfort of my blue seat) was mentally inspiring."

"There aomes a time in your education when you suddenly think that all hope is lost. This class is your pick-me-up. Enjoy!" (ANTH 13 Student, Fall 1998)

A Short Course In Human Relations:

"Proper Prior Planning Prevents Poor Performance" and "Your procrastination is not necessarilly my emergency."

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Familiarity with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources and knowledge of how to access such information.

And Please Remember: http://www.csuchico.edu/engl/owl/ [CSU, Chico On-Line Writing Center]

IMPORTANT NOTE: Any single article of your choice is to be chosen from any of the MANY journals in The Meriam Library: PLEASE consult this Notebook to see the variety of journals available to you! The critique will be evaluated (GRADED) both on CONTENT (Information presented) and STYLE (Organization, Grammar, etc.).

DEFINITIONS:

CRITIQUE: 1. an article or essay criticizing a literary or other work; a review. 2. art or practise of criticism. [from the Greek: kritike/kritikos]

CRITICIZE: 1. to make judgements as to merits and faults. 2. to find fault. 3. to judge or discuss the merits and faults of. 4. to find fault with.

PLEASE: DO NOT PROVIDE SIMPLY A SUMMARY; a SUMMARY is defined as "a comprehensive and usually brief abstract, recapitulation, or compendium of previously stated facts or statements." The critical aspect of this Writing Assignment (and your Term Paper or WA #2) is "to make judgements as to merits and faults" as stated in the above definition.

FORMAT:

Article #1: "Title......." of article; where it appeared/was published; who wrote it; when it was written; length of pages.

[Words about the article....including your own opinion/critical thoughts--backed up by facts/references.]

Examples:

Article: "Motives and Methods: Missionaries in Tonga in the Early 19th Century" by Charles F. Urbanowicz in The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 86, No. 2 (June 1977), pp. 245-263.

Article: "Tourism in Tonga Revisited: Continued Troubled Times?" by Charles F. Urbanowicz in Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (2nd Edition), edited by Valene L. Smith, 1989, (University of Pennsylvania Press), pp. 105-117.

THE SINGLE ARTICLE CRITIQUE IS DUE at the beginning of class. Total length for the article critique should be approximately 400-500 words in length. [If you get in trouble and still can't find anything, look at various issues of Scientific American, appropriate articles in Discover, or the Smithsonian, or Cultural Survival Quarterly] or perhaps some other "Electronic Journals" available at http://www.lib.berkeley.edu:80/]

[PS: SAVE PAPER: On the first page, give me your name, section heading, title of article, author, and journal source of article; then begin your critique!]

[PPS: On citing sources from the Internet, please remember: http://www.csuchico.edu/library/citing.html]

WRITING SUGGESTIONS BASED ON : The Tongue and Quill: Communicating to Manage in Tomorrow's Air Force, [AF Pamphlet 13-2] (2 January 1985: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402) page 47. (Also see Meriam Library, 4th floor, Government Documents section: doc/D/301.26/6:T 61/982.)

TO CONTRAST IDEAS according to; but; yet; nevertheless; however; still converseley; on the other hand; instead of; neither of these; (to)(on)the contrary; rather than; no matter what; in contrast; otherwise; on the other hand; in the (first)(second) place; nor. TO COMPARE IDEAS just as; like; similar; this.

TO SHOW TIME as of today; as of now; immediately; presently; nearly a...later; meantime; meanwhile; afterward; next; this year, however; a little later; then; last year; next week; tomorrow; finally. TO SHOW RESULTS as a result; therefore; thus; consequently; hence.

TO ADD IDEAS additionally; also; another; besides' first, second, next, last, etc., in addition, moreover, furthermore, clear, too, is; the answer does not only lie; to all that; more than anything else; here are some...facts; now, of course, there are; now, however; what's more.

TO RELATE THOUGHTS anyway; anyhow; indeed; eslewhere; nearby; above all; even these; beyond; in other words; for instance; of course; in short; in sum; yet; in reality; that is; by consequence; notwithstanding; nonetheless; as a general rule; understandably; traditionally; the reason, of course; the lesson here is; from all information; at best; naturally; in the broader sense; to this end; in fact.

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Familiarity with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources and knowledge of how to access such information.

"When you ferret out something for yourself, piecing the clues together unaided, it remains for the rest of your life in some way truer than facts you are merely taught, and freer from onslaughts of doubt." Colin Fletcher, 1968, The Man Who Walked Through Time, p. 109.

REMEMBER all of your Meriam Library resources and use the Internet, use the Britannica, use published materials as as "jumping-off" point to do you own ORIGINAL research; and Please Remember: http://www.csuchico.edu/engl/owl/ [CSU, Chico On-Line Writing Center]

WA #2 (TERM PAPER), worth 15% of your grade, demonstrates familiarity with various anthropological information and publications. WA #2 demonstrates your ability to conduct library research in the Meriam Library at California State University, Chico, and should be approximately 1200-1500 words in length. It will be evaluated (GRADED) both on CONTENT (Information presented) and STYLE (Organization, Grammar, etc.). As with WA #1, WA #2 will be evaluated (GRADED) both on CONTENT (Information presented) and STYLE (Organization, Grammar, etc.).

The following criteria will be used for this 15% (75 Points) Assignment: #1} Assignment received on time (5 points); #2} Content: Does the term paper have a specific idea in mind? Is that made clear to the reader? Is the intent of your paper clear? (5 points); #3} Style: Is there a clear title, abstract, and section headings? (5 points); (#4} Have Spradley & McCurdy and/or Notebook information been included? (5 points); #5} Sources beyond assigned texts consulted? (5 points); (#6} Mechanics of the term paper: Grammar, spelling, sentence structure, punctuation, proof-reading, and pages numbered? (25 points); (#7} Ideas and information presented logically to make the point of the paper? (25 points).

VERY IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS: WA #2 MUST have three components: FIRST, it must conform to the style as indicated on this page: Title, Abstract, and Section Headings. SECOND, you must make reference to either Spradley & McCurdy or lectures/films in WA #2. THIRD, you must tell the reader (me!) why you chose the topic: either in the INTRODUCTION section of the paper or woven into the text of the paper. For every component missing, points will be deducted for WA #2.

I. INTRODUCTION (briefly introduce your topic: either two article critiques or term paper)

II. [SECOND SECTION: Create your own heading] (where you describe the context of your paper/review of literature/previous researchers/ideas.)

III. [THIRD SECTION: Create your own heading] (Main argument/contrast & comparison section/research methodology)

IV. [FOURTH SECTION: Create your own heading] (Begin your ending)

V. CONCLUSION(S)/SUMMARIZING STATEMENTS (including recommendations if any)

REFERENCES Cited

IF-YOU-ARE-STILL-CONFUSED, please look at some Spradley & McCurdy chapters: Chapter 9 ("The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari"), for example, has a TITLE, then an ABSTRACT, then SECTION HEADINGS ("Bushman Subsistence" followed by "The Security of Bushmen Life" and ending with "Epilogue: The Ju/Hoansi in 1994"); OR Chapter 35 ("Using Anthropology") which has a TITLE, then an ABSTRACT, then section headings of THE PROBLEM, MANAGEMENT BY DEFENSE, ETHNOGRAPHIC MANAGEMENT, PROBLEMS AND CAUSES, THE SHRINK-WRAP SOLUTION [and, finally], CONCLUSIONS.

