"My reasons for hope are fourfold: (1) the human brain; (2) the resilience of nature; (3) the energy and enthusiasm that is found or can be found or can be kindled among young people worldwide; and (4) the indomitable human spirit [stress added]." Jane Goodall [with Phillip Berman], 1999, Reason For Hope: A Spiritual Journey (NY: Warner Books), page 233.

ANTHROPOLOGY 13-01 & 13-02 13-01} MWF 10->10:50am in Ayres 106 and 13-02} MWF 12->12:50pm in Butte 319	Dr. Charles F. Urbanowicz/Professor of Anthropology
FALL 1999 Guidebook / WEB SYLLABUS	California State University, Chico/Office: Butte 317
Human Cultural Diversity [TRACS #10169 & #10170]	Office Hours: Mon & Wed} 8:30->9:30am & 3->4:30pm
ANTH 13-01} 10-10:50am (AYRES 106) ANTH 13-02} 12-12:50pm (BUTTE 319)	Office Phone: (530) 898-6220 / Dept: (530) 898-6192
e-mail: curbanowicz@csuchico.edu	http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/

© Charles F. Urbanowicz/July 12, 1999} This copyrighted Web Guidebook, printed from http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/syllabi/SYL_13-F99.html, is intended for use by students enrolled at California State University, Chico, in the Fall Semester of 1999 and unauthorized use/publication is strictly prohibited; for a MOST IMPORTANT BRIEF DISCLAIMER ESSAY about these ANTH 13 web pages, please click here! PLEASE NOTE: when this Web Guidebook was being placed on the CSU, Chico WWW in July 1999, some campus changes were being discussed: as a result, when classes begin on August 23, 1999, this Syllabus may be located at: http://www-new.csuchico.edu/~curban/syllabi/SYL_13-F99.html.

DESCRIPTION: The course explores culture as the basis for understanding the human experience, including an examination of cross-cultural diversity. This is an approved General Education course. This is an approved Non-Western course. (The 1999-2001 University Catalog, page 193.)

THREE REQUIRED TEXTS AVAILABLE IN ASSOCIATED STUDENTS BOOKSTORE:

Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00.
George R. Stewart (1949) Earth Abides.
Charles F. Urbanowicz (Fall 1999 edition) Anthropology 13 Guidebook [also at http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/syllabi/SYL_13-F99.html]

THREE RECOMMENDED ITEMS INCLUDE:

An English Language dictionary.
William A. Strunk, Jr. (1979) The Elements of Style (3rd edition).
The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1999.

ASSESSMENT: There are no make-up exams and late Writing Assignments will not be accepted. (In dire emergencies please contact Urbanowicz as soon as possible b.e.f.o.r.e. or after the emergency!) Please note the following important dates:

WRITING ASSIGNMENT #1	DUE ON 9/17/99 (5%) at the end of Week 4.
EXAM I	ON 9/24/99 (20%) Based on readings and lectures to 9/22/99 (at the end of Week 5).
EXAM II	ON 11/5/99 (25%) Based on readings and lectures since 9/27/99 to 11/3/99 (end of Week 11).
WRITING ASSIGNMENT #2	DUE ON 12/3/99 (15%) at the End of Week 15.
EXAM III} 13-01 = WED (10-11:50am) EXAM III} 13-02 = WED (12->1:50pm)	ON 12/15/99 (30%) Based on readings and lectures from 11/8/99 to 12/10/99 and major points and Earth Abides.
CLASS PARTICIPATION	8/23/99 ---> 12/10/99 (5%).

THE COURSE is heavily mediated with visuals and you are responsible for certain information presented in this manner. Individuals are expected to locate major land masses discussed in lectures, readings, visuals, etc. Each examination has a map component based on the maps in one of the required texts: Anthropology 13 Guidebook . Individuals are also responsible for selected information distributed in any additional handouts for the course. Writing Assignment #1 should be approximately 500-700 words. Writing Assignment #2 should be approximately 1500-1700 words. Both Writing Assignments should be typed and/or word-processed and double-spaced. PLEASE NOTE: Various WWW addresses are given below and will be expanded upon and explained throughout the semester, but at this time, no examination questions will be based on these WWW locations: they are being shared with you for exploration on your own. [The above paragraph contains 137 words.]

PLEASE CONSIDER: INTERNATIONAL FORUM (SOSC 100-01#14615) for One Unit every Tuesday from 4-5:20pm in Ayres Hall 120 and ANTHROPOLOGY FORUM (ANTH 297-01#10213) for One Unit every Thursday from 4-5:20pm in Ayres Hall 120.

CSU, CHICO GRADING SYSTEM [from the 1999-2001 University Catalog, pages 156-157]

The Functions of Grading: Underlying the rationale for grades is the theme of communication. Grades communicate one or more of the following functions:

1.To recognize that classroom instructors have the right and responsibility to provide careful evaluation of student performance and the responsibility for timely assignment of appropriate grades;
2.To recognize performance in a particular course;
3.To act as a basis of screening for other courses or programs (including graduate school);
4.To inform you of your level of achievement in a specific course; To stimulate you to learn;
5.To inform prospective employers and others of your achievement.

DEFINITION OF LETTER GRADING SYMBOLS:

A -- Superior Work: A level of achievement so outstanding that it is normally attained by relatively few students.
B -- Very Good Work: A high level of achievement clearly better than adequate competence in the subject matter/skill, but not as good as the unusual, superior achievement of students earning an A.
C -- Adequate Work: A level of achievement indicating adequate competence in the subject matter/skill. This level will usually be met by a majority of students in the class.
D -- Minimally Acceptable Work: A level of achievement which meets the minimum requirements of the course.
F -- Unacceptable Work: A level of achievement that fails to meet the minimum requirements of the course. Not passing.

1. WEEK 1: 23 AUGUST 1999: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW TO THE COURSE.

2. WEEK 2: 30 AUGUST 1999: WHAT DOES AN ANTHROPOLOGIST DO FOR A LIVING?

3. WEEK 3: DAYS OF 8 AND 10 SEPTEMBER 1999: CULTURE & ETHNOGRAPHY (CONTINUED)

4. WEEK 4: 13 SEPTEMBER 1999: RESEARCH, ECOLOGY, & INTO LANGUAGE & WA #1 DUE September 17.

5. WEEK 5: 20 SEPTEMBER 1999: LANGUAGE, COMMUNICATION & REVIEW, and EXAM I on September 24.

6. WEEK 6: 27 SEPTEMBER 1999: SUBSISTENCE AND ECOLOGY (CONTINUED)

7. WEEK 7: 4 OCTOBER 1999: ECONOMICS & KINSHIP & FAMILY & MAGIC & RELIGION & ...

8. WEEK 8: 11 OCTOBER 1999: ROLES & INEQUALITY & ECONOMICS & CHANGE

9. WEEK 9: 18 OCTOBER 1999: WEEK #8 TOPICS CONTINUED & CULTURE CHANGE

10. WEEK 10: 25 OCTOBER 1999: CULTURE CHANGE (CONTINUED)

11. WEEK 11: 1 NOVEMBER 1999: CULTURE CHANGE, REVIEW, and EXAM II on November 5.

12. WEEK 12: 8 NOVEMBER 1999: INTO THE PACIFIC AND CONTINUED CULTURE CHANGE

13. WEEK 13: 15 NOVEMBER 1999: ON RELIGION, MAGIC, AND WORLD VIEW (AGAIN)

14. WEEK 14: MONDAY November 22->FRIDAY NOVEMBER 26, 1999} THANKSGIVING VACATION WEEK!

15. WEEK 15: 29 NOVEMBER 1999: ALMOST OVER & WINDING DOWN & WA #2 DUE on December 3, 1999.

16. WEEK 16: 6 DECEMBER 1999: CULTURE CHANGE, APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY, AND REVIEW for EXAM III NEXT WEEK on WEDNESDAY December 15, 1999, for BOTH sections: for ANTH 13-01 (the 10am Ayres 106 MWF section) EXAM III is from 10->11:50am in Ayres 106 and for ANTH 13-02 (the Noon Butte Hall MWF section) EXAM III is from 12->1:50pm in Butte Hall 319.

1. An understanding of the phenomenon of culture as that which differentiates human life from other life forms; an understanding of the roles of human biology and cultural processes in human behavior and human evolution.

2. A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

3. A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

4. Familiarity with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources and knowledge of how to access such information.

5. Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

6. The ability to present and communicate in anthropologically appropriate ways anthropological knowledge and the results of anthropological research.

7. Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought.

"How you think about who you are right now has everything to do with what will happen to you in the future." (C.C. Carter, Chico Enterprise-Record, May 6, 1997, page 12A).

"Anthropology provides a scientific basis for dealing with the crucial dilemma of the world today: how can peoples of different appearance, mutually unintelligble languages, and dissimilar ways of life get along peaceably together? Of course, no branch of knowledge constitutes a cure-all for all the ills of mankind. ... Students who had not gone beyond the horizon of their own society could not be expected to perceive custom which was the stuff of their own thinking. The scientist of human affairs needs to know as much about the eye that sees as the object seen. Anthropology holds up a great mirror to man[kind] and lets him [and her!] look at himself in his infinite variety. This, and not the satisfaction of idle curiosity nor romantic quest, is the meaning of the anthropologist's work.... [stress in original]" Clyde Kluckhohn, 1949, Mirror For Man: The Relation of Anthropology To Modern Life, page 1 and page 10)

"By viewing ourselves in a mirror which reflects reality, we can see our past as undistorted and no longer have to peer into our future as through a glass darkly." Ronald Takaki, 1993, A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America, page 427.

"The unit of survival [or adaptation] is organism plus environment. We are learning by bitter experience that the organism which destroys its environment destroys itself." (Gregory Bateson, Steps to an Ecology of Mind, 1972: 483)

"We are heading into a century in which the old gods will certainly continue to crumble. As a nation we can no longer simply see ourselves as shades of pale. The new century will be in living color, and it may often speak in languages that are unfamiliar to our ears. Women will walk fully out of the shadows of men's dreams. If we wish to build a new world, we will have to understand the way that worlds are made and how ideas can freeze into dogma" (Caryl Rivers, 1996, Slick Spins And Fractured Facts: How Cultural Myths Distort The News, page xiv).

"Anyone who stops learning is old, whether at twenty or eighty. Anyone who keeps learning stays young. The greatest thing in life is to keep your mind young." Henry Ford [1863-1947]

"Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry and narrow-mindness." (Samuel Langhorn Clemens, also known as Mark Twain [1835-1910], The Innocents Abroad, 1869).

"In many crucial ways, the Earth is becoming as small as it appears to orbiting astronauts and cosmonauts. Global communications, universal trends, and common aspirations are making us more alike than we are different. Despite our rich cultural diversity, we gradually are becoming nearly one world. ... We share history. World War II tore us apart. ... We share technology. Communication satellites make it possible for millions to share the information and entertainment that's on television. Satellites have also revolutionized telephone and telefax communication. We sent reporters all over the world, but rarely were they out of reach of a telephone. We share high-speed transportation. Today, it takes less than twenty-four hours to travel between virtually any two points in the world." (Allen H. Neurath [with Jack Kelley and Juan J. Walte], 1989, Nearly One World, pages 4-6)

"The only rational way of educating is to be an example--if one can't help it, a warning example." (Albert Einstein [1879-1955], 1921 Nobel Laureate in Physics, Ideas and Opinions, 1954: page 283).

"Learning can be seen as the acquisition of information, but before it can take place, there must be interest; interest permeates all endeavors and precedes learning. In order to acquire and remember new knowledge, it must stimulate your curiosity in some way." (Richard Saul Wurman, 1989, Information Anxiety, page 138)

"I say, therefore, that we think with or through ideas and what we call thinking is generally the application of preexisting ideas to a given situation or set of facts. ...When a thing is intelligible you have a sense of participation; when a thing is unintelligible you have a sense of estrangement." (F. Schumacher, 1973, Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered, page 84)

"Interest is a sense of being involved in some process, actual or potential. ...Interest is not the same as attention. Attention is a simple response to a stimulus--either to a loud bang or (much more powerful) to a feeling of interest. Interest is selective, an expenditure of energy by the interested party. ... Memory is an internally edited record of interests (not of attention, much less of 'events')." (Henry Hay, 1972, The Amateur Magician's Handbook, pp. 2-3

"In the age of information, survival still depends on hunters and gatherers. In that modern day tribe called a corporation, it's still the survival of the fittest. And in the treacherous nineties, the fittest will certainly be the best informed. So making it safely--and prosperously--through the next quarter may well depend on having a plentiful supply of the news and information business feeds on." [Paid Advertisement for the Dow Jones Information Services in The Wall Street Journal, August 19, 1991.

"Education is the acquisition of the art of the utilisation of knowledge" (Alfred North Whitehead [1861-1947], The Aims of Education, 1929: 16)

"The cutting edge of knowledge is not in the known but in the unknown, not in knowing but in questioning. Facts, concepts, generalizations, and theories are dull instruments unless they are honed to a sharp edge by persistent inquiry about the unknown." (Ralph H. Thompson [1911-1987] American Educator).

"Make sure your employees [or students!] are learning something every day. Ideally, they should learn things that directly help on the job, but learning anything at all should be encouraged. The more you know, the more connections form in your brain, and the easier every task becomes. Learning creates job satisfaction and supports a person's ego and energy level [stress added]" (Scott Adams, 1996, The Dilbert™ Principle: A Cubicle's-Eye View Of Bosses, Meetings, Management Fads & Other Workplace Afflictions, page 322).

"The two most engaging powers of an author [or teacher] are to make new things familiar, and familiar things new." Samuel Johnson, The Lives of the English Poets (1779-81). [A Dictionary of Literary Quotations Compiled by M. Stevens, 1990, page 95]

"We were getting close to the answer and I was beginning to fly. I could feel my brain cells doing a little tap dance of delight. I was half-skipping, excitement bubbling out of me as we crossed the street. 'I love information. I love information. Isn't this great? God, it's fun...'" (The character Kinsey Milhone, in Sue Grafton, 1990, "G" Is For Gumshoe, page 277)

"There was a calmness in her, a quality of settled self-confidence in the way she leaned back in her chair, the simplicity of her attire, the understatement of her makeup. She knew herself and was happy with what she knew. It made her formidable." (Robert B. Parker, 1997, Small Vices, page 40.)

"Have you ever stopped to think how much your life depends on information? Almost everything does! While some people might succeed with more luck than brains, we all improve our chances by basing our decisions on well-considered information. For quality information, today's consistently successful decision-makers rely on a combination of mind and machinery. Getting the best combination requires understanding how the two fit together and the roles that each might play. It also requires having a personal information strategy that matches your individual information interests, problem-solving skills, and technology preference [stress added]." Arno Penzias [1978 Nobel Laureate in Physics], 1989, Ideas And Information: Managing In A High-Tech World (NY: Simon & Schuster), page 9.

"Throughout the ages, technology has helped shape the facts we humans think about. As our knowledge has increased, so have our tools and the ways we employ them. Today, technology is so complex and pervasive that it dominates much of the environment in which human beings live and work. For this reason, I feel we need a better understanding of how technology affects the ways in which we now create and explore ideas." Arno Penzias [1978 Nobel Laureate in Physics], 1989, Ideas And Information: Managing In A High-Tech World (NY: Simon & Schuster), page 179-180.

"Since we cannot know all that there is to know about everything, we ought to know a little about everything" (Blaise Pascal [1623-1662]).

"In a way, looking back at the past 20 years is like going to your high school reunion: Everyone there looks somewhat the same, but everything has completely changed. Twenty years ago, only doctors had pagers, there were no cell phones, no personal computers, no ATM machines, no Internet, no Starbucks. San Francisco looked like a smaller Manhattan, and San Jose looked like a smaller Los Angeles." (San Francisco Chronicle, May 30, 1999, page 1)

I. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW TO THE COURSE: COURSE ORGANIZATION & PLANNING.

A. What Does An Anthropologist Do? For a MASSIVE Anthropology site [my term for it], please see: http://www.unipv.it/webbio/dfantrop.htm as well as Anthropology Resources on the Internet and the local: http://www.csuchico.edu/lbib/anthropology/anthropology.html; and http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/guides/rbs/anthro.htm [Anthropology "jumping off" point at CSU, Chico], as well as http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/anthropology/svcp/ [The Silicon Valley Cultures Project].

PLEASE take a look at pages 6 & 7 for various WWW pages in one of your required texts: Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00.

An understanding of the phenomenon of culture as that which differentiates human life from other life forms; an understanding of the roles of human biology and cultural processes in human behavior and human evolution.