Important PS Statements: #1} Do Not Plagiarize: please do your own original research but do collaborate/share resources with one another (teamwork is a very effective way to learn!); #2} it is always an good idea to keep a copy of any work submitted for any class--accidents happen; #3} please consider using a word-processor, with spell-check [if possible], or at least a typewriter (and double spaced); #4} please consider some good (and relatively inexpensive) reference books (including a dictionary) such as The World Almanac and Book of Facts: 1999 and William Strunk and E.B. White's The Elements of Style (1979 3rd Edition).

"Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his [or her!] sentences short, or that he [or she] avoid all detail and treat his [and her] subjects only in outline, but that every word tell."

"There you have a short, valuable essay on the nature and beauty of brevity--sixty three words [not counting those in the brackets] that could change the world." (E.B. White, commenting on the original words of William Strunk Jr. in The Elements of Style, 3rd edition, 1979: xiv).

The Writing Assignment should be typed and/or word-processed and double-spaced.

[PS: Remember, on citing sources from the Internet, please remember: http://www.csuchico.edu/library/citing.html]

Africa 1928--to date per PL 8000 I6 Abstr. Folk. Stud.
Africa Research Bulletin 1964--Jan. 1985 per DT 1 A21
Africa Research Bulletin. Economic Series Feb 1985--to date per DT 1 A212
Africa Research Bulletin. Political Series Feb 1985--to date per DT 1 A213
African Arts 1967--to date per NX 587 A34 Art Ind, Hum. Ind.
African Studies Journal (Chico, Ca.) 1981--1989 archives DT 19.95 C35 A37
African Studies Newsletter 1968--1980 per DT 1 A2294
African Studies Newsletter (Chico, Ca.) 1980 archives DT 19.95 C35 A37
African Studies Review 1970--to date per DT 1 A2293 S.S.
Amerasia Journal 1971--to date per E 184 O6 A44 His. Abstr.
America Indigena 1941--1991 per E 51 A45 His. Abstr.
American Anthropologist 1888--to date per GN 1 A5 S.S.
American Antiquity 1935--to date per E 51 A52 Hum. Ind.
American Ethnologist 1974--to date per GN 1 A53 S.S.
American Indian Quarterly 1982--to date MFC E 75 A547 Abstr. Anthro.
American Journal of Archaeology 1885--to date per CC 1 A6 Art Ind, Hum. Ind.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1918--to date per GN 1 A55 S.S.
Amerindian 1952--1974 per E 77 A57 S.S.
Annual Review of Anthropology 1972--to date main GN 1 B52 Abstr. Anthro.
Anthropologica 1955--to date per E 78 C2 A53 S.S.
Anthropological Linguistics 1959--to date per P 1 A6 Abstr. Anthro.
Anthropological Quarterly 1953--to date per GN 1 P7 S.S.
Anthropologist 1954--1977 per GN 1 A695
Anthropology & Education Quarterly 1985--to date mf LB 45 C67a
Anthropology and Humanism Quarterly 1984--1991 per GN 1 A6955
Anthropology UCLA 1969--1990 per GN 1 A57 Abstr. Anthro.
Anthropos 1972--1991 per GN 1 A58 S.S.
Antiquaries Journal 1979--to date per DA 20 S612
Antiquity 1960--to date per CC 1 A7 Art Ind, Hum. Ind.
Antropologica 1971--to date per F 2229 A65 Abstr. Anthro.
Applied Anthropology 1941--1948 per GN 1 A66 Intl. Index
Archaeology 1969--to date per GN 700 A725 Art Ind, Hum. Ind.
Archaeology & Physical 1966--Oct. 1980 per DU 1 A7
Archaeology in Oceania 1981--1991 per DU 1 A7
Archaeometry 1958--to date per GN 700 A75 Abstr. Anthro.
Arctic Anthropology 1964--to date per GN 1 A7 Abstr. Anthro.
Artibus Asiae 1925--1990 per N 8 A75 Art. Ind.
ASA News 1981--to date per DT 1 A2294
Bantu Studies 1921--1941 per DT 764 B2 B3 Peabody
Behavior Science Research 1974--1991 per H 1 B45 Abstr. Anthro.
Biblical Archaeologist 1970-1971 per BS 620 A1 B5 Art Ind, Hum. Ind.
Biblical Archaeology Review 1975--to date per BS 620 A1 B52 Abstr. Anthro.
Biennial Review of Anthropology 1959--1971 main GN 1 B5
California Anthropologist 1971--to date per GN 1 C25 Abstr. Anthro.
California Folklore Quarterly 1942-1946 per GR 1 C26
Canadian Journal of African Studies 1975--to date per DT 19.9 C3 B82 Abstr. Anthro.
Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 1964--to date per GN 1 C32 S.S.
Caribbean Studies 1961--1991 per F 2161 C29 S.S.
Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 1972--Sum. 1989 per HM 1 C45
Comparative Studies in Society and History 1958--to date per H 1 C73 Hist. Abstr.
Cultural Survival Quarterly 1982--to date per GN 358 N48
Current Anthropology 1960--to date per GN 1 C8 S.S.
Eastern Anthropologist 1972--1991 per GN 1 E15 Soc. Abstr.
Eonomic Development and 1952--to date per HC 10 C453 Abstr. Anthro.
Ethnohistory 1974--to date per E 51 E8 Abstr. Anthro.
Ethnologische Zeitschrift Zurich 1971--1980 per GN 1 E83
Ehnology 1962--to date per GN 1 E86 Biol. Abstr.,S.S.
Ehnomusicology 1953--to date per ML 1 E77 Music Ind, Hum.Ind
Ethnos 1936--1976 per GN 1 E88 Hist. Abstr.
Ehos 1985--1991 per GN 270 E85 Soc. Abstr.
Folklore 1960--1989 per GR 305 F63 Hum. Ind.
Folklore & Folk Music Archivist 1958--1968 per GR 1 F53
Folklore Forum 1968--1990 per GR 1 F564 Abstr. Folk Stud.,
Genetic Drift 1978--1989 per GN 1 G45
Geo 1982--1985 per AP 2 G365
Gnomon 1973--1989 per PA 3 G6
Guatemala Indigena 1970--1972 per F 1465 G85
Homo 1973--1977 per GN 1 H75 Abstr. Anthro.,
Human Biology 1929--to date per GN 1 H8 Abstr. Anthro.
Human Context 1968--1975 per H 1 H785 Abstr. Anthro.
Human Ecology 1972--to date per GF 1 H84 Abstr. Anthro.,
Human Organization 1949--to date per GN 1 A66 S.S.
Indian Historian 1967-1979 per E 77 I6 S.S.
Indian Record 1970-1972 per E 77 I64
Society of Oxford 1979--to date per GN 2 A5
Journal of African History 1960--to date per DT 1 J65 Hum. Ind.
Journal of American Ethnic History 1981--to date per E 184 A1 J67 Hum. Ind.
Journal of American Folklore 1888--1987 per GR 1 J8 Hum. Ind.
Journal of Anthropological Research 1974--to date per GN 1 S64 Biol. Abstr., S.S.
Journal of Archaeological Science 1974--to date per CC 1 J68 S.S.C.I.
Journal of Asian and African Studies 1966--to date per DT 1 J66 Abstr. Anthro.
Journal of Asian Studies 1956--to date per DS 501 F274 Hum. Ind.
Journal of Field Archaeology 1974--to date per CC 1 J69 Abstr. Anthro.
Journal of Folklore Research 1983--to date per GR 1 F565 Hum. Ind., S.S.
Journal of Human Evolution 1972--to date per GN 281 J63 Abstr. Anthro.,
Jurnal of Indo-European Studies 1973--1976 per P 501 J67
Journal of Latin American Studies 1969--to date per F 1401 J69 Hist. Abstr.
Journal of New World Archaeology 1975--1990 per E 51 J67 Abstr. Anthro.
Journal of Peasant Studies 1973--to date per HT 401 J68
Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 1980--1987 per GN 502 J68 P.A., Soc. Abstr.
Journal of Psychological Anthropology 1978--1980 per GN 502 J68
Journal of the Anthropological 1979--to date per GN 2 A5 Abstr. Anthro.
Journal of the Polynesian Society 1892--to date per GN 2 P7 Hist. Abstr.,
Katunob 1965--1982 per F 1219 K3
Kiva 1935--1991 per F 786 K58 Hist. Abstr.L
Man, a Record of Anthropological Science 1901-1965 per GN 1 M25
Man in India 1964--June 1991 per GN 1 M3 Abstr. Anthro.
Man in New Guinea 1968--1974 per GN 1 M32 Abstr. Anthro.
Mankind 1931--1989 per GN 1 M35 S.S.
Mankind Quarterly 1960--1977 per GN 1 M36 Biol. Abstr.
Many Smokes 1966--1984 per E 75 M35
Masterkey 1948-1955 per E 51 M42 Abstr. Anthro.
Masterkey for Indian Lore and History 1956-1968 per E 51 M42 Abstr. Anthro.
Medical Anthropology 1980--Jan. 1992 per GN 296 M42 Abstr. Anthro.
Medieval Archaeology 1957--to date main D 111 M46
Michigan Archaeologist 1972--to date per E 75 M5 Abstr. Anthro.
Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 1976--1980 per E 77.8 M43 Abstr. Anthro.
Millennium 1971--1973 per D 839 M42 Hist. Abstr.
Minority Rights Group 1970--1989 folio HT 1521 M55
Na'pao, A Saskatchewan Anthropology. July 1971-Oct. 1983 per E 75 N36 Abstr. Anthro.
Journal Native Nevadan Mar. 1989--July 1992 per E 78 N4 N3
New Left Review 1971--to date per HX 3 N36 S.S.
News from Native California Mar/Apr 1989-date per E 78 C15 N49
Newsletter of Computer Archaeology 1966--1975 per CC 1 N4
Newsletter of the Pacific Coast Archaeological Society current year only per E 75 S668
New York Folklore 1975--1991 per GR 1 N472
New York Folklore Quarterly 1945--1974 per GR 1 N473
Northwest Anthropological 1973--1990 per E 31 N6 Abstr. Anthro.
Oceania 1930--to date per DU 1 O3 S. S.
Ohio Archaeological and 1887--1933 per F 486 O51 Abstr. Anthro.
Ohio History 1962--to date per F 486 O51
Ohio State Archaeological and 1934--1954 per F 486 O51
Pcific Viewpoint 1960--to date per G 1 P3 Hist. Abstr.
Palacio 1971--1977 per F 791 P15 Abstr. Anthro.
Pains Anthropologist 1954--to date per E 78 G73 P52 Abstr. Anthro.
Practicing Anthropology 1979-1988, 1992-date per GN 41.8 P72
Primitive Man 1928--1952 per GN 1 P7 Peabody
Quarterly of the Pacific Coast Archaeological Society 1965--to date per E 78.C15 P15 Abstr. Anthro
Research in Economic Anthropology 1978--to date main GN 448 R47
Research in Melanesia 1975--1986 per GN 1 R48
Review of African Political Economy May 1986--to date per HC 501 R46
Reviews in Anthropology 1976--1991 per Z 5111 R47 Abstr. Anthro.
Revista De Antropologia 1969--1989 main GN 1 R355 Peabody
Royal Anthropological Institute of Great 1871--1965 per GN 1 R68 Peabody
Sarawak Museum Journal 1951--1990 per DS 646.36 A35
SENRI Ethnological Studies 1978--1988 per GN 301 S45
Signs 1975--to date per HQ 1121 S43 Abstr. Anthro.
Sing Out 1964--April 1992 per ML 1 S588 Abstr. Folk Stud.
Sociologus 1972--1974 per HM 3 S6
South African Archaeological 1947--1991 per DT 759 S6 Abstr. Anthro.
Southern Folklore Quarterly 1937--1979 per GR 1 S65 Hist. Abstr.
Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1945--1972 per GN 1 S64 Abstr. Anthro.
Southwestern Lore 1954-1967 per F 778 S69 Hist. Abstr.
Soviet Anthropology and Archeology 1968--April 1993 per GN 1 S66 Abstr. Anthro.
Steward Anthropological Society Journal 1969--to date per GN 2 S948 Abstr. Anthro.
Studies in Linguistics 1942--1975 per P 1 S78
Studies in Third World Societies 1976--to date per HN 5 S87
Tebiwa 1959--1987 per E 78 N77 T4 Abstr. Anthro.
Tlalocan 1943--to date main F 1219.3 C9 T6 Peabody
Transactions of the Anthropological 1879-1885 per GN 2 A7
Urban Anthropology 1972--1984 per HT 101 U6723 Abstr. Anthro.
Urban Anthropology and Studies of 1985--to date per HT 101 U6723 S.S.
Wassaja 1973--1979 mfc E 75 W375
Wassaja 1982 mfc E 75 W37
Wassaja/the Indian Historian 1980 mfc E 77 I6
Western Canadian Anthropologist 1984--1989 per E 75 N36
Western Folklore 1947--to date per GR 1 C26 Hist. Abstr.
Wildfire 1984--to date per E 77 M352
Wisconsin Archeologist 1971--1989 per E 78 W8 W8 Abstr. Anthro.
World Archaeology 1969--to date per CC 1 W66 Abstr. Anthro.
Zimbabwe Review 1975--1978 per DT 946 Z5

A Dictionary of Anthropology Ref GN 11 D38 1972 (Definitions of words in anthropology arranged alphabetically. Includes some drawings and plates).

Dictionary of Anthropology Ref GN 11 D48 1986 (Definitions are arranged alphabetically with cross references and bibliographical references).

International Dictionary of Anthropologists Ref GN 20 I5 1991 (International coverage of Anthropologists born before 1920 in order to present those whose careers could be seen as whole. Last names are arranged alphabetically and includes an index).

Encyclopedia of Anthropology Ref GN 11 E52 (Arranged alphabetically and contains approximately 1,400 articles with See also references. At the end of all but the shortest articles, is a bibliography listing important books and articles on the subject).

Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory Ref GN 281 E53 1988 (Topics are alphabetically arranged with cross references).

Encyclopedia of Evolution Ref GN 281 M53 1990 (Topics are alphabetically arranged with See and See also and citations for further information).

Encyclopedia of World Cultures Ref GN 307 E53 (Comprises ten volumes, ordered by geographical regions of the world. Volumes 1 through 9 contain summaries along with maps, glossaries, and indexes of alternate names for the cultural groups. Volume 10 contains cumulative lists of the cultures of the world, their alternate names, and a bibliography of selected publications pertaining to those groups).

The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World Ref GN 495.4 E53 1993 (Includes only contemporary peoples and ethnic groups. Arranged alphabetically by common names. Indigenous names are used when appropriate. Also included are population figures, maps and a selected bibliography).