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

"Open your discourse with a jest, and let your hearers laugh a little; then become serious." (Talmud: Shabbath. 30b)

"A picture shows me at a glance what it takes dozens of pages of a book to expound." (Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev [1818-1838], Fathers and Sons (1862), Chapter 16.

"Anthropology--From Greek anthropos (man) and logia (study)--is the systematic wonder about and the scientific study of humans. Wonder about humans is probably as old as man [and woman!], Homo sapiens." Morris Freilich, 1983, The Pleasure of Anthropology, page x.

"The barbarous heathen are nothing more strange to us than we are to them.... Human reason is a tincture in like weight and measure infused into all our opinions and customs, what form soever they be, infinite in matter, infinite in diversity." (Michel Eyquem de Montaigne [1533-1592], Essays, page 53 [1959 paperback publication of a translation from 1603].

B. Please see Create Your Own Newspaper (http://crayon.net/using/links.html) as well as http://orion.csuchico.edu and for "Anthropology In The News" please glance at http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html.
C. Text(s), Assignments, Examinations (Three), and Grading
D. How to "use" this Guidebook, Film Notes, and various WWW "addresses" shared with you. PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING taken from Rick Steves' Europe Through the Back Door 1999 (1998, pages 8-9):

"Guidebooks are $15 tools for $3,000 experiences. Many otherwise smart people base the trip of a lifetime on a borrowed copy of a three-year-old guidebook. The money they saved in the bookstore was wasted the first day of their trip, searching for hotels and restaurants long since closed. When I visit someplace as a rank beginner--a place like Belize or Sri Lanka--I equip myself with a good guidebook and expect myself to travel smart. I travel like an old pro, not because I'm a super traveler, but because I have good information and use it. I'm a connoisseur of guidebooks. My trip is my child. I love her. And I give her the best tutors money can buy. Too many people are penny-wise and pound-foolish when it comes to information. ... All you need is a good guidebook covering your destination. Before buying a book, study it. How old is the information? The cheapest books are often the oldest--no bragain. Who wrote it? What's the author's experience? Does the book work for you--or the tourist industry? Does it specialize in hard opinions--or superlatives? For whom is it written? Is it readable? It should have personality without chattiness and information without fluff. Don't believe everything you read. The power of the printed word is scary. Most books are peppered with information that is flat-out wrong. Incredibly enough, even this book may have an error" [stress added]." Rick Steves' Europe Through the Back Door 1999 (1998, pages 8-9).

E. Desired Outcomes of the Course: for you and for me!

"Experts call this new field 'cognitive computing,' a blend of behavioral sciences and computer science. Some Web developers now employ staffs of psychologists, sociologists, and cultural anthropologists, along with the requisite software engineers, to create Web interfaces that are tailor-made for a particular market, or, in some instances, for an individual customer's consciousness. 'You have to be a student of human behavior to be an effective e-commerce developer...you have to tailor content to those differences online [stress added].'" (Gene Koprowski, 1998, The (New) Hidden Persuaders. The Wall Street Journal, December 7, 1998, page R10.)

"That writer does the most, who gives his [or her!] reader the most knowledge, and takes from him [or her!!] the least time." (Charles Caleb Colton [1780-1832], 1825 statement.) PS: " The palest ink is better than the best memory." (Chinese proverb) and "The ear is a less trustworthy witness than the eye." (Herodotus [c.485-426 B.C.], The Histories of Herodotus, Book 1, Chapter 8)

"Connections Matter: Our brains aren't designed to retain random bits of information. We remember things by linking them to what we already know. The process is called 'elaborative encoding.' (1) A name is easy to forget when its only point of reference is a face. Lacking links to other memories, it fades within seconds. (2) As you learn facts about a person, such as her [or his] profession, her [and his] name gets embedded in a web of thoughts and impressions. If you don't know her [or him], random associations have a similar effect. (3) As the web of associations grows, so does the number of paths leading back to the name. Well-encoded memories last a lifetime." (Geoffrey Cowley and Anne Underwood, Memory. Newsweek, June 15, 1998, page 51)

"The things taught in schools and colleges are not an education, but the means of education" and "Any time is a good time if you know what to do with it." (Ralph Waldo Emerson [1803-1882])

"Education is the foundation stone of true social justice." (Camile Paglia [1947- ], Vamps & Tramps: New Essays, page xviii)

"You are the only person whom you will be with for the rest of your life, so you should learn to be at peace with who you are and how valuable you are in God's eyes." (James Finn Garner as cited in Rachel Chandler, 1998, The Most Important Lessons In Life: Letters To A Young Girl, page 48)

F. Previous ANTH 13 Student Comments:

"Listen and absorb and you will learn that life is an intellectual process." (ANTH 13 Student, Spring 1999)

"What a bummer, just another G.E. course to waste your time in. ANTH 13 is anything but that; Urbanowicz gets you to think about yourself and others in a new way." (ANTH 13 Student, Spring 1998)

"If you fail to take the time to see the Earth breathe & change, then you are merely a number, statistic, or a tombstone. Live and thrive upon the vibrance of the Earth." (ANTH 13 Student, Fall 1998)

"Enjoy what is presented to you. Look @ the world around you while exploring other cultures." (ANTH 13 Student, Spring 1999)

"All I have to say about your class is thank you! It is inspiring as not only a student but as a human being to see and experience the passion and love you have for anthropology. This year for the first time in my life, right around my 21st birthday, I freaked out about my future and occupation. But seeing you twice a week, standing in front of an unethusiastic bunch of college students at 9:30 in the morning and give them intriguiging lectures with authentic enthusiasm helped me more than you will ever know. Also, thank you for encouraging me to use my passion for...in my term paper. You are an awesome professor!" (ANTH 13 Student, Spring 1998)

"There is a lot of information but it is really interesting stuff." - "Don't miss a day. Each day is a learning experience. Read... the Guidebook before each class." - "I always thought I could get away with not reading each day before class. He actually does pick very relevant material. This is not a class you can get away with by not keeping up with the reading." - "You should really study ahead for the tests; there's too much to learn from the notes to leave it for the last minute." - "Be prepared to listen quickly. Urbanowicz is a fast talker. Don't miss class. Sometimes the movies are boring, but in the long run you learn more than you realize you are learning." - "Have fun and get into discussions." - "Use this class as a tool to think about life. Use it to expand on every thought you've ever had." - "It is a perfect class to introduce you to the world of anthropology." (Various Combined Fall 1997 Student comments)

"Read the Guidebook ...before class and after. It will first give you an overview and then give you a review of the material." (ANTH 13 Student, Fall 1998)

"Your class has been the most intriguiging course I beleive I have ever taken. It has given me a chance to look humbly at myself, yet explore my genius. Your overheads & transparencies almost always brightened my day." (ANTH 13 Student, Spring 1999)

"I really liked the Guidebook because I could really watch the movies without frantically trying to take notes and missing information." (ANTH 13 Student, Spring 1999)

AND FROM another student from Spring 1999, Urbanowicz says...."ah well...."} "I really have no idea of what I lerned [sic!] in this class."

INCIDENTALLY, you might be interested in the following which appeared in the San Francisco Examiner on July 4, 1999:

"For many Bay Area students, Independence Day means hot dogs, family picnics, fireworks--and not much else. Out of four dozen teens quizzed in an informal survey in San Francisco, Concord and Pacifica, most knew that the Fourth of July had something to do with America's independence, but less than half could name the country from which we won our freedom. 'Japan or something. China. Somewhere out there on the other side of the world,' said... [a 14 year old and a 17 year old added:] It's like freedom. Some war was fought and we won, so we got our freedom.' As to which country we had been fighting, 'I don't know.... I don't, even, like, have a clue [said a 17 year old 1999 high school graduate]. 'It wouldn't be Canada, would it?' guessed [a 13 year old high school freshman].... 'We're not in school right now, so you asked the wrong kids.' The unscientific survey was conducted at Stonestown Galleria in San Francisco, Sunvalley Mall in Concord and the Linda Mar shopping center in Pacifica. Many of those who correctly identified England as our adversary in the Revolutionary War did so only after some thought. 'Was it somewhere in Europe, like France? Germany? Russia? Let me think' [said a 17 year old 1999 high school graduate].... 'Wasn't it Great Britain? I just had to think.' 'I'm gonna have to go with Spain' [said a 14 year old high school freshman and someone else].... correctly answered that we fought the Revolutionary War before World War II. But was it before or after the Civil War? ... couldn't say. 'After. I think it was after' [said a 14 year old friend and a 19 year old high school graduate] ... who declined to give his last name, said he knew we celebrate the Fourth because it's Independence Day. But the country we were fighting with? 'That I don't (know),' he said. 'I want to say Korea. I'm tripping.' Asked how long ago it might have been...took a guess. 'Like 50 years,' he said. One student wondered aloud whether the Fourth of July was somehow related to Pearl Harbor. Another was not sure whether our independence came before or after the Vietnam War. ... A 1994 study of several thousand eighth- and 12th-graders across the country tested the students' knowledge of basic history. Thirty-nine percent of eighth graders scored at a level considered below their basic proficiency; an even higher number--57 percent--of high school seniors scored below the basic level. The study was conducted by the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics. Adults may do better. According to a Gallup Poll conducted last weekend, a majority of Americans can correctly identify what the Fourth of July is all about. When asked to name the country from which we gained our independence, 76 percent correctly named Great Britain or England. Nineteen percent were unsure. The results were based on telephone interviews of a randomly selected national sample of 1,016 adults [stress added]." (Emily Gurnon, 1999, Fourth of July: Kids Unclear on Concept. San Francisco Examiner, July 4, pages 1 and A9.)

II. CULTURE AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

"Anthropology provides a scientific basis for dealing with the crucial dilemma of the world today: how can peoples of different appearance, mutually unintelligble languages, and dissimilar ways of life get along peaceably together? Of course, no branch of knowledge constitutes a cure-all for all the ills of mankind. ... Students who had not gone beyond the horizon of their own society could not be expected to perceive custom which was the stuff of their own thinking. The scientist of human affairs needs to know as much about the eye that sees as the object seen. Anthropology holds up a great mirror to man[kind] and lets him [and her!] look at himself in his infinite variety. This, and not the satisfaction of idle curiosity nor romantic quest, is the meaning of the anthropologist's work.... [stress in original]" Clyde Kluckhohn, 1949, Mirror For Man: The Relation of Anthropology To Modern Life, page 1 and page 10)

"Ethnographers learn how people really use technological tools. ... Tony Salvador and John Sherry are 'design ethnographers' from Intel Corp.... Their goal: to learn enough about how people...work and use tools so that they can help Intel design more effective products [stress added]." (The San Francisco Examiner and Chronicle, December 27, 1998, page J2)

A. The Concept of Culture & Basic Cultural Diversity: ABCs (and if you are really interested in how Urbanowicz views teaching you might wish to take a look at http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/TeachingT.html).

"Help Avoid A Failure: Learn The Culture Of A Company First. ... Just like countries, companies have unique personalities, or cultures. Someone who succeeds in one won't necessarily do well at another." The Wall Street Journal, July 14, 1998, Page B1)

B. The Sub-disciplines of Anthropology

"...it seems plain and self-evident, yet it needs to be said: the isolated knowledge obtained by a group of specialists in a narrow field [or an individual researcher] has in itself no value whatsoever, but only in its synthesis with all the rest of knowledge and only inasmuch as it really contributes in this synthesis something toward answering the demand 'who are we?'" 1933 Nobel Laureate in Physics, Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961)

III. THE SCOPE OF ANTHROPOLOGY/FIELD METHODS: WHAT WE DO
A. Fieldwork in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga and Spring 1997 sabbatical research and....
B. FILM: Comments on the Yanomamo of South America (and see http://www.evoyage.com/Aggression.htm as well as http://www.uwgb.edu/~galta/mrr/yano/yano7.htm).
C. Comments on "Cyberspace! [below in the electronic Guidebook] and indigenous societies.
D. And See: http://www.si.edu/ [Smithsonian Institution] and specifically the http://www.si.edu/resource/faq/nmnh/start.htm#anthro [Anthropology "button"] and http://www.wsu.edu:8001/vcwsu/commons/topics/culture/culture-index.html [Culture] as well as http://www.ncl.ac.uk/~nktg/wintro/ [Archaeology: An Introduction by Kevin Greene] and http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal/catal.html [on-going research at Çatalhöyük, Turkey].

"In my first year here at Chico State I have been under almost ceaseless barrage by teachers heralding the Internet. With all the 'press' it's getting you'd think that the professors were getting paid to hype this new technology to their students. The fact of the matter is that this technology is going to play an increasingly important role in our lives. Professors realize that if their students are going to be successful, they must not be allowed to remain ignorant of this technology...." [ANTH 13 Student, Spring 1996].

IV. WHAT IS SCIENCE? / PERSPECTIVE(S)

V. READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00

Pages 8 & 9 [Overview]
"Doing Fieldwork among the Yanomano" by Napoleon Chagnon, pages 10-21.
"Doctor, Lawyer, Indian Chief" by Richard Kurin, pages 22-26.
"The Midday Sun and Other Hazards" by Douglas Raybeck, pages 27-33.

VI. SOME ADDITIONAL WORDS:

"In looking at science, life, and my fellow human beings, my mind in an undisciplined way detects the cosmic within the nitty gritty and the trivial within the infinite. I believe that deep and important issues should be approached with sufficient good humor to keep us from regarding our mutable opinions as eternal truths. While not ignoring the real tragedy in the world, I feel it important to concentrate on hope. Given the existential dilemma of forever unanswered questions about our universe, I believe that joy is more fun than sadness and no further from the elusive reality of things. In short, it should be possible to be profound without being boring or being afflicted with malaise [stress added]" (Harold J. Morowitz, 1979, The Wine Of Life And Other Essays On Societies, Energy & Living Things, page ix-x).

---

NOTE: an excellent Anthropology reader that I have used in the past has been Conformity And Conflict: Readings In Cultural Anthropology (1997, by J. Spradley & D. McCurdy). Although I am not using this text this semester, I have chosen to use various terms from their glossary. It is a useful book and you might wish to check out the library copy or see/check the local used bookstores to purchase your own copy.

AFFINITY: A fundamental principle of relationship linking kin through marriage.

AGRICULTURE: A subsistence strategy involving intensive farming of permanent fields through the use of such means as the plow, irrigation, and fertilizer.

APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY: Any use of anthropological knowledge to influence social interaction, to maintain or change social institutions, or to direct the course of cultural change.

CLAN: A kinship group normally comprising several lineages; its members are related by a unilineal descent rule, but it is too large to enable members to trace actual biological links to all other members.

CONSANGUINITY: The principle of relationship linking individuals by shared ancestry (blood).

CULTURE: The knowledge that is learned, shared, and used by people to interpret experience and generate behavior.

ECOLOGY: The study of the way organisms interact with each other within an environment.

ETHNOCENTRISM: A mixture of belief and feeling that one's own way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

ETHNOGRAPHY: The task of discovering and describing a particular culture.

HORTICULTURE: A kind of subsistence strategy involving semi-intensive, usually shifting, agricultural practices. Slash-and-burn farming is a common example of horticulture.

HUNTING AND GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involving the foraging of wild, naturally occuring foods.

KINSHIP: The complex system of social relations based on marriage (affinity) and birth (consanguinity).

POLITICAL SYSTEM: The organization and process of making and carrying out public policy according to cultural categories and rules.

SLASH AND BURN: A form of horticulture in which wild land is cleared and burned over, farmed, then permitted to lie fallow and revert to its wild state.

Napoleon Chagnon points out that the Yanomamo population is probably around 10,000. These were distributed in approximately 125 widely scattered villages, with the population in each village ranging from 40 to 250 individuals. ..."Yanomamo culture, in its major focus, reverses the meaning of 'good' and 'desirable' as phrased in the ideal postulates of the Judaic-Christian tradition. A high capacity for rage, a quick flash point, and a willingness to use violence to obtain one's ends are considered desirable traits. Much of the behavior of the Yanomamo can be described as brutal, cruel, treacherous, in the value-laden terms of our own vocabulary. The Yanomamo themselves...do not at all appear to be mean and treacherous. As individuals they seem to be people playing their own cultural game....this is a study of a fierce people who engage in chronic warfare. It is also a study of a system of controls that usually hold in check the drive towards annihilation." (Napoleon Chagnon, Yanomamo: The Fierce People, 1968) ... "The most distinctive feature of Yanomamo technology is that it is very direct. No tool or technique is complicated enough to require specialized labor or raw materials. Each village, therefore, can produce every item of material culture it requires from the jungle resources around it. ... The jungle provides numerous varieties of food, both animal and vegetable. ... Although the Yanomamo spend almost as much time hunting as they do gardening, the bulk of their diet comes from foods that are cultivated. Perhaps 85 percent or more of their diet consists of domesticated rather than wild foods...." (Napoleon Chagnon, The Fierce People, 1968: 21-33)

FILM MISC: Alliances, feasts, trading: "Alliances between villages are the product of a developmental sequence that involves casual trading, mutual feasting, and finally the exchange of women. ... The feast and the alliance can and often do fail to establish stable, amicable relationships between sovereign villages. ... Yanomamo warfare proper is the raid."