GENERAL INFORMATION

Cross-Cultural Summary ref GN 307 T4
Encyclopedia of Anthropology ref GN 11 E52
Encyclopedia of Evolution ref GN 281 M53 1990
Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory ref GN 281 E53 1988
Encyclopedia of World Cultures ref GN 307 E53
Funding for Anthropological Research ref GN 42 C36 1986
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences ref H 40 A2 I5
Student Anthropologist's Handbook; A Guide to Research, Training and Career main GN 42 F7
Traditional Medicine, vol. I & II ref GN 477 G37

DIRECTORIES

America's Ancient Treasures: Guide to Archeological Sites and Museum ref E 56 F64
Biographical Directory of Anthropologists Born Before 1920 ref GN 20 B56 1988
Fifth International Directory of Anthropologists ref GN 20 I5 1975
Guide to Departments of Anthropology (1984-85) ref GN 43 A2 G84
Guide to Ethnic Museums, Libraries & Archives In the U.S. ref GN 36 U5 W96
Guide to Fossil Man ref GN 282 D39
Leaders in Anthropology ref GN 20 K556

DiICTIONARIES/HANDBOOKS

Atlas of Ancient Archaeology ref GN 739 H38 1974
Atlas of Man ref GN 11 A83
Atlas of Man and Religion ref G 1046 E4 H3 1970
The Atlas of Mankind ref G 1021 E1 A85 1982
Dictionary of Anthropology ref GN 11 D48 1986
Davies. A Dictionary of Anthropology ref GN 11 D38 1972b
Handbook of Method in Cultural Anthropology ref GN 345 N37
Man, Myth and Magic (an encyclopedia set) ref BF 1407 M3
Murdock. Ethnographic Atlas ref GN 405 M8
Pearson. Anthropological Glossary ref GN 11 P43 1985
Physical Anthropology (Reference Manual) ref GN 56 C3
Spencer. An Ethno-Atlas ref GN 11 S75
Textor. A Cross-cultural Summary ref GN 307 T4
Winick. Dictionary of Anthropology ref GN 11 W5 1969

BIBILIOGRAPHY, GENERAL

Anthropological Bibliographies; A Selected Guide ref GN 25 A58
Bibliographic Guide. Ethnicity and Nationality ref GN 495.6 B46 1981
Bibliography of Fossil Man Z 5118 A6 F3 (Folio)
History of Anthropology Bibliography ref GN 17 E75 1984
Harvard University. Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology Subject Catalog ref Z 5119 H36
Author/Title Catalog Z 5119 H35 (Bibliographic Center)
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences--Anthropology V. 29, 30, 31 ref Z 7161 I593

AND PLEASE SEE http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/guides/rbn/hraf.html (which is in The Meriam Library and which states the following:

"The eHRAF Collection of Ethnography, available on the web, is a small but growing collection of HRAF full text and graphical materials supplemented, in some cases, with additional research through approximately the 1980's. The eHRAF Collection of Ethnography includes approximately 48 cultures, and regular additions are planned." (And See http://www.hti.umich.edu/e/ehraf/ ).

The Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) is a microform collection ofmostly primary source materials on a large sample of cultures, societies and ethnic groups representing all areas of the world. It is a research tool making available descriptive data on many predominantly non-western and non-literate world cultures. Once the basic arrangement of the HRAF Microfiles is understood,the Files can be used for making cross-cultural surveys, for studying a particular culture or cultural trait, for studying cultures in a specific geographical area, and more. HRAF is also available in CD ROM.

ORGANIZATION OF THE HRAF

The Collection is organized into separate Cultural Files,which are indexed in a manual entitled the OUTLINE OF WORLD CULTURES (OWC). The information within each Cultural File is then arranged according to a special subject classification system presented in another manual called the OUTLINE OF CULTURAL MATERIALS (OCM). Using these two manuals, you will be able to find information in the HRAF Microfiles about one specific characteristic of one particularculture or make a cross-cultural comparison or survey of two or more societies.

HOW TO LOCATE INFORMATION IN THE HRAF MICROFILES

The procedure described below will assist you in gathering all the information in the HRAF on a sample research problem. As an example, we will study the custom of "arranged marriages" and answer the following question: "Do the Northern Paiute practice the custom of arranged marriages?"

1. Locate the OUTLINE OF WORLD CULTURES (OWC) and the OUTLINE OF CULTURAL MATERIALS (OCM), the two manuals necessary to answer simple questions of information and fact. Multiple copies of the guides are adjacent to the HRAF microfile cabinets.

2. Turn to the alphabetically arranged Index in the back of the OUTLINE OF WORLD CULTURES (OWC) to find out if the Northern Paiute have been included in the Files. Only those cultures marked with a RED CHECK have resource materials available in the HRAF at this time. When you determine that the Northern Paiute have been included, copy the letter/number symbol (NR13); this is the OUTLINE OF WORLD CULTURE Code for the Northern Paiute.

3. Using the OWC Code (NR13) turn to the main text of the OWC, which is arranged in sequence by OWC Code, to learn exactly how the specific cultural unit is defined.

4. Next, using the index of the other manual, the OUTLINE OF CULTURAL MATERIALS (OCM), look up the subject, "arranged marriages." If the term you are seeking is not in the index, use another similar or broader subject such as "marriage." In this case, the index has a listing for the subject, "Arranging, a marriage, 584" and also under the broader term, "Marriage, arrangement of, 584." Copy the number, 584; this is the OCM Subject Category Code number.

5. Find the OCM Subject Code number in the main text of the OUTLINE OF CULTURAL MATERIALS. Listings are arranged by OCM Code numbers. Read the category description and also explore the cross references to see if any of the other related OCM subject categories may be useful.

6. Now that you have both the OWC Code (NR13) and the OCM Subject Category Code (584), you are ready to find the appropriate microfiche card in the HRAF file cabinets.

GUIDE TO SPECIAL OCM FILE CODES

Some of the OUTLINE OF CULTURAL MATERIALS Code number Files, as follows,provide special categories of information which are useful for properly understanding the Files and for placing the data in its overall context.

Category: 10: Orientation to the File

105: General description of the culture
111: Full bibliographic citations for all sources of a particular culture; similar information i ffound in the HRAF Source Bibliography
112: Sources consulted by the HRAF compilers but not included; useful for further research
113: References cited by authors of sources used in HRAF
116: Complete source material--entire books, reports, articles included in HRAF are filed under this category
131: Geographic location information of culture
161 & 162: Population size and composition data
197: Language and linguistic affiliation
631: Information pertaining to general sociopolitical structure of culture

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONCERNING THE HRAF

1. Nature And Use of the Hraf Files:A Research and Teaching Guide, by Robert O. Lagace, ed (1974). Copies are available adjacent to the HRAF Microfiles.
2. Human Relations Area Files: A Fund of Knowledge = This 15-minute, 16 mm color film provides an introduction to the HRAF for persons unfamiliar with the Collection. The film is available in the Instructional Media Center under the following call number: H62 H73 - 08188. This title is also available in video cassette format in Limited Loan.
3. ASK A LIBRARIAN and please remember: "The eHRAF Collection of Ethnography, available on the web, is a small but growing collection of HRAF full text and graphical materials supplemented, in some cases, with additional research through approximately the 1980's. The eHRAF Collection of Ethnography includes approximately 48 cultures, and regular additions are planned: http://www.yale.edu/hraf/culcov.html (list of cultures currently included).

Computing For Students
http://www.csuchico.edu/inf/Getwired.html

Career Planning & Placement Office
http://www.csuchico.edu/plc/welcome2.html

Office of Experiential Education
http://www.csuchico.edu/cont/ids/index.html

CSU, Chico's Experiential Education program links the University to business, industry, and government by giving students an opportunity to combine classroom study with career related work experience. The program helps students define their educational goals and prepare for their careers by exploring the realities of the working world.

Psychological Counseling & Wellness Center
http://www.csuchico.edu/cnts/

Disability Support Services
http://www.csuchico.edu/dss/

AND PLEASE GO TO Student Services (http://www.csuchico.edu/misc/studentserv.html), off of the University's Home Page, for these and many more services available to you, the student!

THIS IS ACTUALLY a very brief "essay" about web-based instruction (which this course is not) and web pages (which you are reading either "electronically" or in the strongly recommended "printed form" available from the Associated Students Bookstore at California State University, Chico). The World Wide Web is an "electronic organism" which has been created by human beings, and as human beings change, the WWW continues to "evolve" over time. Education will radically alter by the time I retire/die and (a) while I try to "keep up" with as much as possible for my students (and myself) I realize that (b) I am behind as soon as I begin! With that in mind, the reader (or viewer) of these pages (either "electronically or in print") is reminded that (c) Anthropology 13 in Spring 1999 is not a web-based course but is a (d) "traditional" course, taught on the campus of California State University, Chico, to "traditional" (or perhaps a "semi-traditional" group of) Freshmen, Sophomore, Junior, and Senior students who are sitting in a classroom in Ayres Hall for ~sixteen weeks for "75 minute hours." These web pages contain no Java scripts, no interactive exams, no streaming video, no PowerPointPresentations, and no other "bells-and-whistles" which are current on the WWW but they do contain numerous "live" links which are appropriate for various weeks of the semester-long course. (For some "Educational Courses" currently available on the WWW, please see http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~mwd/courses.html.)

ALTHOUGH THE ELECTRONIC WORLD is changing very rapidly, and some might question the value of the "printed word" (considering the number of "electronic books" currently on "the web" such as the Bible, or Kelly's 1994 book entitled Out Of Control, totally available on the WWW @ http://www.absolutvodka.com/kelly/5-0.html) and Calvin's 1990 The Ascent of Mind: Ice Age Climates And The Evolution Of Intelligence, at http://weber.u.washington.edu:80/~wcalvin/bk5/bk5.htm), not to mention Darwin and 1000s of other available from sources such as the INCREDIBLE Books On Line and Project Gutenberg )! There will always (I honestly believe as of this writing), a place for the "printed page" that you can hold in your hands, that YOU can read in bed, read outside when the electricity goes off, or read when you can't make an Internet connection to read the Web pages located in cyberspace! In short, while the ephemeral culture of the WWW is extremely important, the tangible culture of a physical object is just as important and I follow some of the thoughts in the Library of Congress: Litera scripta manet, or the written word endures!

IN THE NEAR FUTURE I plan to do more with "real" WWW-based courses (based on something like WebCT @ http://www.webct.com/webct/ and http://www.csuchico.edu/tlp/webct/) so please stay tuned! The Internet and the World Wide Web and Cyberspace are changing the very environment "we" all interact in and the "web" should point to new sources. This is how I have personally envisioned this web-related syllabus (of ~48,389 words and the approximately 200 "live links"): as with any other course at California State University, Chico, this syllabus is a guide to other resources for you explore on your own.

A NEW LOW-TECH SOLUTION: This item describes the new Bio-Optic Organized Knowledge device, popularly known by its acronym BOOK. BOOK is a breakthrough in technology, requiring no wires, no electric switches, no batteries, nothing to be connected or switched on (although sufficient illumination is needed and strongly recommended). Compact and portable, BOOK can be used anywhere, yet it is powerful enough to hold as much information as a CD-ROM. BOOK, constructed of sequentially-numbered sheets of paper, is capable of holding thousands of bits of information. The sheets of a BOOK are held together with a device called a binding, keeping the sheets in correct order. Opaque Paper Technology allows manufacturers to use both sides of each sheet, doubling the information density! While using the BOOK, each sheet is optically scanned by the user, registering information directly into the brain. After scanning a single sheet, a simple flick of the finger brings up the next sheet of information. BOOK never crashes or needs rebooting (as with certain other information technologies) although it can be damaged should liquids be spilled on it (as with other technologies) and BOOK is not impervious to fire (although Fahrenheit 212 has been determined to be the point of combustion). The "browse" feature of BOOK allows the user to move virtually instantaneously to to any Bio-Optic-Sheet, forward or backward, and many BOOKs come with "index" or "topic" features, allowing the user, or any other user of BOOK, to pinpoint exact locations of an information item for instant retrieval. An optional "bookmark" accessory allows users to open BOOK to the last sheet used in previous sessions and bookmarks fit universal-design standards: amazingly, a single bookmark can be used with BOOKs produced by totally incompatible manufacturers. (Perhaps even more unique, multiple types of bookmarks may be used on a single BOOK, incorporating technologies from metal, paper, and string distributors.) Market analysts believe that BOOK has a bright future in an increasingly complex and technology-driven world. Incidentally, a recent BOOK publication has pointed out that one Johannes Gutenberg (1394-1468) should be credited with being the most important individual of the current millennium:

"If not for Gutenberg, Columbus...might never have set sail, Shakespeare's.... genius could have died with him, and Martin Luther's...Ninety-five Theses would have hung on that door unheeded. In fact, without mass quantities of books to burn, the Inquisition could have fallen flat on its face. The printing press, developed by Gutenberg in the 1430s, helped spread truth, beauty, and yes, heresy throughout the world. We know the Chinese had movable type for centuries before Gutenberg, but they used it for silk printing, not books. Gutenberg, however, always had publishing in mind. Copies of his first major project, the Bible, survive today. He worked for years to perfect his system of movable type and a press that could mass-produce books, leaflets, and propaganda. What little is known about Gutenberg comes from the many lawsuits filed against him for the rights to the invention. But no one successfully challenged Gutenberg's place as the Western inventor of movable type and the printing press. Because his press unharnessed the power of ideas on the world, we rank him ahead of the people whose ideas found an audience through printing [stress added]." Agnes Hooper Gottlieb, Henry Gottlieb, Barbara Bower, Brent Bowers, 1998, 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium (NY: Kodansha International), page 2).

"The Merck Manual has long been an important physicians reference book. The 1899 manual, though, rereleased as a companion to its new centennial edition, makes one wonder what folks will think of our medical practises in 100 years. Some of the alarming advice [from 1899]: for alcoholism, slowly suck an organce. For an earache, pour 'hot as it can be borne' water in the ear. Drink a cup of coffee to help combat insomnia, and administer electric shocks to cut short a hysteria attack. Bleeding from a jugular vein will help acute bronchitis, and morphine suppositories can alleviate vomiting during pregnancy. And for acne? Arsenic, of course." (Time, May 3, 1999, page 18)

http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Styx/8877/mj/mj/html [Dictionary of Management Jargon]

http://www.southasia.net [South Asia]

http://www.nytimes.com/learning [NY Times Learning Network]

http://lanic.utexas.edu/ [University of Texas Latin America Network Information Center Searchable Database]

http://www.lamaralexander.com [Lamar Alxeander] hrrp://www.bauer2k.com [Gary Bauer] http://www.billbradley.com [Bill Bradley] http://www.gopatgo2000.org [Pat Buchanan] http://www.georgewbush.com [George W. Bush] http://www.edole2000.org [Elizabeth Dole] http://www.Forbes2000.com [Steve Forbes] http://www.algore2000.com/ [Al Gore] http://www.kasich2000.com [John R. Kasich] http://www.keyes2000.org [Alan Keyes] http://www.mccainforpresident.org [John McCain] http://www.qualye.org [Dan Qualye] http://www.smithforpresident.org [Bob Smith] see USAToday April 29, 1999, page 8A

http://www.xe.net/currency [Currency Converter]

http://www.lonelyplanet.com [Lonely Planet Guides]

http://travel.roughguides.com [Rough Guides]

http://www.travel-library.com [Travel Library]

http://travel.state/gov [State Department Information]

http://www.vis.com [WorldWide VISA/ATMS]

http://www.mastercard.com/atm [WorldWide Mastercards]

http://www.negroleaguebaseball.com [Negro League Baseball]