WHY STUDY PEOPLE?: "At the lower end of the scale of salt users [for example!] is a tribe called the Yanomamo, who dwell in the forests of southern Venezuela and consist of an estimated 20,000 people who live by subsistence farming in small villages. They are one of the few remaining tribes unaffected [!] by Western culture. ... The Yanomamo eat virtually no salt at all. Researchers observed 46 members of this tribe who were in their 40s, and found they had an average blood pressure of only 103/65. Another Amazonian tribe, the Carajas, take in little salt, calculated to be half a gram a day, and the average blood pressure of ten of their middle-aged people was slightly lower at 101/69. (The longevity of these people is not recorded, but if there is a link between salt, blood pressure and lifespand then we can assume they will probably all live to be a hundred.) John Emsley, 1998, Molecules At An Exhibition: Portraits Of Intriguiging Materials in Everyday Life, page 38)

"In modern industrial societies, it may be that the main causes of illness are the mismatches between our Stone Age adaptations and our modern environments. A prime example is the problem caused by our dietary predilictions and the foods readily available to anyone browsing supermarket shelves or a restaurant menu. In the Stone Age there was a consistent advantage in going after foods that were as sweer and tender and rich as could be found. This led people to avoid the potent chemical weaponry of most plants by seeking ripe fruits and bland tubers and the most easily eaten parts of whatever wild animals could be hunted. These were most likely sich things as lizards and snakes and insects. The technology of hunting sizable mammals and birds (such as archery and the domsetication of dogs) arose late in the Stone Age and was often a seasonal luxury. Maximizing intake of sugar and fat normally led to health and vigot. Salt was also an essential nutrient often in short supply. We have the same Stone Age motivations today, but have easy access to many times the historically normal levels of sugars and fats and salt. The result is undoubtedly a much higher incidence of obesity, diabetes, cardivascular disorders, and many kinds of cancer than we would have on normal Stone Age diets. A related problem is our habitual inactivity. We make our livings sitting at desks or assembly lines or behind steering wheels rather than dashing about in the fields or laboriously digging roots or climbing or stooping for fruits. This sedentary life satisfies our urge to save energy, an urge of great value in the Stone Age, but now a liability when combined with our excessive caloric intake." (George C. Williams, 1997, The Pony Fish's Glow And Other Clues to Plan and Purpose in Nature, pages 14-150.)

NOTE: "An overwhelming amount of preventable disease in modern societirs results from the devastating effects of a high-fat diet. Strokes and heart attacks, the greatest causes of early death in some social groups, result from arteries clogged with atherosclerotic lesions. Cancer rates are increased substantially by high-fat diets. Much diabetes results from the obesity caused by excess fat consumption. Forty percent of the calories in the average American diet come from fat, while the figure for the average hunter-gatherer is less than 20 percent. Some of our ancestors ate lots of meat, but the fat content of wild game is only about 15 percent. The single thing most people can do to improve their health is to cut the fat content of their diets." (Randolph M. Nesse & George C. Williams, 1994, Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine, pages 148-149.)

ALSO NOTE: "Anthropologists continually seek better ways to record and translate the beliefs and traditions of human cultures. The emergence of ethnographic film-making in this century has given humankind unprecedented opportunities to experience vicariously the details of life in unfamiliar, often distant and isolated places." Timothy Asch, The Ethics Of Ethnographic Film-Making. Film As Ethnography, 1992, edited by Peter Crawford and David Turton (Manchester) [CSUC: GN/347/F55/1992], pp. 196-204, page 196.

ALSO NOTE: "Tensions are rising in Venezuela's Amazon rain forests, where Indians and environmentalists are clashing with mining companies and government officials who wish to exploit some of the richest gold deposits in Latin America and build towns and tourist hotels in the wilderness. Rapid economic development 'is going to mean the death of the jungles and of the indigenous people,' said Pemon leader Jose Luis Gonzalez." (San Francisco Chronicle, August 11, 1998, page A14).

TRAVEL CHANGES: "...has reached its climax in our day. Formerly travel required long planning, large expense, and great investments of time. It involved risks to health or even to life. The traveler was active. Now he [or she] became passive. Instead of an athletic exercise, travel became a spectator sport. This change can be described in a word. It was the decline of the traveler and the rise of the tourist." (Daniel Boorstin, 1961, The Image or What Happened to the American Dream; 1964 edition entitled The Image: A Guide to Pseudoevents in America, pages 84-85.)

"What is the difference in the approach of a good reporter, and a good field anthropologist? They have much in common--in the obstacles they must surmount to meet the people they want to meet, in the care they must take in choosing their informants, and in their regard for accurate recording of what was said and done. ... The difference arises from the purposes for which the two accounts are intended. The reporter must be interesting. The anthropologist is obliged to record the tiresome along with the flashy. The reporter must always think of what will engage his audience, of what will be inteligible to them in terms of their life ways. The first responsibility of the anthropologist is to set down events as seen by the people he [or she] is studying" Clyde Kluckhohn, 1949, Mirror For Man: The Relation of Anthropology To Modern Life (pages 299-300).

I. WHAT DOES AN ANTHROPOLOGIST DO FOR A LIVING? CULTURE & ETHNOGRAPHY AND...(Please see Europe http://www.culture.fr/gvpda.htm [20,000 year old cave paintings] and the Society for California Archaeology [http://www.scanet.org/] and "Evolution in China" (http://www.cruzio.com/~cscp/index.htm).

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Familiarity with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources and knowledge of how to access such information.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

A. Contemporary American Culture
B. "100 percent American" (please see below for this week in this Guidebook).
C. Interested in your instructor? (Home page and lengthy résumé)
D. Interested in the Department of Anthropology at CSU, Chico?
E. Interested in?: http://www.innerbody.com/Default.htm [Human Anatomy & Automobiles!]

II. ON TRAVEL AND THE GROWTH OF ANTHROPOLOGY
A. What Is Culture?
B. Human Biological Diversity
C. Taxonomy and the Primate Order
D. ANY Significance to: O, T, T, F, F, S, S, E, N, ?.
E. Significance of: T, F, S, E, T, T, F, S, E, T.

"The scholar, in whatever field, is concerned to find out all he [or she] can, to discover or reveal the pattern which underlies the phenomena, and to frame the most coherent possible explanation of what he [or she!] has found." (John Wolfenden, 1963, in The Language of Sciences, page 32).

"In addition to solving puzzles, science also builds understanding by revealing the properties of the world and the relationships between them. Here again, the methods that scientists employ find widespread use in everyday life. From infancy onward, each person measures and classifies the properties of unfamiliar objects in order to integrate them into a larger worldview--from a ten-month-old learning to stack blocks, to Charles Darwin cataloging specimens aboard the Beagle." Arno Penzias [1978 Nobel Laureate in Physics], 1989, Ideas And Information: Managing In A High-Tech World (NY: Simon & Schuster), page 177.

"The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking." (Albert Einstein [1879-1955], 1921 Nobel Laureate in Physics, Ideas and Opinions, 1954: page 65)

"Facts are not really like boulders that have been detached and shaped and deposited exclusively by the play of forces of non-human nature. They are like flaked and chipped flints, hewn stones, bricks or briquettes. Human action has had a hand in making them what they are, and they would not be what they are if this action had not taken place. ... Facts are, in truth, exactly what is meant by the Latin word facta from which the English word is derived. They are 'things that have been made'.... (Arnold J. Toynbee [1889-1975], A Study of History: Reconsiderations, Volume 12, 1964: 250)

"The dullness of fact is the mother of fiction." (Isaac Asimov, 1962, Fact And Fancy, page 11).

"For thousands of years, the legend of a great flood has endured in the biblical story of Noah and in such Middle Eastern myths as the epic of Gilgamesh. Few beleived that such a catastrophic deluge had actually occured. But now two distinguished geophysicists have discovered an event that changed history, a sensational flood 7,600 years ago in what is today [called] the Black Sea." William Ryan and Walter Pitman, 1998, Noah's Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History, no page #.

"Only the West produced the scientific techniques and speculative analysis of geology, paleontology, and archaeology, which have revealed and preserved the world past." (Camile Paglia [1947- ], Vamps & Tramps: New Essays, page xx.)

III. APPROPRIATE VISUALS

"Myth and rumor come first. People don't believe it until they see it with their own eyes. Then suddenly there it is, and afterward nobody even remembers we disbelieved it. It seems ridiculous to have discounted it. It's all hubris. We think ourselves as the chosen ones, the supreme beings on the whole planet. We think we own the place, but we don't know the first thing about it." John Darnton, 1996, Neanderthal [Random House], page 51.

"The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existing. One cannot help but be in awe when he [or she!] contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvelous structures of reality. It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery every day. Never lose a holy curiosity." (Albert Einstein [1879-1955])

A. FILM: THE MAN HUNTERS

"Human being are the result of the same evolutionary process that produced the entire vast diversity of living things. Yet we cannot help but think of ourselves as somehow significantly 'different' from the rest of nature." (Ian Tattersall, 1998, Becoming Human: Evolution And Human Uniqueness, page 78)

Note: "In the 5 million years since we hominids separated from apes [or "ancestors" in common], our DNA has evolved less than 2%." (Time, January 11, 1999, page 43)

B. Brief Introduction to Charles Darwin (1809-1882) (and if you wish, please see: http://books.mirror.org/gb.darwin.html)

IV. WORKING FOR A LIVING AND PERSPECTIVE[S] CONTINUED:

"I don't think being a son or daughter qualifies you to do what your parents do." (Leonard S. Riggio, born 1941: Chief Executive of Barnes & Noble, Inc.)

"The future is something which everyone reaches at the rate of sixty minutes an hour, whatever he [or she] does, whoever he [or she!] is." C.S. Lewis (1898-1963)

A. Anthropological Activities.
B. Campus Resources (and please see http://www.csuchico.edu/plc/welcome2.html [Career & Placement Center] as well as http://www.csuchico.edu/cont/ids/index.html [Internships])!

V. TO THE FUTURE? and READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00:

"The Challenge of Cultural Relativism" by James Rachels, pages 52-57.
"New Women of the Ice Age" by Heather Pringle, pages 83-88.

CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT: The categories and rules people use to classify and explain their physical environment.

DESCENT: A Rule of relationship that ties people together on the basis of reputed common ancestry.

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment of jobs to people.

DIFFUSION: The passage of a cultural category, culturally defined behavior, or culturally produced artifact from one society to another through borrowing.

ECOLOGY: The study of the way organisms interact with each other within an environment.

EXOGAMY: Marriage outside any designated group.

HUNTING AND GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involving the foraging of wild, naturally occurring foods.

INCEST TABOO: The cultural rule that prohibits sexual intercourse and marriage between specified classes of relatives.

INNOVATION: A recombination of concepts from two or more mental configurations into a new pattern that is qualitatively different from existing forms.

NUCLEAR FAMILY: A family composed of a married couple and their children.

PRODUCTION: The process of making something.

RITE OF PASSAGE: A series of rituals that move individuals from one social state or status to another.

SEXUAL INEQUALITY: Inequality based on gender.

"Our solid American citizen awakens in a bed built on a pattern which originated in the Near East but which was modified in Northern Europe before it was transmitted to America. He [or she] throws back covers made from cotton, domesticated in India, or linen, domesticated in the Near East, or wool from sheep, also domesticated in the Near East, or silk, the use of which was discovered in China. All of these materials have been spun and woven by processes invented in the Near East. He slips into his moccasins, invented by the Indians of the eastern woodlands, and goes to the bathroom, whose fixtures are a mixture of European and American inventions, both of recent date. He takes off his pajamas, a garment invented in India, and washes with soap invented by the ancient Gauls. He then shaves, a masochistic rite which seems to have been derived from either Sumer or ancient Egypt.

Returning to the bedroom, he removes his clothes from a chair of southern European type and proceeds to dress. He puts on garments whose form originally derived from the skin clothing of the nomads of the Asiatic steppes, puts on shoes made from skins tanned by a process invented in ancient Egypt and cut to a pattern derived from the classical civilizations of the Mediterranean, and ties around his neck a strip of bright-colored cloth which is a vestigial survival of the shoulder shawls worn by the seventeenth-century Croatians. Before going out for breakfast he glances through the windows, made of glass invented in Egypt, and if it is raining puts on overshoes made of rubber discovered by the Central American Indians and takes an umbrella, invented in southeastern Asia. Upon his head he puts a hat made of felt, a material invented in the Asiatic steppes.

On his way to breakfast he stops to buy a paper, paying for it with coins, an ancient Lydian invention. At the restaurant a whole new series of borrowed elements confronts him. His plate is made of a form of pottery invented in China. His knife is of steel, an alloy first made in southern India, his fork a medieval Italian invention, and his spoon a derivative of a Roman original. He begins breakfast with an orange, from the eastern Mediterranean, a cantaloupe from Persia, or perhaps a piece of African watermelon. With this he has coffee, an Abyssinian plant, with cream and sugar. Both the domestication of cows and the idea of milking them originated in the Near East, while sugar was first made in India. After his fruit and first coffee he goes on to waffles, cakes made by a Scandinavian technique from wheat domesticated in Asia Minor. Over these he pours maple syrup, invented by the Indians of the eastern Woodlands. As a side dish he may have the eggs of a species of bird domesticated in Indo-China, or thin strips of the flesh of an animal domesticated in Eastern Asia which have been salted and smoked by a process developed in northern Europe.

When our friend has finished eating he settles back to smoke, an American Indian habit, consuming a plant domesticated in Brazil in either a pipe, derived from the Indians of Virginia, or a cigarette, derived from Mexico. If he is hardy enough he may even attempt a cigar, transmitted to us from the Antilles by way of Spain. While smoking, he reads the news of the day, imprinted in characters invented by the ancient Semites upon a material invented in China by a process invented in Germany. As he absorbs the accounts of foreign troubles, if he is a good conservative citizen, thank a Hebrew deity in an Indo-European language that he is 100 percent American."

"Les Eyzies is the normal point of first entry for visitors to the land of prehistory. It has a national museum, the cave where Cro-Magnon man was discovered, and much else--all in the midst of spectacular scenery. ... The National Museum of Prehistory lies within Les Eyzies, in a structure built into the side of a cliff, with overhanging rock above, which was originally a thirteenth-century fortress. It houses a rich collection of prehistoric items, not only from the Dordogne but also from other French archaeological sites...." (Charles Tanford & Jacqueline Reynolds, 1992, The Scientific Traveller: A Guide to the People, Places, and Institutions of Europe, page 205.)

"In 1856, at the very time Charles Darwin was writing The Origin of Species, which would popularize the revolutionary concept of evolution worldwide, the fossilized remains of a stocky, powerful, human-like creature were discovered in a German valley called Neander Tal." (Erik Trinkaus and Pat Shipman, 1993, The Neanderthals: Changing The Image of Mankind [CSUC: GN/285/T73/1993].

"Neanderthals and modern humans not only coexisted for thousands of years along ago, as anthropologists have established, but now their little secret is out: they also cohabited. At least that is the interpretation being made by paleontologists who have examined the 24,5000-year-old skeleton of a young boy recently in a shallow grave in Portugal. Bred in the boy's bones seemed to be a genetic heritage part Neanderthal, part early Homo sapiens. He was a hybrid, they concluded, and the first strong physical evidence of interbreeding between the groups in Europe." (John N. Wilford, Home Sapiens May Be Related to Neanderthals. San Francisco Chronicle, April 25, 1999, page A4.)

PALEOANTHROPOLOGY = the science of placing the "chain" or "tree" of the pieces together. It "has been one of the most argumentative of sciences since its beginning. Experts who agree [on the exact sequence of fossils] are rare." = "Close to three million years ago on a campsite near the east shore of Kenya's spectacular Lake Turkana, formerly Lake Rudolf, a primitive hand picked up a water-smoothed stone, and with a few skillful strikes transformed it into an implement. What was once an accident of nature was now a piece of deliberate technology, to be used to fashion a stick for digging up roots, or to slice the flesh off a dead animal. Soon discarded by its maker, the stone tool still exists, an unbreakable link with our ancestors; together with many others, that tool is preserved in the National Museum of Kenya in Nairobi. It is a heart-quickening thought that we share the same genetic heritage with the hands that shaped the tool that we can now hold in our own hands, and with the mind that decided to make the tool that our minds can now contemplate" [stress added]. (Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin, Origins, 1977 [CSUChico GN/31.2/L43/1977]), page 8.

Charles F. Hockett (1973: 387) Man's Place in Nature. [CSUChico GN/31/H6] ="range" of cranial capacity: Modern Man [Homo sapiens] 850 to 1700+ cubic centimeters; Neanderthal 1200 to 1640 cc.; Homo erectus 775 to 1225 cc.; Australopithecus 435 to 700 cc.; Gorillas 340 to 752 cc.; and Chimpanzees 320 to 420 cc.

"Apart from several Neanderthals unearthed in Europe, the earliest discoveries of human fossils were made in Java toward the close of the last century. After finding a skullcap and later a femur at Trinil, Eugene Dubois named Pithecanthropus (now Homo) erectus in 1894. Since then, many more bones have come to light, in Africa as well as Asia. ... Assemblages from Olduvai Gorge and the Turkana basin provide much information about the morphology and behavior of populations inhabiting East Africa more than 1.6 million years ago. These people are similar to Homo erectus from China and Indonesia, and all the fossils can be grouped in one species." (G.P. Rightmire, "Homo erectus and Later Middle Pleistocene Humans" in 1988 Annual Review of Anthropology, pp. 239-256) [CSUChico GN/1/B52/1988]).

"Human ancestors appear to have been clever toolmakers as far back as 2.3 million years ago, based on evidence discovered at what appears to be an early tool factory....'We can see the sequential approach and the strategy involved....We can't say how smart they were, but it's an awful lot more than a chimpanzee....' French archaeologist Anne Deagnes performed the task of piecing the stones back together from about 2,000 flakes." (Tim Friend, 1999, Decoding Chips Off Old Block. USAToday, May 6, 1999, page 7D).

PLEASE NOTE:

"Evolution does not make predictions, species don't know where they're going, humans did not have to evolve. In fact, if we were to rewind the tape to ten million years ago, when apes dominated the primate world, there would be no assurance that humans would evolve again. But humans have evolved, we are here today. Like no other species that has ever lived, we control the life of all living things--including ourselves. When we understand and accept that we are part of the continuum of life, we will be in a better position to make informed choices--choices which will ensure a better world for all species. Extinction is forever. We must not let it happen. Education is the great liberator. It frees us to think objectively. My studies of human evolution have taught me to respect the natural world. They have also taught me that all humans have a common origin and, therefore, a common destiny--the outcome of which will be determined by humankind itself. We do have the capacity to make the future a long and fruitful one, if only we will take the time to learn who we are and how we fit into the natural world [stress added]. (Donald C. Johanson, 1993, from the "Forward" to Ian Tattersall's 1993, The Human Odyssey: Four Million Years of Human Evolution (Prentice Hall), page xiii.

NOTE THESE WORDS: "The details of the evolutionary process are as hotly debated today as ever, and it would be pointless to try to represent all sides of this multifaceted argument here." ( Ian Tattersall, 1998, Becoming Human: Evolution And Human Uniqueness, page 99)

AND ALSO NOTE: "What C.S. Lewis [1898-1963] called the 'snobbery of chronology' encourages us to presume that just because we happen to have lived after our ancestors and can read books which give us some account of what happened to them, we must also know better than them. We certainly have more facts at our disposal. We have more wealth, both personal and national, better technology, and infinitely more skilful ways of preserving and extending our lives. But whether we today display more wisdom or common humanity is an open question, and as we look back to discover how people coped with the daily difficulties of existence a thousand [or more!] years ago, we might also consider whether, in all our sophistication, we could meet the challenges of their world with the same fortitude, good humour, and philosophy" [stress added]." (Robert Lacey & Danny Danziger, 1999, The Year 1000: What Life Was Like At The Turn of the First Millennium - And Englishman's World, page 201.)

I. CULTURE & ETHNOGRAPHY (CONT.) & Monkeys, Apes, and Man VTAPE (and see the Wisconsin Primate research site at http://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/) or the University of California, Davis at http://www.crprc.ucdavis.edu/crprc/homepage.html, and http://www.gorilla.org/index.html [The Gorilla Foundation], or http://www.selu.com/~bio/PrimateGallery/main.html [The Primate Gallery].

The ability to present and communicate in anthropologically appropriate ways anthropological knowledge and the results of anthropological research.

Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought and major issues in the subdisciplines.

II. PRIMATES

Note: Chimpanzees share up to 98% of their DNA with us (M.C. King and A.C. Wilson, Science 188: 107-16).

Note: Modern humans, the "pinnacle" of primate evolution, are actually physically very weak as a group. We suffer from hernias, hemorrhoids, birthing difficulties, back pain, a lack of speed and a generally a lower level of muscle development. Why would such a physically inferior species advance so far? How could we?

"There is, nevertheless, a certain respect, and a general duty of humanity, that ties us, not only to beasts that have life and sense, but even to trees and plants." (Michel Eyquem de Montaigne [1533-1592] French philosopher/essayist) or in another translation: "...there is a certain consideration, and a general duty of humanity, that binds us not only to the animals, which have life and feeling, but even to the trees and plants." (Essays, translated by J.M. Cohen, 1958, page 189)

NATURAL SELECTION: "The process of differential survival and reproduction that results in changes in gene frequencies and in the characteristics that the genes encode." (Paul W. Ewald, 1994, Evolution of Infectious Disease, page 220.)

III. ON TRAVEL AND THE GROWTH OF ANTHROPOLOGY and Darwin Cont. (1809- 1882) (and please see: http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/victorian/darwin/darwinov.html (Overview), http://www.wonderland.org/Works/Charles-Darwin/ as well as Darwin's Home: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/museum/Downhse/ not to mention "Darwin Takes A Drubbing" (http://www.abcnews.com/sections/science/DailyNews/evolution980617.html).

"Thomas Jefferson [1743-1826] is very often cited as the 'father' of American archaeology, and he certainly attempted one of the first archaeological explanations of the question ["Who Got here First?"] when he wrote in his famous 'Notes on Virginia' (1787) about an Indian mound that he had excavated many years before. However, his strongest evidence to support his belief in an Asian origin (via the Bering Strait) of the Native Americans was from his study of Indian languages. He cited the diversity of these languages as proof that they had been here a long time." (Stephen William, 1992, "Who Got To America First?" reprinted in Anthropology Explored: The Best Of Smithsonian Anthro Notes, 1998, edited by Ruth O. Selig and Marilyn R. London, pages 141-149, page 144)

"The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you are likely to see." Sir Winston Churchill [1874-1965], 1953 Nobel Prize Winner in Literature

"When the sum total of our knowledge of a particular nationality or ethnic group comes from TV programs, we may think we know all about this group when in fact we know only what a few producers have chosen to show us" (Ester Baruch, "TV: Out With It" from Parent's Journal, June-July 1996, p 24).

"The news media are usually thought of as agents for change, and sometimes this is true. ... Bad news can in fact persuade people that the world is much more dangerous than it is. George Gerbner of the Annenberg School of Communication at the University of Pennsylvania finds that people who watch a lot of television see the world as much more threatening and filled with menace than those who watch less [stress added]" (Caryl Rivers, 1996, Slick Spins And Fractured Facts: How Cultural Myths Distort The News, page 3).

"Although clinical research on the connection between video games and violence is thin, a relatively large body of research has drawn a connection between watching violent shows on TV and aggressive behavior. ... In one such study, Len Eron, how a professor at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, followed the media-watching habits of 875 subjects from 1960 to 1982. 'We found, much to our surprise, that there was a significant relation between the violence of the programs that these kids watched at home and how aggressive they were in school,' he says, leading him to believe there is a causal relationship." (Steven L. Kent, 1999, The 'Doom' of an Entire Generation? USA Today, June 23, 1999, pages 1D and 2D, page 2D.)

"Prime time doesn't look much like life. Imagine a world where men outnumber women 2-to-1 and women start to vanish after age 30. Where people over age 60, some minority groups and the poor are virtually never seen. Where the worst villains are mentally ill or foreign born. That's prime-time network TV, according to a Screen Actors Guild (SAG) report out Monday [stress added]." (USA Today, December 22, 1998, page 1D).

IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: "More kids know the Budweiser frogs, Joe Camel, the Simpsons and Dennis Rodman than know the name of the vice president of the United States, says a study out today. ...Children face an increasingly complex media environment... The center found that kids spend 4.4 hours in front of some kind of screen each day. TV dominates, with 3.3 hours a day. ... The national survey of 1,269 parents and 303 of their children ages 10 to 17 has a margin of error of 2.9% for parents, 5.7% for children." (Ann Oldenburg, TV, not VP, Rules For Kids. USA Today, June 28, 1999, page 3D.)

AND ELSEWHERE IN THE WORLD: "Television has become the proverbial babysitter in Costa Rica [with a 1999 estimated population of 3,604,642 people - and 33% below the age of 15]. A survey conducted by the daily Al Diá at 45 educational institutions around the country revealed that more than half the directors of educational institutions cited TV as the factor most interfering with students' academic development. ... A University of Costa Rica study last year found that the average child spends some six hours per day watching television, longer than they spend in school." (Anon., 1999, The Tico Times, San José, Costa Rica, June 4, 1999, page 5.)

IV. REMINDERS:
A. WRITING ASSIGNMENT #1 (5%) DUE FRIDAY 17 SEPTEMBER 1999 and do you know about: http://www.csuchico.edu/engl/owl/ [CSU, Chico On-Line Writing Center]
B. EXAM I (20%) IS ON FRIDAY 24 SEPTEMBER 1999.

V. READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00:

"Teaching in the Postmodern Classroom" by Konrad Kottak, pages 70-72..
"Our Babies, Ourselves" by Meredith F. Small, pages 128-133.
"Baseball Magic" by George Gmelch, pages 187-191.

WHY STUDY PRIMATES? = PRIMATES = taxonomic term which is always capitalized and is a fixed plural. "A decade-long baboon study indicates that lecithin, a soybean extract used in many processed foods, can delay and perhaps even prevent alcohol cirrhosis of the liver." R. Cowen, Science News, December 1, 1990: 340; also, "A weakened, but still living virus may be the most powerful and protective AIDS-type vaccine yet tested in monkeys, but researchers say it could take years to determine if such a vaccine is safe for humans" (The Chico Enterprise-Record, 18 December 1992, page 3B). In January 1996, we read the following: "...three weeks after receiving a risky infusion of baboon marrow that doctors hope will save his life" an AIDS patient left a hospital; his body "has adopted the baboon cells, which are naturally resistant to the AIDS virus" (Reno Gazette-Journal, January 5, 1996, page 8A).

"Scientists have developed the first DNA vaccine found to prevent rabies in tests on monkeys. If it turns out to work in humans, it could help prevent some of the more than 40,000 deaths from rabies worldwide each year [or ~109 per day!]...." (USA Today, August 4, 1998, page 8D)

"By studying monkeys, apes and other animals, scientists are learning how really important it is to kiss and make up soon after a furious fight. Long-term observations of groups of primates show that social animals use well-established peacemaking tactics to smooth over bruised feelings caused by combat. There is far more advantage in friendship and cooperation than in sulking and alienation." (Robert Cooke, Better to Hug Than Sulk, Apes Find. The Sacramento Bee, February 19, 1999, page A13.)

"So what goes on inside the California Regional Primate Research Center at UC Davis, the site of numerous protests over the years? Is the research necessary? What has it taught us? ... The center is considered a leader in animal studies on AIDS, toxic chemicals, reproductive biology, birth defects, respiratory disease, social behavior and aging. Some specific developments include: Developing in utero surgical techniques....Developing treatment for HIV-infected, pregnant women to prevent the transmision of the AIDS virus to babies during birth. Discovering the potential of gene therapy to combat the effects of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. ... The Center also tests potential new drugs, finding out if they cause birth defects or fetal deaths before human trials. ... 'Yes, it's hard to see monkeys suffering,' he said. 'But then you go to an AIDS pediatric ward and do you think that's any less difficult to see?' Worldwide, 2.7 million children have died of AIDS." (Diana Griego Erwin, 1999, Primate Research Can Be Lifesaver. The Sacramento Bee, June 29, 1999, page B1.)

NOTE: In Atlanta, Georgia: "The nation's largest primate research center is bringing together neuroscientists, geneticists and behavior experts [Anthropologists!] to shed new light on human evolution: Using our closest living relatives - the apes - to explain how human cognition and behavior evolved." (The Chico Enterprise Record, May 11, 1998, page 1)

AND WHAT DO YOU THINK OF THE FOLLOWING?: "The kind of man's face a woman finds attractive varies with her menstrual cycle, according to a study that underscores the hold biology still has on us, no matter how highly evolved we like to think we are. When a woman is ovulating, or ready to conceive, she is likely to prefer men with more masculine features. When she is menstruating, or least likely to get pregnant, she is apt to prefer softer, more feminine looks. That's according to a study conducted by Scottish and Japanese researchers and published in today's issue of the journal Nature. The researchers beleive this is not a matter of fashion or a 20th-century standard of beauty, but something that is inborn, or instilled by evolution for sound biological reasons: In the animal kingdom, masculine looks denote virility, and thus the ability to produce healthy offspring." (Alex Dominguez, 1999, Biology Is Destiny, At Least In Sex Appeal. The Sacramento Bee, June 24, 1999, page B8.)

CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING: "Evidence gleaned from twin and adoption studies over the past 20 years has led scientists to theorize that inheritance shapes various broad aspects of individual personality. Now, researchers assert that they have cornered for the first time a gene that participates in shaping a specific personality trait" (Science News, January 6, 1996, page 4). PLEASE CONSIDER A FOLLOWING INTERPRETATION ON GENETIC RESEARCH: "The use of genetic information to exclude high-risk people from health care by denying coverage or charging prohibitive rates will limit or nullify the anticipated benefits of genetic research" (Chico Enterprise-Record, January 1996, page 5C); and from December 27, 1998: "Will cloned humans have souls?--Such Ethical Debates Grow." (The Sacramento Bee, December 27, 1998, page A16)

When Sue Boinski "looks at these monkeys [in Costa Rica], Boinski sees evolution in action. Her current studies focus on understanding why these species, so closely related, are so different socially. What is becoming clear to her is that the social organization of primates, especially in regard to gender, is more complex than we know. Past theory has focused on tight male bonds and male aggression, but these three species of squirrel monkeys suggest that there are alternate social strategies within and among species [stress added]." (Charles Bergman, 1999, The Peaceful Primates. Smithsonian, June, pages 78-86, page 85).

NOTE: There are approximately 5.75 billion people on the planet and population is increasing by approximately 78,000,000 people per year; given that 1 year = 365.25 days = 8,766 hours = 525,960 minutes, therefore 78,000,000/525,960 = means that the population of the planet is increasing by approximately 148 people a minute. For this 50 minute class, please note that this means that the world will have had a NET INCREASE (births-minus-deaths) of 7,400 individuals. (See Chico Enterprise-Record, June 27, 1999, page 1 and page 12) Also see http://www.popexpo.net/eMain.html [6 Billion Human Beings].

"Mother Earth Soon To Give Birth To Her 6 Billionth Human: ... October 12 [1999] is the best guess - a child's birth will push the world's [population to 6 billion. ... The United Nations will mark the birth of the 6 billionth child of October 12 [1999]. There are no plans to pinpoint who the child will be or where he or she will be born, but chances are the 6 billionth world citizen will be born a boy in the Third World. About 105 males are born for every 100 females worldwide. ... Worldwide, population now is increasing at 1.4 percent a year." (San Francisco Chronicle, May 27, 1999, page A3).

NOTE: "If we could shrink the Earth's population to a village of precisely 100 people, with all existing ratios [on the planet] remaining the same, it would look like this: 51 females, 49 males; 70 non-white, 30 white; 57 Asians, 21 Europeans, 14 from the Western Hemisphere, and 8 Africans; 70 non-Christians, 30 Christians. 50 percent of the wealth would be in the hands of six people. All six of those people would be from the United States. 80 would live in substandard housing. 70 would be illiterate. 50 would suffer from malnutrition. 1 would be near death, 1 near birth. 1 would be college educated. No one would own a computer." (Chico Enterprise-Record, June 19, 1999, page 3B.)