WRITING ASSIGNMENT Received: ________ [Late Assignments automatically lost ~5%]	5 points
CONTENT of the Writing Assignment: does the term paper have a specific idea in mind? Is that made clear to the reader? Is the intent of your paper clear?	5 points
STYLE: Is there a clear title, abstract, and section headings?	5 points
SPRADLEY & MCCURDY and/or the Notebook information were included.	5 points
SOURCES beyond the assigned texts were consulted and appropriate source citation techniques were followed: within the body of the text? Sources referenced were actually consulted? World Wide Web/Internet sources readily identifiable?	5 points
MECHANICS of the Writing Assignment: Grammar, Spelling, Sentence Structure, Punctuation, and Proofreading evident. Foreign terms italicized (and uncommon terms explained).	25 points
IDEAS AND INFORMATION presented logically to make the point of the paper?	25 points
TOTAL POINTS & OVERALL COMMENTS on this particular Writing Assignment (And, if necessary, please see the reverse side of this page for additional comments.)	75 Points Total (15%) of Final Grade

http://www3.mcps.k12.md.us/users/rsfay/magic/index.html [Have a look!]

http://www.Japanorama.com [Everything Japanese]

http://www.unesco.org/whc [UNESCO World Heritage List} and a better site @ http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~salmon/world.heritage.html]

http://www.baseballhalloffame.org [Women in Baseball]

http://www.nlbm.com/default.asp [Negro Leagues Baseball Museum]

http://www.newseum.org [Joe Dimaggio: A Photographic Retrospective]

http://www.archivists.org [Society of American Archivists]

http://www.arma.org/hw/armainfo.html [Association of records managers and Administrators]

"Technology does not necessarily change simply because it would be good for the consumer." (Ben H. Bagdikian, 1971, The Information Machines: Their Impact On Men And The Media, page xix).

http://www.mead2001.org [Margaret Mead Web Site]

http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/epidemic/index.html [Epidemic]

http://www.nhgri.nih.gov/ [Human Genome Project]

http://www.ita.doc.gov/industry/otea/utde/index.html [The Digital Economy]

http://www.journalist.org./cgi-bin/online-news [Online News]

http://www.feminist.com/fairpay.htm [National Committee on Pay Equity]

http://www.aflcio.org/women [Working Women Together]

http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/ch.htm [USAToday "Jumping Off" address]

"What measures 1 cubic inch, runs Linux, and precesses 500 percent faster than a PalmPilot (and contains four times more memory)? The world's smallest Web server. Created by Stanford computer science professor Vaughan Pratt, the matchbox-sized computer can theoretically crunch spreadsheets, manage databases, and serve Web sites, all from a road warrior's wrist. Pratt built the server as a demonstration of high processing power in a tiny form factor (his how-to info is at wearables.stanford.edu). As for the small server's big-time potential, he won't make any predictions. 'In this market, a product will succeed if, and only if, the gods smile on it,' Pratt says. 'But it's certainly worth thinking about [stress added].'" by David Pescovitz, Wired [7.05], May 1999, page 41.) [AND please see: http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/report/news/february10/webserver210.html]

"Technological change is neither additive nor subtractive. It is ecological. I mean 'ecological' in the same sense as the word used by environmental scientists. ... A new technology does not add or subtract something. It changes everything [stress added]." Neil Postman, 1992, Technopoly: The Surrender Of Culture To Technology (NY: Vintage), page 18.

http://www.capitals.com [Geography Lesson]

http://www.expatexchange.com [Going Overseas]

http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/robotics-faq/TOC.html [Robotics]

http://www.androidworld.com [Androids]

http://www.marshmallowpeeps.com [The "Official" Peeps Web Site!]

http://www.learnlink.emory.edu/peep/ [On Peeps!]

http://search.eb.com [Encyclopedia Britannica Online 99]

"MARGARET MEAD. The century's foremost woman anthropologist, Margaret Mead [1901-1978] was an American icon. On dozens of field trips to study the ways of primitive [sic] societies, she found evidence to support her strong belief that cultural conditioning, not genetics, molded human behavior. That theme was struck most forcefully in Mea'ds 1928 classic, Coming of Age in Samoa. It described an idyllic pre-industrial society, free of sexual restraint and devoid of violence, guilt and anger. Her portrait of free-loving primtives [sic!] shocked contemporaries and inspired generations of college students--especially during the 1960s sexual revolution. But it may have been too good to be true. While few question Mead's brilliance or integrity, subsequent research showed that Samoan society is no more or less uptight than any other. It seems Mead accepted as fact tribal gossip embellished by adolescent Samoan girls happy to tell the visiting scientist what she wanted to hear [stress added]." Leon Jaroff, Time, March 29, 1999, page 183.

http://ac.acusd.edu/History/WW2Timeline/brinkley.html [Washington Goes To War]

http://www.odedodea.edu/k-12/d-day [World War II: The World Remembers]

http://www.dspace.dial.pipex.com/leuhusen/nam/index.shtml [Vietnam War]

http://www.decani.yunet.com [Father Sava Jacic, Serbian Monk, from Albania] http://www.centraleurope.com/ceo/special/kosovow/intro.html [Central Europe Online] http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1998/10/kosovo [CNN] http://www.crisisweb.org [International Crisis Group]

http://remember.org [Cybrary of the Holocaust]

http://www.library.nwu.edu/govpub/collections/wwii-posters [World War II Poster Database]

http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/100-11.htm [Omaha Beach]

http://www.usmm.org [US Merchant Marine]

http:www.art-ww1.com [World War I Art]

http://pubpages.unh.edu/~cbsiren/myth.html [Myths And Legends]

http://www.ssnewslink.com/demo/sci.html [Science News]

http://www.harbrace.com/anthro/exchange/careers.html [On "careers" in Anthropology from a publisher]

http://www.exxonvaldez.org [Exxon Valdez]

http://www.metagrid.com [Search Engine for Newspapers & Magazines]

http://www.evoyage.com/Whatis.html [Evolutionary Psychology]

"God has arrived on the Internet. The medium that is transforming shopping, pornography, and research is now dramatically changing the way some people worship...." Lisa Miller, 1999, "God Goes Online" in The Wall Street Journal, Friday March 26, page W1 + W12, page W1. http://www.vatican.va [The Vatican] http://www.peachtreepres.org [Peachtree Presbyterian, Atlanta, GA] http://www.emanuelnyc.org [CyberSeder] http://www.execpc.com [First Church of Cyberspace] http://www.Islamicity.com [Islamicity.com] http://www.hindunet.org [Hindunet] http://www.jewishfamily.com [Jewish Family Life] http://www.guideposts.org [Christian Web Site] http://www.buddhanet.net [Buddhanet] http://www.crosswalk.com [Crosswalk]

"Real Cheap PCs. It doesn't seem that long ago that a good deal on a computer meant a new PC that sold for under a grand. Now the cheapest PC practically pays for itself. The $299 Webzter Jr. desktop from Microworkz Computer Corp. packs a surprisingly powerful punch with its 300-MHz Cyrix processor, 32 megabytes of memory and a 3.2-gigabyte hard drive. Like every other sub-$1,000 PC, it comes without a monitor, but it does give you one year of free Internet service from Earthlink, a $240 value." Time, March 29, 1999, page 228.

http://www.sonoma.edu/ProjectCensored/1998book.html [Project Censored from Sonoma State University]

"$1,585: Cost of a one-year academy membership, two top-price seats for the [Academy] awards [on March 21, 1999], plus a limo for 10 hours. $600: Average annual income in the Phillipines [with apopulation of ~77,725,862]." Time, March 29, 1999 page 43 and The World Almanac And Book of Facts 1999, page 833.

"Laptops Grow Legs. Portable computers prove easy to steal and easier to sell. ... That's why 309,000 laptops were stolen in 1997, up from 265,000 laptops the previous year, according to Safeware, a specialist in computer insurance [stress added]." (Maggie Jackson, San Francisco Chronicle, March 10, 1999, page E2) [Please note: with 309,000/8766, this works out to 35.24 laptops stolen per hour in 1997!]

"Scientists have invented a device that shoots streams of atoms in any direction the same way a laser sends out beams of light. The breakthrough...could lead to a revolutionary new tool for making extremely small computer chips....A report on the work appears today in the journal Science." (Paul Reuter, 1999, "Invention of an Atom Laser Reported." San Francisco Chronicle, March 12, 1999, page A3).

"Project Oxygen May Blow Away Web Speeds. ... Crisscrossing the globe, the 37 year old telecommunications expert [Neil Tagare] is proposing what many consider unfathomable: A $10 billion, 100,000-mile worldwide network that he claims will be up to 5.5 million times faster than the World Wide Web. Project Oxygen...Launched in mid-1997...will undergo several phases before it is completed in early 2003. ... Oxygen will 'allow anyone-large corporation, cable provider-to participate in the world's fastest Internet service,' Tagare said. 'It is not an exclusive club for universities and selected companies.' The subtle dig is at Internet2 [please see March 8, 1999 in these pages] a coalition of universities and high-tech companies formed in late 1996. Last month it flipped the switch on a key segment of its private research network that connects 70 college campuses. The nonprofit organization includes Stanford University, the University of California at Berkeley and Harvard University, as well as major corporate sponsors Cisco Systems, IBM, Qwest Communications and Nortel. The 13,000-mile Internet2 network is 45,000 times faster than the commercial Web, but it is not available to the public. Only researchers and employees at the colleges and corporate sponsors can use it. Consumers eventually will be able to use cutting-edge applications created on Internet2 but only after they have been developed and sold by Internet2 members for commercial purposes [stress added]." (Jon Swartz, March 12, 1999, San Francisco Chronicle, page B1 + B7; and see http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1999/03/15/BU89773.DTL as well as http://www.oxygen.org]

http://www.jewishgen.org/ [Jewish Genealogical site]

http://ccharity.com/ [African American Genealogical site]

http://www.nf.sympatico.ca/Features/StPatrick/stphistory.html AND http://www.bampfa.berkeley.edu/exhibits/irish/ [20th Century Irish Paintings]

http://metalab.unc.edu/pha/ [University of North Carolina World War II Resources]

http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/WWII_Women/tocCS.html [What Did You Do In The War, Grandma?]

http://www.skypoint.com/members/jbp/kaigun.htm [Imperial Japanese Navy Page]

http://www.holocaust-history.org [The Holocaust History Project]

http://www.coara.or.jp/~ryoji/abomb/e-index.html [Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Survival]

HERE you have some items that refer to last week's production on the CSU, Chico campus of Anton Chekhov's Three Sisters (directed by Dr. Sue Pate) http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/3Sisters.htm [Some "words" by Urbanowicz] http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/ac/yr/Anton_Chekhov.html [The Anton Chekhov Page] http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/ac/sisters.htm [Three Sisters] http://endeavor.med.nyu.edu/lit-med/lit-med-db/webdocs/webdescrips/chekhov846-des-.html [Three Sisters] http://www.english.upenn.edu/~cmazer/3sisters.html [Three Sisters] http://www-tech.mit.edu/V115/N12/sisters.12a.html [Three Sisters] http://www.abc.net.au/rn/arts/preview/oct96/block43.htm [Three Sisters] http://homepages.wwc.edu/clubs/aswwc/publications/collegian/online/mar06/3sisters.htm [Three Sisters] http://www.inch.com/~cesarano/thesis.txt [1994 M.A. Thesis entitled The Role of Andrei Sergeevich Prozorov In The Three Sisters]

http://www.oscar.com [Oscar site]

http://www.starwars com OR www.aple.com [Trailer #2 for Star Wars Episode #1, which premiers May 19, 1999 - NOT on May 21, 1999, as referenced in WEEK 16 above!

"Virtual University Receives Real Accreditation. Jones International University, an on-line institution based near Denver, has become the first U.S. university operating entirely on line to earn accreditation, the school is announcing today. Jones International, established in 1995, was accredited Friday by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, one of six regional accrediting bodies." (Mary Beth Marklein, USAToday, March 10, 1999, page 1D) [and see http://www.jonesinternational.edu/]

"Health, freedom, financial security, congenial work and reciprocated love." The "five essentials to happiness" as reported in the San Francisco Chronicle, March 13, 1999, page E6.

"Only a few years ago, computers were as big as refrigerators. Now, Frigidaire Home Products has unveilved a fridge that containts one. The computer has a touch-screen monitor and a bar code scanner mounted on the freezer door. There's even a jack for Internet connection. After empyting a carton of milk or eating a frozen dinner, you could swipe the package past the bar-code scanner, tap a couple of buttons on the screen, and the fridge would order replacements from an online grocery store. Since many bills now carry bar codes as well, you could even swipe them by the door and let the freezer do the paying. Frigidaire hasn't nailed down plans to market the concept, but its parent, Electrolux of Sweden, is working on that with ICL, a British computer maker [stress added]." Business Week, March 15, 1999, page 103.

http://www.ifwtwa.org/airlink.htm [Comprehensive listing of airline links]

"Backers of Internet2 -- a faster, more powerful sequel to the Internet -- are launching the online system nationwide this month. A coalition of universities and high-tech companies yesterday announced that a key technological piece of the private research network -- dubbed the Abilene project -- will connect 70 college campuses, including Stanford University, the University of California at Berkeley and Harvard University, as well as major corporate sponsors Cisco Systems, Qwest Communications and Nortel. When operational on February 24, the 13,000-mile, 2.4 gigabits-per- second network will be 100 to 1,000 times faster than the commercial Web. But it will be available to far fewer people: Only researchers and employees at the colleges and corporate sponsors can use it and it will not be offered to consumers. Some 140 universities that have financially contributed to Internet2 should have access to the new network by 2000. Consumers will eventually be able to use cutting-edge applications developed on Internet2, but only after they have been developed and sold by Internet2 members for commercial purposes. ... Engineers in different states could design products together in 3-D environments. Hospitals would be able to collaborate on diagnosing diseases by using computer-generated images broadcast over the Net. And college professors and students could mine vast databases of information from 'digital libraries' at more than 100 universities nationwide. Internet2 and a similar project, the government-backed Next Generation Internet, are modeled after the original Internet -- except they'll use fiber-optic circuits instead of standard telephone lines and more sophisticated software. Both projects plan only limited links to the Internet [stress added]." (Jon Swartz, San Francisco Chronicle, February 9, 1999, page B1; also http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1999/02/09/BU98824.DTL]

http://www.discovery.com/exp/epidemic/epidemic.html [Epidemic!]

http://www.monster.com [On-line Recruitment Agency]

"A Glimpse into the numbers nightmare....When he was 21 [years old],...got his first pager. ... [Now aged 33] Ever since, the San Lorenzo resident who owns an electronics security business, has had a love-hate relationship with his digital leashes. He's got two cell phones, pager, backup pager, two fax numbers, three phone lines at home. Not long ago, he was horrified to find himself on the freeway talking in both of his cell phones at the same time [stress added]." (Elizabeth Fernandez, 1999, "Numerical Overload Has Folks Counting To 10" in San Francisco Examiner, March 7, pages 1 and A-14, page A-14). 