PLEASE NOTE: "According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the resident population of the United States, projected to 7/8/99 @ 10:51:21 AM PDT was 272,939,168 [http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/popclock]: One birth every 8 seconds; one death every 15 seconds; one international migrant (net) every 30 seconds; one Federal U.S. citizen (net) returning every 4,781 seconds: Net fain of one person every 11 seconds.

On July 1, 1998, the state of California had approximately ~33,500,000 residents (or ~12% of the USA): roughly speaking, one-out-of-every-eight Americans lives in California. "By 2050, the United States population will grow to 394 million, some 50 percent more than at present, the Census Bureau projects in a new population profile. And this population will be older, on average, than now and will contain a larger share of minorities. ... California is expected to continue rapid growth, adding 17.7 million people between 1995 and 2025, the agency said." Chico Enterprise-Record, November 20, 1998, page 11A).

NOTE on the San Francisco Bay Area: "Today, more than 280,000 people travel across the [Bay] bridge each weekday, most of them driving alone. And by the time the new eastern span opens in 2003, traffic is expected to be much worse. The amount of time people waste sitting in backups is expected to increase by 250 percent by 2020, according to the Metropolitan Transportation Commission regional forecast. 'That means if you spend 20 minutes a day in traffic jams now, it'll be an hour and 10 minutes by 2020,' said Stuart Cohen, associate director of the Bay Area Transportation Choices Forum [stress added]. (San Francisco Chronicle, August 10, 1998, page A10)

NOTE: The estimated population for California in the following years will be 39,957,616 (in the year 2010), 45,448,627 (2020), and 58,731,006 (2040). (Chico Enterprise-Record, December 18, 1998, page 4A); "By 2040, the state [of California] will have 58.7 million residents, a 75 percent increase, according to Department of Finance projections. The population in some counties could more than triple [stress added]." (Chico Enterprise-Record, May 2, 1999, page 1B). What will the population of Chico be by 2040? Or 2020? or next year?! What is the "carrying capacity" of any given environment? And what changes have to be made in any given environment? And please seeThe Sacramento Bee of June 27 and 28, 1999 and http://www.sacbee.com/news/projects/aging/

"Whizzing along a highway in our cars or jetting across the continent, the miles racing by, it's easy to appreciate how these two inventions have changed how we live. So, too, the telephone, the radio and the computer. It is more difficult to measure the impact of the nonmaterial, intellectual revolutions in science over the past several centuries: the heretical insights of Copernicus that shifted the earth from the center of the universe to a mere planet orbiting the sun, Darwin's theory of natural selection, and the subatomic world described by quantum mechanics [stress added]." (John F. Ross, 1999, Discovering The Odds. Smithsonian, June, pages 132-142, page 133).

"The [1937] Hungarian Nobel Prize winner [in Physiology/Medicine], Szent-Györgyi [von Nagyrapolt], once said that a scientist should see what everybody else has seen and then think what nobody has thought. Nobody did this better than Charles Darwin, who first realized that the evolution of life took place by Natural Selection. Darwin taught us all to see more clearly what everyone had seen, and Darwin also taught us to think, along with him, what no one else had thought. No branch of science is more dominated by a single theory, by a single great idea, than is the whole of biology by the idea of evolution by Natural Selection." (J. Livingston and L. Sinclair, 1967, Darwin and the Galapagos)

"He was an Englishman who went on a five-year voyage when he was young and then retired to a house in the country, not far from London. He wrote an account of his voyage, and then he wrote a book setting down his theory of evolution, based on a process he called natural selection, a theory that provided the foundation for modern biology. He was often ill and never left England again." (John P. Wiley, Jr., 1998, Expressions: The Visible Link. Smithsonian, June, pages 22-24, page 22)

"William Shakespeare [1564-1616], picked as Britain's man of the millennium, was hailed on Saturday as an international superstar--but scientists felt Charles Darwin or Isaac Newton should have taken the prize. ... 'In the end, Darwin will be seen to have told us more about why we are the way we are.... [stress added]." (The San Francisco Chronicle/Examiner, January 3, 1999, page A14).

FROM: USA Today, January 4, 1999: "The idea was simple. Sit around and pick the 1,000 most important people of the millenium. ... [#1] Johannes Gutenberg (1394?-1468) Inventor of printing.... [#5] William Shakespeare (1564-1616) 'Mirror of the millennium's soul'.... [#6] Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Laws of motion helped propel the Age of Reason.... [#7] Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Theory of Evolution [stress added]." (From the book by Barbara and Brent Bowers & Agnes Hooper Gottlieb and Henry Gottlieb, 1998, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men And Women Who Shaped The Millennium.)

The concept of CHANGE is definitely vital to an understanding of Darwin, whether you are reading Darwin himself, reading about him, or discussing him. In 1859 Darwin published On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Please note the changes Darwin made in the SIX editions of the same volume during his lifetime (as calculated by Morse Peckham [Editor], 1959, The Origin Of Species By Charles Darwin: A Variorum Text):

In the 5th edition of 1869, Darwin used (for the first time) the famous phrase (borrowed from Herbert Spencer [1820-1903]): "Survival of the Fittest." In the 6th edition of 1872, "On" was dropped from the title. In the 1st edition of 1859, Darwin only had the following phrase about human beings: "In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history."

In the 2nd edition of 1860 Darwin also wrote the following:

"Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator [STRESS added] into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved."

INCIDENTALLY, in his 1839 publication The Voyage Of The Beagle, Darwin wrote the following:

"Among the scenes which are deeply impressed on my mind, none exceed in subliminity the primeval forests undefaced by the hand of man; whether those of Brazil, where the powers of Life are predominant, or those of Tierra del Fuego, where Death and Decay prevail. Both are temples filled with the varied productions of the God of Nature:--no one can stand in these solitudes unmoved, and not feel that there is more in man than the mere breath of his body [STRESS added]" 1839, page 436)

IF YOU ARE INTERESTED in additional Darwin information, please direct your browser to http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Darwin/DarwinSem-S95.html to read the following:

The paper deals with some of the scientific research of Charles R. Darwin (1809-1882), specifically his monumental 1859 publication entitled On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. This paper also points out the "human" side of this most noted of human beings and Darwin's ideas are presented in the context of his times. Today, Darwin's theory of "natural selection" is hopefully well known but how did the culture of his times influence his ideas and the development and acceptance of his theory? What happened before Darwin published Origin and what came after his numerous other publications? Charles Darwin was an extremely important individual for a variety of reasons: the data he collected, the experiments he conducted, and the theories he proposed influenced a variety of disciplines, from anthropology to zoology as well as ecology, geology, and the general social sciences. His influence continues to be condemned, supported, and debated after almost 150 years. [168 words]

A virtually identical paper to this one with additional Darwin papers by Graduate Students at CSU, Chico, also appears at http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/CASP/1996.html

SOME WORDS BY TO CONSIDER: "Darwin's theory of human evolution caused a great perturbation in man's self-image. For thousands of years Western man [AND HERE the author means men AND women!] had envisioned himself as existing apart from nature. Evolutionary thought not only revealed man's primate status but placed him [or all of us!] right in the middle of the natural world. For the last hundred or so years, that concept has been working its way from the centers of learning through society at large. It is a very painful notion. To be suddenly removed as a very special child of the Creator and placed in the zoo with all the other animals is a traumatic experience. Human society has not recovered from the shock. ... If we, as a society, are still uneasy about our primate status, it is an understandable malaise. Our position has eroded over the past few hundred years from being the center of the universe to being one more species on a small planet orbiting a medium-sized star in one galaxy out of the multitude of galaxies that exist in the universe. It is from this humble starting point that we must begin to recreate love, beauty, and truth. It is a truly gargantuan job that leave us little time to monkey around and certainly does not permite us simply to ape the intellectual attitudes of our predecessors [stress added]" (Harold J. Morowitz, 1979, The Wine Of Life And Other Essays On Societies, Energy & Living Things, pages 133-134).

"The Galápagos Islands straddle the Equator, 600 miles west of Ecuador. HMS Beagle arrived there on September 15, 1835. Now almost four years away from England, the Beagle had just come from surveying down the Brazilian coast, through the Strait of Magellan at the southern tip of the continent, and up the coast of Peru. Charles Darwin was only 26 years old. Judging from his journal and his later comments, he had not yet begun to think about what he would eventually call 'the species question.' Darwin was impressed by 'the strange Cyclopean scene.' ... He also found some strange birds. For their role in his thinking about evolution, they are now referred to as 'Darwin's finches.' ... On Darwin's last day in the Galápagos, the official supervising the nearby British penal colony declared that he could tell on which island a tortoise originated by its distinctive shell pattern. 'I did not for some time pay sufficient attention to this statement,' Darwin wrote, 'and I had already partially mingled together the collections from two of the islands.' ... Later he wrote that the distribution of Galápagos animals, combined with the similarities between South American fossils and living species in the same region, were 'the factual origin of all my views.' Although the fossils nagged at him from the beginning, other naturalists back home in England had to point out the significance of the finches. In time, Darwin would write of the Galápagos in the 1839 edition of his Journal of Researches: 'The natural history of these islands is eminently curious, and well deserves attention. Here, both in space and time, we seem to be brought somewhere near to that great fact--that mystery of mysteries--the first appearance of new beings on this earth" [stress added]." Michael Sims, 1997, Darwin's Orchestra: An Almanac of Nature in History and the Arts (NY: Henry Holt), page 321-322.

AND SEE:

http://www.pbs.org/cgi-bin/saf/gi.pl [December 6-13, 1998 "field trip" to the Galapagos Islands]
http://www.wwf.org/galapagos [Gálapagos Islands]
http://www.cdl.edu/EvolveIt/ [Gálapagos Islands Evolution Simulation]

"Whatever the controversies that surround him, Charles Darwin was certainly the most important natural scientist of the past century; he may become the most important social scientist of the next. His great insight--that humans are animals and that their behavior, like that of all animals, is shaped by evolution--is now making its way into social theory. In economics, linguistics, anthropology and psychology, scholars are attempting to see how our evolved nature, interacting with particular environments, generates the ways we trade and speak, live with others and with ourselves [stress added]." (The Wall Street Journal, May 27, 1999, page A24)

"1997 was warmest year yet. Scientists say people are partly to blame." (San Francisco Chronicle, January 9, 1998, page A3)

"The warming of the Earth in this century is without precedent in at least 1,200 years and cannot be fully explained by any known combination of natural forces... New research is strengthening the argument that humans are partly responsible for the rising temperatures...." (Reno Gazette-Journal, December 9, 1998, page 11A).

"The Earth's average surface temperature in 1998 is the highest by far since people first began to measure it with thermometers in the mid-19th century...." (San Francisco Chronicle, December 18, 1998, page A3).

"The rate of global warming and sea level rise may be slightly higher than predicted during the next century based on new information gathered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.... The findings are likely to add to the controversy over the impact of heat-trapping ppollution in the atmosphere and to what extent it will affect climate and sea levels worldwide in the decades to come." (Chico Enterprise-Record, June 30, 1999, page 6A.)

"Some of the most polluted air you can breathe isn't downtown but inside your own home. Surprised? Studies from the Environmental Protection Agency show typical airborne pollutants now run two to five times higher indoors than out, especially now that auto emissions and industrial soke have been curbed. Blame it on household chemicals and appliance vapors, along with molds accumulating inside tightly sealed houses." (The Wall Street Journal, December 7, 1998, page B1)

"A report released Wednesday [May 26, 1999] concludes that the 2 million California children who attend school in portable classrooms may be exposed to high levels of airborne carcinogenic materials. ... Portable classrooms are made of plastics and other synthetic materials that 'outgas' toxic compounds. The number of portable classrooms has exploded in California since the Class Size Reduction Act of 1997 went into effect. ... In 1991, there were approximately 43,000 such classrooms in the state. Today, there are about 86,500, accomodating about 2 million students. ... The report follows than announcement by a Santa Clara toxicologist who found high quantitites of aresnic, benzene and phenol--all associated with modern building materials--in the blood and urine of students who attended school in portable classrooms in Saugus, in Los Angeles Countty." (San Francisco Chronicle, May 28, 1999, page A19)

"Can a few beams of sunshine help lessons soak in? A new study [N = 21,000 students] ever done on natural light in schools, suggests children learn faster and do better on standardized tests in classrooms with more dayllight. Learning rates were 26 percent higher in reading and 20 percent higher in math with rooms with the most natural light, researchers found. A companion study found that sales were 40 percent higher in stores with skylights, compared with almost identical stores in the same chain without skylights. ... A Wal-Mart store improved sales in areas lit by skylights, no matter what merchandise it put there. Wal-Mart never released any statistics for researchers to anaylyze, but within the past year it decided to build all its new stores with more natural light. Costco and Homebase have begun designing new stores with skylights, and target has been studying their effect on energy use and sales." (Carrie Peyton, Sunlight May Help Kids Learn Better, Study Says. The Sacramento Bee, June 28, 1999, page 1 and page A12.)

"Scientists are taking the first steps to see if organs like hearts or livers can be grown inside the human body using a new tissue replacement technique, a bioengineering company said yesterday. ... The company said the technology has already been used to grown new livers in rats and dogs and also to generate heart muscles in animals with diseased hearts." (The San Francisco Chronicle, June 24, 1998, page A17).

"The numbers defy the imagination: 1 million children killed every year, 200 million people afflicted. Malaria is steadily gaining resistance to medicine's scant arsenal of drugs. Although Americans think of malaria as a Third World disease, the mosquitoes that carry it are found in North America and could easily become infected with drug-resistant strains." (Business Week, June 2, 1997)

Washington, D.C., December 18, 1998: "Local doctors and hospitals are being urged to reduce their use of a potent antibiotic because bacteria are developing resistance to it. At many area hospitals, patients whose infections once would have been treated immediately with the drug vanomycin now are being given less powerful medications. Pharmacies are questioning prescriptions for vanomycin and are asking doctors to consider other drugs. One hospital stopped stocking the drug [stress added]." (USA Today, December 28, 1998, page 8A).

"Most of the 8,500 people infected with the AIDS virus worldwide each day have little hope of getting the costly new treatments causing so much excitement in the industrialized world, top AIDS experts said Sunday [July 7, 1996]" (Kim Painter, "8,500 New HIV Cases Occur Daily" in USA Today, July 8, 1996, page 1).

"As AIDS exploded into new regions, here are the latest U.N. estimates of new cases of infection and disease in 1997....44,000 North America...47,000 Carribean...180,000 Latin America...4,000,000 Sub-Saharan Africa...19,000 North Afirca and Middle East...30,000 Western Europe...100,000 Eastern Europe amd Central Asia...1,300,000 South and Southeast Asia...180,000 East Asia and The Pacific...and 600 Australia and New Zealand." [Or approximately 16,155/day] (David Perlman, 1998, "Poor Nations Losing Battle Against Aids" in The San Francisco Chronicle, June 24, 1998, page 1 and page A13).

"Scientists for the first time have mapped the entire gene pattern of an animal, a tiny worm that already is providing clues to human problems such as cancer, aging and Alzheimer's disease. ... The worm, a type of nematode called Caenorhabditis elegans, is as common as dirt. A handful of garden soil contains thousands. But the animal provides a crucial keyhole view of the vast world of genetics.... By studying genes shared by worm and human, researchers will learn at a molecular level what can go wrong and how to fix it. ... [People] worked together for eight years to identify the worm's 20,000 genes. To do this, they had to find and sequence about 97 million DNA base pairs, a task that required labs to work around the clock." (Reno Gazette-Journal, December 11, 1998, page 12A)

"Indeed, the almost daily advances in our ability to forecast any of the 4,000 inherited diseases our genes might bequeath us have created such a throny knot of private, ethical and social issues that the new genetic procedures are the subject of some 20 bills before Congress." (Time, January 11, 1999, page 56)

"A key British government report on the effects of growing genetically modified crops has been suppressed because of its controversial warning of serious environmental risks. The report says there are serious dangers to Britain's birds and indigenous plants from growing genetically modified crops on a commercial scale." (The San Francisco Examiner/Chronicle, December 13, 1998, page A22)

"Genetically engineered corn can lead to a bountiful harvest, but its pollen kills the caterpillars that turn into beautiful monarch butterflies...." (Kathleen Fackelmann, 1999, Engineered Corn Kills Butterflies, Study Says. USA Today, May 20, 1999, page 1); and see Time May 31, 1999, pages 80-81.

"Scientists have discovered that pollen from genetically altered corn could be killing monarch butterflies in the American Midwest. Researchers at Cornell University found that windborne pollen from corn infused with the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) kills butterflies and caterpillars. The so-called Bt corn was genetically engineered to protect itself against pests. Caterpillars that were fed the Bt pollen in the laboratory studies died within four days, while those who were fed normal pollen did not. The corn's gene was designed to produce a toxin in its tissues to fight pests that try to eat the plant. Bt toxin may affect more insects than buterflies, particularly those that live on plants found around cornfields that are dusted with the Bt pollen." (San Francisco Chronicle, May 29, 1999, page A4).

"To the Inuits of northern Canada, DDT [dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane] is one of the scariest poisons imaginable - an invisible toxic chemical that has infiltrated the cells of arctic creatures from plankton to people and turned ordinary whales into floating hazardous waste dumps. To governments in central Africa, it is a chemical safety net, a primary defense against a worsening malaria epidemic that kills 5,000 children each day in countries south of the equator." (The San Francisco Chronicle, June 29, 1998, page A8)

"USA Today published the first issue, Volume 1, Number 1 on September 15, 1982; in 1984, "it was losing more than $10 million a month. Put another way, the newspaper was losing $339,726 every day, $14,155 every hour, $236 every minute, $3.93 every second. ... [finally] USA Today broke into the black with profit of $1,093,756 for month of May [1987], six months ahead of schedule" (Peter S. Prichard, 1987, The Making Of McPaper: The Inside Story of USA Today, pages 305 and 378].

NOTE: As of September 30, 1997, according to The World Almanac And Book Of Facts 1999, page 185:

Wall Street Journal with a circulation of 1,774,880 [1,783,532 in the previous year]
USA Today with a circulation of 1,629,665 [1,591,629 in the previous year ]
New York Times with a circulation of 1,074,071 [1,071,120 in the previous year ]
Los Angeles Times with a circulation of 1,050,176 [1,029,073 in the previous year ]
Washington Post with a circulation of 775,894 [789,198 in the previous year ]

"The world is headed for an unprecedented food shortage that neither science nor current farming practises will be able to meet, a summit of leading agriculture scientists has concluded. ...the Third World's population is expected to grow by 2 billion people by 2025, developing countries will need at least 75 percent more food than currently consumed.... 'A global wake-up call is needed'.... The world must also cope with an unprecedented increase in population, with projected growth averaging 90 million people annually." (World Food Shortage Is In Store, Agriculture Scientists Warn. The Sacramento Bee, July 13, 1996, page A14)

"Trawling by the world's fishing fleets is profoundly altering the balance of life in the seas, causing widespread disruption of ocean-bottom habitats and destroying countless creatures, including commercially important ones, a groupd of marine scientists says. The ecological damage from trawling and dredging is at least comparable to the toll from clearing in forests, yet the problem has gone virtually unnoticed until now." (San Francisco Chronicle, December 10, 1998, page A10)

"Scientific evidence is mounting that...music may be as powerful a food for the brain as for the soul. Not only does it pluck at emotional heart strings, but scientists say that it also turns on brain circuits that aid recognition of patterns and structures critical to development of mathematics skills, logic, perception and memory" (Bill Henrrick, "Parents, Studies Say Music Lends An Ear To Learning" in the San Francisco Chronicle, July 6, 1996, page A7).

"BRAIN STRAIN: Feel like you can't think straight when you're stressed out? You're probably right. Researchers who injected volunteers with cortisol--a hormone secreted during stress--report that those who received the highest doeses for the longest period (four days) had the most trouble recalling a story they had been told. There is a bright spot: a week after the hormone injections stopped, memory was completely restored." (Janice M. Horowitz, 1999, Time, June 28, 1999, page 79.)

"The Gene of 1998...A gene on chromosome 7 has been linked to language development. ... A gene variant found on chromosome 17 appears to boost physical performance. ... People with two copies of a mutant gene on chromosome 4 suffer from Wolfram syndrome.... A mutation of a gene on chromosome 8 causes alopecia universalis.... Researchers have now identified a mutant gene on chromosome 3 that may be the cause [of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation that kills between 15,0000 and 36,000 Americans every year]....[mental retardation] has now been linked to a mutation of a gene on the X chromosome" (Discover, January 1999, page 38)

"Of some 80,000 human genes, more than half have now been identified, extracted, and cataloged in databases. As of this writing, more than 1,200 gene segments have been implictaed in more than 1,500 human disorders, and precise genes and relevant mutations have been identified for about half that number. The rest of the human genes are incubating in test tubes in laboratories around the world, and in databases, where they have been transformed. From molecular information once intelligible only to the human body, genes have become digital and even alphabetical information, accessible on the Internet to anyone who has a computer [stress added]." (Lois Wingerson, 1998, Unnatural Selection: The Promise and the Power of Human Gene Research, viii.)

PLEASE CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING about a child, born May 5, 1997: "Like no generation before, Alyssa's enters a consumer culture, surrounded by logos, labels, and ads almost from the moment of birth. As an infant, Alyssa may wear Sesame Street diapers and miniature pro baskeball jerseys. By the time she's 20 months old, she will start to recognize some of the thousands of brands flashed in front of her each day. At age 7 [in the year 2004], she will see some 20,000 TV commercials a year. By the time she's 12 [in the year 2009], she will have her own entry in the massive data banks of marketers. Multiply Alyssa by 30 million--the number of babies born in this country since 1990--and you have the largest generation to flood the market since their baby boom parents. More impressive than their numbers, though, is their wealth [stress added]." (Business Week, June 30, 1997, page 62)

"I have come to believe that the Y2K apocalypse is a myth. The truth is not that civilization will come to an end, but rather than civilization as we once knew it has ended already. We are no longer in complete command of our creations. We are back in the jungle, only this time it is a jungle of our own creation. The technological environment we live within is something to be manipulated and influenced, but never again something to control. There are no real experts, only people who understand their own little pieces of the puzzle. The big picture is a mystery to us, and the big news is that nobody knows [stress added]." (Danny Hillis, 1999, Why Do We Buy The Myth of Y2K? Newsweek, May 31, 1999, page 12.)

AND JUST FOR THE "FUN" OF IT, please read and think about the following from the somewhat staid The Wall Street Journal EXTRA of January 11, 1999 and their edition of MONDAY, JANUARY 1, 1000: "In the end, it wasn't the end. The moment many were fearing came Dec.31,999, and...went, failing to live up to its advanced billing. The last day of the year turned out to be one of the biggest nonevents of the millennium. Despite fire-and-brimstone predictions in the Bible's Book of Revelation, there was not a great earthquake. The sun did not turn black like sackcloth. The moon did not turn blood red. And stars in the sky did not fall to earth. Doomsayers are dumbstruck. ... Outside Christian Europe, of course, people wonder what the fuss has been all about. The millennium wasn't a big deal elsewhere because, well, it wasn't the millennium elsewhere: This is the gengzi year on the Chinese calendar, year 10.8.12.5.0 on the Mayan calendar and 4760 on the Jewish calendar." (Anon., No Apocalypse Now: Y1K Anxiety Ends, But World Doesn't. 1999, January 11, 1999, page R33.)

I. RESEARCH & ECOLOGY & INTO LANGUAGE (and have a look at Professor Turhon Murad's "Skull Module" located at http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/Module/skull.html).

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought.

"My intention is not, however, to [simply] impart information, but to throw the burden of study upon you. If I succeed in teaching you to observe, my aim will be attained." Louis Aggasiz [1807-1873], Swiss-American Scientist.

A. VTAPE: MYSTERIES OF MANKIND
B. FILM: NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION [and see http://www.careersonline.com.au/easyway/int/nvcomm.html].

"Communication begins with self and with others. The way we have learned about ourselves as women or as men affects how we communicate with others. This, in turn, affects others' perceptions of us and communication with us. How others see and communicate with us spirals back and influences our self-concept." (Judy Cornelia Pearson et. al, 1991, Gender & Communication [2nd edition]), page 74.

"The thought of every age is reflected in its technique." (Norbert Wiener, 1961, Cybernetics: Or Control And Communication In The Animal And The Machine, page 38).

"Body language is innate. Worldwide, all people who pout adopt the same expression. None other than Charles Darwin [1809-1882] recorded that observation." (The San Francisco Chronicle, March 1, 1998, page 8)

"How often do the involuntary movements of our features reveal what we are secretly thinking and betray us to those about us!" (Michel Eyquem de Montaigne [1533-1592] French philosopher/essayist) in Essays, translated by J.M. Cohen, 1958, page 189)

NOTE: Jo-Ellan Dimitrius writes: "For fifteen years since then, I have made my living reading people. I have sized up more than ten thousand prospective jurors, and evaluated thousands of witnesses, lawyers, and even judges. ... My more important skill is my ability to see the pattern of someone's personality and beliefs emerge from among conflicting traits and characteristics." Jo-Ellan Dimitrius and Mark Mazzarella, 1998, Reading People, pages xii-xiii.

II. A STRATEGY OF ADAPTATION: CULTURAL EVOLUTION
A. Importance of Terminology
B. Strategies On Foraging, Gathering, Hunting, Pastoralism, and....

III. REMINDERS:
A. EXAM I (20%) on FRIDAY 24 SEPTEMBER 1999 (Map, Multiple Choice, & True/False)
B. Potential EXAM I Questions below in this Guidebook
C. Map for Exam 1 (below)
D. And in addition to printed maps, see: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/Libs/PCL/Map_collection/africa.html as well as: http://www.cia.gov/cia/ciakids/geography/africa.html
E. Writing Assignment #1 (5%) DUE this week on FRIDAY 17 SEPTEMBER 1999 and Writing Assignment #1 Instructions available at the end of this Guidebook.

IV. READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00:

Pages 58 & 59 [Overview]
"Language, Appearance, and Reality: Double-Speak in 1984" by William D. Lutz, pages 60-65.
"Why Don't You Say What You Mean?" by Deborah Tannen, pages 66-69.
"Too Many Bananas: Not Enough Pineapples...." by David Counts, pages 96-99.

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment of jobs to people.

HUNTING & GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involving the foraging of wild, naturally occurring foods.

INDUSTRIALISM: A subsistence strategy marked by intensive, mechanized food production and elaborate distribution networks.

LANGUAGE: The system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech.

PASTORALISM: a subsistence strategy based on the maintenance and use of large herds of animals.

SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES: Strategies used by groups of people to exploit their environment for material necessities. Hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, and industrialism are subsistence strategies.

VIDEOTAPE = Brief review of work of Raymond Dart (1893-1989), Louis Leakey (1903-1972), Mary Leakey (1913-1996), and Charles Darwin (1809-1882).

VIDEOTAPE = "Lucy" discovered = "...a small female australopithecine who lived three million years ago, beside a lake in what is now Ethiopia. With forty percent of her skeleton recovered, she is the most complete specimen of an early hominid ever found. The shape of the pelvic bone shows that she was female, while the leg bones indicate that she walked upright. Her teeth suggest that she was about twenty years old when she died." (Richard E. Leakey, 1981, The Making of Mankind, page 67)

VIDEOTAPE = Richard Leakey, son of the Drs. Louis and Mary Leakey, as the "organizing genius of modern paleontology. ... Homo erectus - the first human species to leave Africa. ... Tools as a reflection of the user."

VIDEOTAPE = Pat Schifman = "The problem for us today is to tease out of the past - to coax out of the evidence - ... And once we know when we started and how we started and what was important, then we may have a very different idea of what it means to be human.

VIDEOTAPE = Deals with DNA research and the hypothesis of a single woman in Africa approximately 200,000 years ago = "the more closely alike the DNA, the more closely related the individuals are."

NOTE:

"Luther Young's "Africa 'Eve' mother of us all?" in The Sacramento Bee, February 19, 1990: "A Biochemist's theory that all living humans descended from a single African 'Eve' who lived a relatively brief 200,000 years ago was strongly disputed Sunday by prominent anthropologists. ... The Eve theory was proposed several years ago by Allan C. Wilson, a biochemistry professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Wilson ingeniously applied the genetic 'clock' in a form of DNA, of deoxyribonucleic acid, found in human mitochondria--small areas within a cell, separate from the nucleus, that play an important role in the cell's energy production. Unlike the double-stranded nuclear DNA that controls genetic inheritance for the entire body, mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA, affects only the mitochondria and is replicated only by women in their female offspring. Theoretically, all women would have had a common ancestor." - theory challenged by Milton H. Wolpoff, University of Michigan anthropologist: "Wolpoff agreed there was probably an Eve. But 'she lived a long time ago, certainly longer than 200,000 years ago.'"

VIDEOTAPE = "The science of anthropology is little more than a hundred years old. New technologies will add other new pieces to the expanding puzzle, but that is all we can expect--random puzzle pieces--never can the entire picture be known. For scientists, the excitement of the quest never diminishes."

SEE Scientific American of April 1992 for article by Wilson & Cann entitled "The Recent African Genesis of Humans" and an opposing article by Thorne & Wolpoff entitled "The Multiregional Evolution of Humans" where they state that "The reasoning behind a molecular clock is flawed" and see Discovery September 1995 (pages 70-81) for some of the latest work by Ofer Bar-Yosef at Kebara.

"One of the greatest lessons that can be learned from the history of science is one of humility. Science may indeed be steadily learning more about the structure of the world, but surely what is known is exceedingly small in relation to what is unknown. There is no scientific theory today, not even a law, that may not be modified or discarded tomorrow." (Martin Gardner, 1990, The New Ambidextrous Universe: Symmetry and Asymmetry From Mirror Reflections to Superstrings, 3rd edition, page 335).

"A hauntingly brief but significant message extracted from the bones of a Neanderthal who lived at least 30,000 years ago has cast new light both on the origin of humans and Neanderthals and on the long disputed relationship between the two. The message consists of a short strip of the genetic material DNA that has been retrieved and deciphered despite the age of the specimen. It indicates that Neanderthals did not interbreed with the modern humans who started to supplant them from their ancient homes about 50,000 years ago. ... The split between Neanderthal and human mitochondrial DNA, which marks the start of the split between the human and Neanderthal lineages, would have occurred between 550,000 and 690,000 years ago, the authors say, while the individual from whom all modern human mitochondrial DNA is descended, would have lived 120,000 to 150,000 years ago [stress added]." (July 11, 1997, The New York Times)

BUT NOTE: "Neanderthals and modern humans not only coexisted for thousands of years long ago, as anthropologists have established, but now their little secret is out: They also cohabited. At least that is the interpretation being made by paleontologists who have examined the 24,500 year-old skeleton of a young boy discovered recently in a shallow grave in Portugal [stress added]." (John N. Wilford, 1999, Homo sapiens may be related to Neanderthals. San Francisco Examiner, April 25, 1999, page A4).

"My view is that knowledge is a rearrangement of experience, in which we put together those experiences that seem to us to belong together, and put them apart from those that do not" (Jacob Bronowski [1908-1984], The Identity of Man, 1966: 26).

SOME 1999 QUESTIONS asked of Richard Leakey: "What do you think is the biggest problem facing the world today? Global warming. ... Which historical figure would you most like to invite to a dinner party? Charles Darwin, so that i could tell him of what we now know and re-assure him that he has made some of the most significant contributions ever in terms of placing us within context on this planet [streess added]." (Discover, May 1999, pages 18-19).

"Long after I became involved in fossil hunting, but while my father and I were still cleaning antlers, I came across a manuscript of a lecture he had given, in California, I think. One sentence arrested my attention: 'The past is the key to our future.' I felt as if I were reading something I had written; it expressed my own conviction completely [stress added]." Richard Leakey & Roger Lewin, 1992, Origins Reconsidered: In Search Of What Makes Us Human, page xv.

NOTE: "Nonverbal communication functions in several important ways in regulating human interactions. It is an effective way of (1) sending messages about our attitudes and feelings, (2) elaborating on our verbal messages, and (3) governing the timing and turn taking between communicators." ( Gary P. Ferraro, 1990, The Cultural Dimensions Of International Business, page 69).

FILM: "The world of people is a world of words....[but]." "Just as a bird watcher watches birds, so a man-watcher [or a people watcher] watches people. But he [or she] is a student of human behavior, not a voyeur. To him [or her], the way an elderly gentleman waves to a friend is quite as exciting as the way a young girl crosses her legs. He [or she] is a field-observer of human actions, and his [or her] field is everywhere--at the bus-stop, the supermarket, the airport, the street corner, the dinner party and the football match. Wherever people behave, there the man-watcher [or people watcher] has something to learn--about his [or her] fellow-men and ultimately about himself." [Desmond Morris, Manwatching: A Field Guide to Human Behavior,1977: 8]

FILM: The human face, one of the most expressive "tools." ... How do "we" know that it is the face and not the knowledge about the feeling behind the face? ... "Proxemics" or the study of interpersonal space in human beings. Females are more sensitive to non-verbal cues than men. Important for survival in the environment. ... Deliberate ambiguity of non-verbal communication [NVC]. ... NVC as an instrument of self-presentation; used to qualify remarks; synchronize communications; and express a thought or feeling we may wish to take back. If some NVC are learned, some are also traced to our biological heritage.