"If your Mother says she loves you, Check it out." (The "careful journalist's credo as stated by an Editor at the Chicago City News, in USA Today, February 26, 1999, page 4A)

"Being able to talk easily to computers has been a dream since before the days of Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey. Now, thanks to Intel Corp.'s new Pentium III processor, talking to PCs could soon be quick, simple, and commonplace. How so? The Pentium III can zoom through the complex math used in speech recognition. With older chips, some users had to spend almost a half-hour 'training' their software to understand them. On Pentium III PCS, the processor takes less than five minutes. ... could ignite the market for speech software. And even better chips are in the offing. On Feb 23 [1999], Intel previewed a Pentium III running at 1 gigahertz, twice its current rate and the fastest chip speed ever shown. Commercial versions could be on the market by the end of 2000 [stress added]." Andy Reinhardt, "Say What?" in Business Week, March 8, 1999, page 6.

http://www.msbet.com/channel/blackhistory99 [Black History Month]

http://www.fi.edu/flights [Aviation]

http://www.mariner.org/exhibits/tattoo/index.htm [Tattoos!]

http://forests.lic.wisc.edu/pngtoktok/ [Papua Niugini Toktok Bilong Lukautim]
[NOTE: This now replaces the second URL reference on page 37 of your printed Notebook.]

http://www.wiesenthal.com/mot/index.html [Museum of Tolerance]
[NOTE: This now replaced the "Museum of Tolerance' link on page 41 of your printed Notebook]

http://www.altnews.com.au/cargocult/jonfrum/ [Jon Frum Movement in Vanuatu]
[NOTE: This is now the URL for "Cargo Cults" on page 43 of your printed Notebook]

http://www.lib.berkeley.edu:80/ [and "click on" Electronic Indexes & Abstracts for some that are available to you but some are restricted to the UC.]
[NOTE: this URL is now the URL reference at the top of page 72 of your printed Notebook]

Remember: Similar information like this last URL appears locally at: http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/guides/rbs/index.html

[And my thanks to the individual who took the time to point out the "broken links" on the pages: any more?]

and added:

http://vector.cshl.org/dnaftb/ [DNA from the Beginning]

http://ren.dm.net/compendium/home.html [Elizabethan England: 1558-1603]

http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/ [Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement]

and remember:

http://www.csuchico.edu/stcp/lib_workshops.shtml#ReSEARCH [Library Workshops]

http://www.csuchico.edu/plc/ [Career Planning]

http://www.thebluehighway.com/bhistory.html [TBH, Black history month]

NOTE: "[Children] Born during a baby bulge that demographers locate between 1979 and 1994, they are as young as five and as old as 20, with the largest slice still a decade away from adolescence. And at 60 million strong, more than three times the size of Generation X, they're the biggest thing to hit the American scene since the 72 million baby boomers. Still too young to have forged a name for themselves, they go by a host of taglines: Generation Y, Echo Boomers, or Millennium Generation. ... Most important though, is the rise of the Internet, which has sped up the fashion life cycle by letting kids everywhere find out about even the most obscure trends as they emerge. It is the Gen Y medium of choice, just as network TV was for boomers. 'Television drives homogeneity,' says Mary Slayton, global director for consumer insights for Nike. 'The Interet drives diversity [stress added].'" Ellen Newborne et al., 1999, "Generation Y" in Business Week, February 15, 1999, pages 80-88, page 82-83.

http://www.csuchico.edu/stcp/workshops.shtml [Student Computing Workshops]

and

http://www.csuchico.edu/stcp/lib_workshops.shtml#ReSEARCH [Library Workshops - Spring 1999]

http://isfahan.anglia.ac.uk:8200/isfahan0.html [Islamic Architecture] 

http://www.loc.gov [Library of Congress "Jumping Off" Point]

"Computers are spawning a genuine revolution in human culture. As with any revolution, the long-term cultural and ethical ramifications remain unclear. We have no definitive sense of where we are going; we know simply that we are going there quickly. The sheer pace of change often keeps us from digging below the surface and developing the resources we need to make sense of computers on any deep, personal level. The most common response to the rapid change and uncertainty that computation has engendered is to fall on one side of an extreme--either elevate computers to the role of saviors or become neo-Luddites and cite them as the main source of our contemporary woes. In light of the ways in which computers are saturating our reality, these views are naïve, maybe even dangerous." Jennifer Cobb, 1998, Cybergrace: The Search For God In The Digital World, page 19.

http://www.tcfg.com [Too Cool for Grownups]

and remember:

http://rce.csuchico.edu/rv/Darwin.html [Darwin "streaming video"]

http://www.ele.net/ [Paleoindian & Other Archaeological Stuff]

http://www.netgrocer.com [Groceries on the Internet = for Allana?]

http://store.us.levi.com:80/store/home.asp [Semester-on-Line} Allana Blanco Activities]

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education [Modern World history]

http://cpnss.lse.ac.uk/darwin/evo/help.htm [The evolutionist]

http://sac.neighborhoodlink.com [Sacramento Neighborhoods]

"Nothing was ever invented, however, which did not bring some immediate--if temporary--misery to some, though it might eventually be a blessing to all." Brian Bailey, 1998, The Luddite Rebellion (NY: NYU Press), page 3.

http://www.news365.com/ [News available on the Web] 

http://www.longnow.org/ [The Long Now Foundation - about "time"] 

http://www.asap.unimelb.edu.au/hstm/hstm_alphabetical.htm [History of Science, Technology, and Medicine]

http://adage.com/news_and_features/special_reports/commercials/ [Advertising Age's 50 best commercials from the 1940s to the 1990s]

http://www.wfs.org/index.htm#outlook [Ten "predictions" for 1999 from The World Future Society]

http://www.namgyal.org/blessing.html [The Blessing of Cyberspace by Tibetan Monks in 1996] 

"In a time of drastic change, the learners will inherit the future." Eric Hoffer (1902-1983)

"It's a puzzlement. U.S. companies announced a record 678,000 job cuts in 1998, but the unemployment rate dropped to 4.3% in December, a 28-year low. ...what keeps driving the U.S. economy? It's the new economy, plain and simple. ... For example, the information industries broadly defined, have for the first time become the biggest job creators in the economy. Over the past year, more than 37% of new jobs have come from information-related service industries, such as communications, education, software, consulting, and financial services.... [stress added]." (Michael J. Mandel, 1999, Cracking This Crazy Economy. Business Week, January 25, 1999, pp. 39-40, page 39)