NOTE: Zones: Intimate, Personal, Social, and Public. (See Peter Marsh, 1988, Eye To Eye: How People Interact, page 42); "Culture is communication and communication is culture....Culture is not one thing, but many....Culture is concerned more with messages...." (E. T. Hall, The Silent Language, 1959: 169).

"What we mean by the word 'world' usually is the world encompassed by human communication. The world was one thing when word seeped around from tribe to tribe. It became another when traders and religious enthusiasts set forth journeying. So it progressed through centuries--mail service, print, telegraph, telephone, electronic credit. Each time the means of communication advanced, the 'world' metamorphosed." (Stewart Brand, The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT, 1987: xiii)

NOTE: "According to anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell, in any human conversation, no more than thirty-five percent of the social meaning is communicated in words. All the rest is nonverbal." (Flora Davis, Eloquent Animals: A Study in Animal Communication, 1978: 183)

"What language does, says Pinker, is allow us to translate our murky, fuzzy, infinitely complex thoughts into a discrete set of sounds that can be transferred through time and space to be understood by others. But words and sentences are not thought itself, as those who have struggled to find the right words to express how they feel can testify. Language is a notoriously poor method of expressing emotions, feelings, and the richer tapestries of human existence such as love, faith, beauty, and truth--studies show that people rely more on facial expression and tone of voice to judge a person's emotional state than his or her explicit words. And while language can be used to describe a particular place or scene, for most people a picture is really worth a thousand words [stress added]." William F. Allman, 1994, The Stone Age Present: How Evolution Has Shaped Modern Life--From Sex, Violence, And Language To Emotions, Morals, and Communities (NY: Simon & Schuster), pages 171-172.

NOTE: "Why do men and women communicate so differently? It may be something in our genes. A new study has found evidence of a gene that may explain why women tend to be more adept in social situations than men - contradicting the popular notion that cultural differences cause the male-female social gap. 'This suggests that there is a genetic basis for female intuition ... the ability to read social situations that are not obvious,' says David Skuse, lead author of the report in this week's issue of Nature. 'Women are born with that facility and men have to learn it.' ... No word yet on finding a gene for people who are just plain boring." (Robert Langreth, The Wall Street Journal, June 12, 1997, page B1)

1. Anthropology provides ______ basis for dealing with the crucial dilemmas of today's world. (a) an historical; (b) a scientific; (c) a computerized; (d) a romantic

2. Among the Yanomamo, the following took place: (a) alliances; (b) trading; (c) feasts; (d) all-of-the-above.

3. A Rule of relationship that ties people together on the basis of reputed common ancestry is called: (a) affinity; (b) bilateral kinship; (c) common ancestry; (d) descent.

4. According to George Gmelch, the most common form of baseball magic is ___: (a) activities on a specific day; (b) personal ritual; (c) idiosyncratric taboos; (d) none-of-the above.

5. According to Heather Pringle, women in "ice age Europe" were: (a) priestly leaders; (b) clever inventors; (c) mighty hunters; (d) all-of-the-above.

6. TRUE FALSE For various anthropologists, "evidence" can be tools, bones, or genes.

7. TRUE FALSE "Ethnographies" are described as "those anthropological descriptions of others' cultures, brimming with facts and insights."

8. TRUE FALSE A subsistence strategy based on the maintenance and use of large herds of animals is defined as horticulture.

9. TRUE FALSE It has been written (and pointed out) that it is both "culture" and "individual experience" which guides parents in raising children.

10. TRUE FALSE About 250 years ago (1749), most of the world was inhabited by hunters-gatherers (or horticulturalists) peoples.

ALSO PLEASE REMEMBER: "Examinations are formidable even to the best prepared; for the greatest fool may ask more than the wisest man [or individual!] can answer." (Charles Colton, 1780-1832).

I. LANGUAGE, COMMUNICATION & REVIEW AND EXAM I (20%) on 24 SEPTEMBER 1999.

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

II. LANGUAGE, THOUGHT, AND CULTURE
A. Sapir-Whorf [Who were they? who cares?!] [as well as http://www.aber.ac.uk/~dgc/whorf.html]
B. Culture is Communication is Culture!

"Culture is communication. In physics, so far as we know, the galaxies that one studies are all controlled by the same laws. This is not entirely true of the worlds created by humans. Each cultural world operates according to its own principles, and its own laws--written and unwritten. Even time and space are unique to each culture. There are, however, some common threads that run through all cultures. It is possible to say that the world of communication can be divided into three parts: words, material things, and behavior." Edward & Mildred Hall, 1990, Understanding Cultural Differences [CSUC/HD/31/H229/1990], page 3.

"Humans, of course, have always exchanged symbolic images of reality. That is what language is all about. It is what knowledge is based on. However, different societies require either more or less symbolic exchange. The transition to a knowledge-based economy sharply increases the demand for communication and swamps the old image-delivery systems. ... Jeffrey Moritz is president of National College Television, which uses satellites to distribute specialized programming to college students for forty-two hours a week. NCT claims a student audience of 700,000. Ranging in age from eighteen to thirty-four, these are citizens today and potential leaders tomorrow. ... 'Today's college student of age 20 is the most 'video-sophisticated audience' in history.' Alfred Toffler, 1990, Power Shift: Knowledge, Wealth, and Violence At The Edge Of The 21st Century, page 334 and page 367.

"Encouraging students to trust themselves is one of the most important things a teacher can do. ... You can help the student know herself [or himself] by inspiring participation and promoting self-confidence." (Judith Kahn, 1975, The Guide To Conscious Communication, page 4)

"Communication begins with self and with others. The way we have learned about ourselves as women or as men affects how we communicate with others. This, in turn, affects others' perceptions of us and communication with us. How others see and communicate with us spirals back and influences our self-concept." (Judy Cornelia Pearson et. al, 1991, Gender & Communication [2nd edition]), page 74.

"Babies struggling to turn babble into polished patter use a previously undiscovered [!] instinct for rules to master the building blocks of language, scientists at New York University announced Thursday. The new insight [!!] is persuasive evidence that the ability to think in terms of formulas and rules is not just something that must be learned through schooling, as some scholars have argued, but is also a fundamental characteristic of every human mind, several language experts said. ... Working with 7-month-old infants, the NYU researchers determined that even the very young can make sense of speech by figuring out on their own simple rules about the patterns of language structure and grammar. ... The research, published today in Science, broadens the understanding of what may be built into every human brain at birth.... [stress added]." (The Sacramento Bee, January 1, 1999, page A8)

"Babies may not kow a verb from a noun, but researchers have found even 7-month-olds can learn how sentences are organized, a discovery that may lead to early diagnosis of infants with language disorders [stress added]." (Chico Enterprise-Record, January 3, 1999, page 7C).

ALSO NOTE: "The ability to do mathematics--everything from simple arithmetic to thinking up equations that explain an expanding universe--may stem from the interaction of two brain circuits that handle numbers differently. ... It looks like human are 'born with a start-up kit for numbers'...and must practise, just as musicians do [stress added]." (Sandra Blakesleee, 1999, 2 Distinct Circuits in the Brain Believed Involved in Doing Math. The San Francisco Chronicle, May 12, 1999).

III. COMMENTS AND REVIEW
A. VTAPE: LANGUAGE
B. EXAM I (20%) ON FRIDAY 24 SEPTEMBER 1999!
C. Review all Angeloni pages & Guidebook pages to date.
D. Map} Central and South America and Africa.
E. Map, Multiple Choice, and True/False.

IV. REMINDER: READINGS, TERMS, AND FILM FOR THIS WEEK ARE INCLUDED ON THE EXAM ON FRIDAY 9/24/99.

V. READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00

"Eating Christmas in the Kalahari" by Richard Borshay Lee, pages 34-37.
"Shakespeare in the Bush" by Laura Bohannan, pages 73-77.

GRAMMAR: The categories and rules for combining vocal symbols.

LANGUAGE: The system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech.

MORPHEME: The smallest meaningful category in any language.

NONLINGUISTIC SYMBOLS: Any symbol that exists outside the system of language and speech; for example, visual symbols.

PHONEME: The minimal category of speech sounds that signals a difference in meaning.

PHONOLOGY: The categories and rules for forming vocal symbols.

SEMANTICS: The categories and rules for relating vocal symbols to their referents.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC RULES: Rules specifying the nature of the speech community, the particular speech situations within a community, and the speech acts that members use to convey their messages.

SPEECH: The behavior that produces meaningful vocal sounds.

SYMBOL: Anything that humans can sense that is given an arbitrary relationship to its referent.

VIDEOTAPE: Looks at the work of Jane Goodall, David Premack, Philip Lieberman, Ursala Bellugi (expert in sign languages of the deaf), Helen J. Neville, Patricia Kuhl, and others.

VIDEOTAPE: "If language is built into us as a species, where in the evolutionary record did this miracle first occur? Why did language evolve in man alone of all living creatures? Clues to the origin of language come to us from fossil records. Dr. Philip Lieberman, of the Department of Linguistics at Brown University, has examined Nenaderthal and hominoid skulls in his laboratory. ... [You] observe how the muscles attach to the bones of the living animal, then put together the fossil. Now once you have that, you can also tell a fair amount about the brain and how the brain could control anatomy. ... Modern speech is very efficient. We don't think about it because we do it all the time. So it's perfectly natural. But it turns out that it's almost ten times faster than any other sound, such as sound that chimpanzees make. ... It's really impossible to conceive of human culture without language. Language enters into everything. You can't have human culture without human language. Further, language facilitates thought. I think it's impossible to conceive of human thought without human language."

VIDEOTAPE: "In fact, language is so central to the human mind that it emerges in everyone with normal human abilities, even when hearing is absent at birth." ... Pidgin language develops into Creole as a result of the children. "So it may be the very structure of language is programmed into the brain."

NOTE: "Derek Bickerton...believes that creoles provide evidence for an innate language program. Creoles--more than a hundred are known--generally appeared when the slave trade and European colonialism forced great numbers of people who spoke different languages to work together." (Ann Finkbeiner, 1988, in The Day That Lightning Chased The Housewife ...And Other Mysteries of Sciences, edited by Julia Leigh and David Savold, page 12).

VIDEOTAPE: Issues, such as, language and environment, thinking, and the world. Work of Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941) and information about the Hopi Indians; "Like all languages, the Hopi language holds a mirror to the world its speakers live in." ... "Language as a coping mechanism."

"Any human infant raised in Budapest will learn to speak perfect Hungarian. Any human infant raised in the Eastern Cape will learn to speak perfect Xhosa. The language one speaks reflects social circumstance, not genetic difference. ... You cannot predict the language a child will speak from knowledge of its DNA [stress added]." Joseph Schwarz, 1992, The Creative Moment: How Science Made Itself Alien To Modern Culture, pages 143-144.

"Despite these dangers, I am joining the growing dialogue on gender and language because the risks of ignoring differences is greater than the danger of naming them. Sweeping something big under the rug doesn't make it go away; it trips you up and sends you sprawling when you venture across the room. Denying real differences can only compound the confusion that is already widespread in this era of shifting and re-forming relationships between women and men." (Deborah Tannen, 1990, You Just Don't Understand: Women And Men In Conversation, page 16)

I. ECOLOGY & SUBSISTENCE (CONTINUED)

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

A. BUSHMEN OF THE KALAHARI [Film] [the !Kung] (and see http://www.mg.co.za/mg/news/97mar1/7mar-botswana.html as well as http://www.newcastle.ac.uk/~nantiq/menu.html and http://www.designnet-pro.com/ata/atm/bushmen.html).

"When one comes to think of it, it is pretty obvious that Woman, not Man was the innovator who laid the foundations of our civilization. While the men went hunting, the Woman was the guardian of the fire and, pretty certainly, the first maker of pottery. It was she who went picking the wild berries and nuts and seeds and who went poking with sticks to unearth the edible roots. In the mother-to-daughter tradition, the knowledge of plants born of long observation led women to experiment in cultivation. Biologically Woman was more observant than Man, because the recurring phases of the moon coincided with the rhythm of her fertile life and she could observe the period of gestation not only in herself but in the animals and in the seasonal reappearance of the plants. So she had a sense of Time, and the measurement of Time was one of the earliest manifestations of constructive and systematic thinking." (Sir Ritchie Calder, 1961, After The Seventh Day: The World Man Created, page 69)

II. A STRATEGY OF ADAPTATION: CULTURAL EVOLUTION
A. Importance of Terminology
B. Strategies on Gathering, Hunting, Pastoralism, and...for the "Big Picture" please go to: http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/archivepix.html as well as http://www.newcastle.ac.uk/~nantiq/timeline.jpg.
C. VTAPE: HUNTERS-GATHERERS/PASTORALISTS
D. FILM: PRIMITIVE PEOPLE [CFU: Horrible title but semi-reasonable film!] (and for additional information on Australian Aborigines, please go to http://www.insects.org/ced1/aust_abor.html as well as http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVL-Aboriginal.html)

III. READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00:

Pages 78 & 79 [Overview]
"Mystique of the Masai" by Ettagale Blauer, pages 89-95.
"Life Without Chiefs" by Marvin Harris, pages 106-109.
"Young Traders of Northern Nigeria" by Enid Schildkrout, pages 116-119.
"The Initiation of a Maasai Warrior" by Teplit Ole Sailoti, pages 156-160.
"Psychotherapy in Afirca" by Thomas Adeoye Lambo, pages 166-170.
"The Mbuti Pygmies: Changes And Adaptation" by Colin M. Turnbull, pages 171-173.
"Body Ritual Among the Nacirema" by Horace Miner, pages 184-186 [and if you have access to the WWW, please see http://www.beadsland.com/nacirema/].

"Until about 10,000 years ago, everyone in the world survived by hunting and gethering wild foods. They lived in intimate association with their natural environments and employed a complex variety of strategies to forage for food and other necessities of life." [The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari. Richard B. Lee, 1968, in Man The Hunter)

"We cannot know all that we have gained in acquiring civilization until we know what we have lost." Elman Service, 1996, The Hunters, page 1. "Pastoral nomadism is in fundamental ways the ecological converse of forest agriculture: an adaptation to open semi-arid grassland as opposed to tropical rain forest, a commitment to animal husbandry to the virtual exclusion of plant cultivation, and an economic basis rather of chiefdoms than of segmentary tribes." Marshal Sahlins, 1968, Tribesmen, page 32.

"...an unwitting or a deliberate bias in time perspective. The evaluations about which we hear most have been made by Western Europeans and their colonial descendants. The date is the present, when the star of the Occident is in its ascendancy and its followers have made themselves the masters and arbiters of the lifeways of the people with whom they compare themselves. It might, of course, be argued on the Darwinian principle of the survival of the fittest that this ascendancy is proof of racial superiority, except that it is a relatively recent phenomenon that is not correlated with any demonstrable change in the biological composition of Europeans a generation prior to A.D. 1492. The truth is that a European mastery of large parts of the globe has been due more to the possession of gunpowder and iron--both non-European inventions--than to racial superiority. Comparisons dating from the period just before the destructive effects of Western civilization made themselves felt would be more justifiable. Our historical records contain many illustrations of the fact that Europe then was not much in advance of many other parts of the world that were conquered by its representatives. When Cortez reached the Aztec city of Tenochtitlàn in 1519, he and his men were understandably astonished by the artistic, industrial, and governmental achievements of its builders [stress added]." H.G. Barnett, 1953, Innovation: The Basis of Cultural Change, page 30.

"The Natufians [of the Middle East] survived in their new life as sedentary hunter-gatherers until, about 11,000 years ago...a sudden cold snap. ... Start moving again or find a new way to survive. They turned to agriculture." William F. Allman, 1994, The Stone Age Present: How Evolution Has Shaped Modern Life--From Sex, Violence, And Language To Emotions, Morals, and Communities (NY: Simon & Schuster), pages 239-240.

"In the age of information, survival still depends on hunters and gatherers. In that modern day tribe called a corporation, it's still the survival of the fittest. And in the treacherous nineties, the fittest will certainly be the best informed. So making it safely--and prosperously--through the next quarter may well depend on having a plentiful supply of the news and information business feeds on." [Paid Advertisement for the Dow Jones Information Services in The Wall Street Journal, August 19, 1991.

"...the continent of Greater Australia must have been colonised prior to about 40,000 years ago, the times of our ealiest evidence. From all indications the colonists arrived from Southeast Asia by sea, and can be counted amongst the earliest of modern human populations." Harry Lourandos, 1997, Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory (Cambridge University Press) [CSUC: GN/871/L68/1997], pages 296; but also see/read in the same publication:

"The evidence itself is, however, constantly changing or being modified. As we go to press new claims are being made of a radically early chronology for the prehistory of Australia. From the site of Jinmium in the Kimberly of northwestern Australia have been reported fallen panels of rock art engravings dated at between 58,000 and 75,000 years ago, and stone artefacts at between 116,000 and 176,000 years ago." Harry Lourandos, 1997, Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory (Cambridge University Press) [CSUC: GN/871/L68/1997], page xv.

"Aboriginal Australia was divided into some three hundred tribes, each associated with a separate area. Tribal unity was based on common language and common mythology, but not usually upon group action. For the individual native, membership in a local group or horde was much more important than tribal membership. Each horde was identified with a subdivision of the tribal area and consisted of a number of families related to one another through various kinship ties. Males usually dwelt throughout their lives in the territory where they were born; wives were selected from other parts of the tribe and moved to their husbands' place at marriage. But although residence was more commonly based upon father relationships, ties with the mother were also emphasized through important totemic means. Yet more important than either of these social groupings was the biological family unit. ... The family unit has been aptly called the group of orientation. For, in Australia as in most other primitive [sic.] cultures, an individual's family relationships determined the kinship terms and behavior he used toward every other person in his social universe." (D.L. Oliver, The Pacific Islands, 1961, pp. 31-32)

"In considering the political structure of the native Australians we must remember that Australia is a continent, and the only one that was inhabited exclusively by hunters and gatherers. Probably the most formal and the most complex kind of chieftainship recorded in Australia was that of the Jaraldi people in the Lower Murray River country, one of the continents most populous regions. In the middle of the last century, each territorial clan had its own headman and council, and there was also a paramount chief for the entire tribe. The council members of each clan were elected in a meeting between the middle-aged and elderly men, and a few of the outstanding younger ones as well. In a few cases women were also elected." (Carlton S. Coon, The Hunting Peoples, 1971: 282-283).

See San Francisco Chronicle of 15 July'92 and article entitled "Australia's Aborigines Fighting Back After Years of Oppression" on page A11 = "Despite Australia's reputation as a socially progressive nation, education, health and labor conditions for the country's 300,000 aborigines remain inadequate. It is only in the last 20 years that the federal government has exerted power over the country's six states to enforce civil and human rights laws after a 200-year legacy of near genocide."

Also see San Francisco Chronicle of 29 May 1997: "Australia ruled out any compensation yesterday for 100,000 Aboriginal children forcibly taken from their families by the government for more than a half a century until the early 1970s. ... Under state laws starting in 1910, the government removed Aboriginal children from their families because the white majority considered it as in their best interest. ... Australia's 303,000 Aborigines make up 1 percent of its population. They have long complained of discirimination, and they lag behind other Australians in access to jobs, education and health services" (page A10).

FILM: John Marshall & Kerewele Ledimo seek the village of !Kadi and ask the question "Do the people still pursue their ancient way of life and freedom of the Kalahari? ... The people I lived with in the Western Kalahari called themselves zhu twa si [the harmless people; they also call all strangers zhu dole or dangerous people]." ... "Beyond satisfying hunger, hunting confirmed kinship ties ... drawing them together. ... Kinship has always been the key to Bushmen survival."

"The Kalahari is never well watered, so the !Kung are used to long dry spells, during which they fall back on the most reliable water holes and eat a far wider range of plant foods. ... Each family creates ties with others in a system of mutual reciprocity called hxaro. Hxaro involves a balanced, continual exchange of gifts between individuals that gives both parties access to each other's resources in times of need. Hxaro relationships create strong ties of friendship and commitment. Hxaro distributes risk by giving each party an alternative residence, sometimes up to fifty to two hundred kilometers away. Each family has options when famine threatens." (Brian Fagan, 1999, Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Niño and the Fate of Civilizations, page 78).

FILM: Mentions John Marshall's sister Elizabeth Marshall (authored 1958 book The Harmless People. "Most respected for scientific work would be Lorna Marshall, John's mother. Also see The Hunters [CSU Chico Film #16003/04] dealing with a Bushmen hunting party.

NOTE: John Marshall wrote that "from ÇToma (1911-1988), I learned as much about observing as I did about hunting and gathering. ÇToma taught me how to watch, listen and suspend judgement. ... ÇToma stressed the importance of telling the truth and being specific. For obvious reasons, Ju/'hoansi could not rely on magic and belief to survive in the Kalahari where rain is local and erratic, bushfoods are hard to find and the game is hard to track; arriving where water had been mistakenly reported could be fatal. Knowledge had to be extensive, objective and accurate [STRESS added]." The Cinema of John Marshall, 1993 (Edited by Jay Ruby) [CSUC: GN/21/M258/C56], p. 34-35.

From: The Harmless People: the Bushmen knows "every bush and stone, every convolution of the ground, and have usually named every place in it where a certain kind of valid food may be. ... If all their knowledge about their land and its resources were recorded and published, it would make up a library of thousands of volumes. Such knowledge was as essential to early man as it is to these people. ... They have no chiefs or kings, only headmen who in function are virtually indistinguishable from the people they lead, and sometimes a band will not even have a headman. A leader is not really necessary, however, because the Bushmen roam about together in small family bands rarely numbering more than twenty people. ... Their culture insists that they share with each other, and it has never happened that a Bushmen failed to share objects, food, or water with the other members of his band, for without very rigid co-operation Bushmen could not survive the famines and droughts that the Kalahari offers them. ... Trust, peace, and cooperation form the spine of Bushmen life. ... By maintaining these three virtues, Bushmen live where otherwise people might not."

NOTE: John Marshall wrote that "In order to understand the problems Ju'hoansi have faced in the last thirty years, and the changes in their economy and society they have endured, it is important to know where they started from. But people do not start from scratch; the invisible reality of history shapes their present and future [STRESS added]." The Cinema of John Marshall, 1993 (Edited by Jay Ruby) [CSUC: GN/21/M258/C56], p. 64.

FILM: "We discussed not the past but the new problems of life on the reservations. ... Their concern was with the future: I wondered how long their past would remain in living history."

FILM: On Bushmen rock paintings} points out that "theory says such handprints are signatures or magical signs." ... "They had so little except a great knowledge of their environment. ... culture was intangible knowledge, tradition, values: his [musical] compositions were its living record--easily swept away." ... A Bushman states that "I left the desert long ago because of thirst. My father is dead, my people scattered. I am here because there was nowhere else to go. I don't remember my father's music: why should I?"

FILM: "Their lives depended as they always had, on what women could gather." ... "..killing so efficiently [now] instead of an act of kinship...." "...the people were dependent on their future on an ancient engine and a four-inch pipe."

NOTE: On "tourism" and some Bushmen: "...for the past five years their only path to survival has been to become tourist exhibits (Chico Enterprise-Record, January 7, 1996, page 1E).

"The list of female inventors includes dancers, farmers, nuns, secretaries, actresses, shopkeepers, housewives, military officers, corporate executives, schoolteachers, writers, seamstresses, refugees, royalty, and little kids. All kinds of people can and do invent. The idea that one's gender somehow precludes the possibility of pursuing any technological endeavor is not only outdated but also dangerous. In the words of 1977 Nobel Prize winner [in Physiology/Medicine] Rosalyn Yallow: 'The world cannot afford the loss of the talents of half of its people if we are to solve the many problems which beset us.'" (Ethlie Ann Vare and Greg Ptacek, 1987, Mothers of Invention: From the Bra to the Bomb, Forgotten Women and Their Unforgettable Ideas, page 17)

"The shrinking of the world makes mutual understanding and respect on the part of different peoples imperative. The subtle diversities in the view of life of various peoples, their expectancies and images of themselves and of others, the differing psychological attitudes underlying their contrasting political institutions, and their generally differing 'psychological nationality' all combine to make it more difficult for nations to understand each other. It is the anthropologist's duty to point out that these 'mental' forces have just as tangible effect as physical forces [stress added]." Clyde Kluckhohn, 1949, Mirror For Man: The Relation of Anthropology To Modern Life (page 273).

"There was no such thing as a global perspective in a world where Central America, Tahiti, or Australia was as remote as the moon is today, nor was one needed. Today....Now we contemplate the fate not only of minor states or empires spread out over several ecological zones, but of global civilization [stress added]." (Brian Fagan, 1999, Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Niño and the Fate of Civilizations, page 252).

"The midmorning sun over the red dunes of the Kalahari desert is scorching as Karel Kleinman, a ranger at this remote park bordering Botswana and Namibia, crouches over a wildebeest track and keys his observations into a pocket-sized computer. As a boy, Kleinman roamed the same dunes with his Bushman grandfather, learning how to track animals while hunting with bow and arrow. This week, at 58, he begins applying those skills to the computer age with the CyberTracker, an invention that weds Bushman traditions with new technology." (Vera Haller, 1999, Technology Helps Trackers Apply Old Skills. USA Today, February 11, 1999, page 13A.)

I. ECONOMICS & KINSHIP & FAMILY & MAGIC & RELIGION & ...

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

For Papua New Guinea "today" please see http://travel.state.gov/primer.html as well as http://forests.lic.wisc.edu/pngtoktok [Papua Niugini Toktok Bilong Lukautim].

II. DESCENT & MARRIAGE & GENDER & ENDOGAMY/EXOGAMY &.... Kinship Tutorial from the University of Manitoba (http://www.umanitoba.ca:80/anthropology/kintitle.html).

III. SOME SPECIFIC ETHNOGRAPHIC EXAMPLES

A. Various Background Research(ers)
B. FILM: DEAD BIRDS

IV. READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00:

"From Shells to Money" by Karl F. Rambo, pages 100-105.
"When Brothers Share A Wife" by Melvyn C. Goldstein, pages 112-115.
"Why Can't People Feed Themselves?" by Frances Moore Lappé and Joseph Collins, pages 194-198.

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment of jobs to people.

ECONOMIC SYSTEM: The provision of goods and services to meet biological and social wants.

ENDOGAMY: Marriage within a designated social unit.

EXOGAMY: Marriage outside any designated group.

EXTENDED FAMILY: A family that includes two or more married couples.

FAMILY: A residential group composed of at least one married couple and their children.

HORTICULTURE: A kind of subsistence strategy involving semi-intensive, usually shifting, agricultural practices. Slash-and-burn farming is a common example of horticulture.

MAGIC: Strategies people use to control supernatural power to achieve particular results.

POLYGAMY: A marriage form in which a person has two or more spouses at one time. Polygyny and polyandry are both forms of polygamy.

POLYGYNY: A form of polygamy in which a man is married to two or more wives at one time.

RELIGION: The cultural knowledge of the supernatural that people use to cope with the ultimate problems of human existence.

RITE OF PASSAGE: A series of rituals that move individuals from one social state or status to another.

ROLE: The culturally generated behavior associated with particular statuses.

SEXUAL INEQUALITY: Inequality based on gender.

SORCERY: The malevolent practice of magic.

SUPERNATURAL: Things that are beyond the natural. Anthropologists usually recognize a belief in such things as goddesses, gods, spirits, ghosts, and mana to be signs of supernatural belief.

WITCHCRAFT: The reputed activity of people who inherit supernatural force and use it for evil purposes.

FILM: "There is a fable told by the mountain people living in the ancient Highlands of New Guinea about a race between a snake and a bird. It tells of a contest which decided if men would be like birds and die, or be like snakes which shed their skins and have eternal life. The bird won and from that time, all men, like birds, must die."

FILM: "The ghosts, which more than anything else, rule the lives of these people, are known to be most active in the dark. ... The enemy came this morning to kill, to avenge the ghost of their warrior slain by Wejak's group more than two weeks before. Until they do, they live in a state of spiritual decline. Both sides believe that each man has a soul, to which they attribute the shape of seeds. These seeds at birth are planted in the solar plexus. They call them edai-egen, or seeds of singing. Until a child is able to walk and talk, his edai-egen are only rudimentary. As he or she grows older, the edai-egen also grow. One's soul, or seeds, are especially sensitive to the death of a friend or a member of the family. By contrast, causing the death of an enemy is tonic for the soul and lifts the spirit."

FILM: "A little boy is dying by the Aikhe [River]....Each life that's taken is celebrated by both sides. The ones that lose a life prepare a chair, the only furniture that they know, to lift the corpse for ghosts to see while they cry and have their funeral....The bones are all together--the end of all the work and love it took to make a boy."

FILM: "Soon both men and birds will surrender to the night. They'll rest for the life and death of days to come. For each, both awaits; but with the difference that men, having foreknowledge of their doom, bring a special passion to their life. They will not simply wait for death nor will they bear it lightly when it comes--instead they'll try with measured violence to fashion fate themselves. They kill to save their souls and, perhaps to ease the burden of knowing what birds will never know and when they as men, who have forever killed each other, cannot forget...."

"Flying into Wamena, district capital of Jawaijaya in Irian Jaya, the profound natural beauty of the Baliem Valley is spread before you. ... The Dani population who have lived for perhaps 25,000 years in their pristine environment are confronting change....Governed by Indonesia, Irian Jaya is a country of two cultures, in Wamena the incredible meeting of the two is obvious. ... Officially opened to outsiders in 1986, there is now a Baliem Valley tourist map for trekkers." (Liz Thompson in Pacific Islands Monthly, July 1989, pp. 27-30)

"... Pacific 2010--Challenging The Future, outlines some grim facts about the where we, as a region, are headed. The outlook is not bright, but at least we are being warned of the pitfalls that lie ahead and can take action now to [possibly] avoid some of them in the future. ... Of major concern to the region is its relatively high rate of population growth. ... [problems in] providing basic education facilities for a growing number of youngsters. In addition, the larger number of school leavers have to have jobs to go. There just aren't enough jobs for school leavers today. ... In PNG [the nation of Papua New Guinea], for instance, growth in employment during the 1980s was 0.5 per cent per annum or about 1000 jobs. This left 35,000 school leavers every year with no alternative but a subsistence existence or crime." (Pacific Islands Monthly, July 1993, page 4)

FROM 1998: "Violent protests have broken out in recent days in remote eastern provinces where separatists are demanding independence after years of suppression by the old regime of ex-President Suharto. ... In Irian Jaya, the western, Indonesian half of New Guinea...." (The Chico Enterprise-Record, July 13, 1998, page 8A)

AND: "Papua New Guinea, with a population of 4 million, occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea. It has a moutainous, jungle-filled interior that has only been explored in the past 20 to 30 years.... The tsunami struck west of Aitape in West Sepik province.... The area, which was home of up to 10,000 people, was deserted after villagers fled to high ground." (Reno Gazette-Journal, July 20, 1998, page 3A)

I. ROLES & INEQUALITY & ECONOMICS & CHANGE

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

The ability to present and communicate in anthropologically appropriate ways anthropological knowledge and the results of anthropological research.

Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought.

"....descriptions vary with the conceptual or theoretical framework within which they are couched. To evaluate a description properly one must know something about the theoretical framework that brought it into being." (D. Kaplan and R. Manners, Culture Theory, 1972: 22)

"The barbarous heathen are nothing more strange to us than we are to them.... Human reason is a tincture in like weight and measure infused into all our opinions and customs, what form soever they be, infinite in matter, infinite in diversity." (Michel Eyquem de Montaigne [1533-1592], Essays, page 53 [1959 paperback publication of a translation from 1603].

"Mother Earth Soon To Give Birth To Her 6 Billionth Human: ... October 12 [1999] is the best guess - a child's birth will push the world's [population to 6 billion. ... The United Nations will mark the birth of the 6 billionth child of October 12 [1999]. There are no plans to pinpoint who the child will be or where he or she will be born, but chances are the 6 billionth world citizen will be born a boy in the Third World. About 105 males are born for every 100 females worldwide. ... Worldwide, population now is increasing at 1.4 percent a year." (San Francisco Chronicle, May 27, 1999, page A3).

II.THE EMERGENCE OF THE GLOBAL CULTURE: WORLD WAR II AS CULTURAL PHENOMENA! (and see http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/ww2time.htm as well as http://www.msstate.edu/Archives/History/USA/WWII/ww2.html and http://quaboag.k12.ma.us/worwar.html and finally http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/amex/).

"In many crucial ways, the Earth is becoming as small as it appears to orbiting astronauts and cosmonauts. Global communications, universal trends, and common aspirations are making us more alike than we are different. Despite our rich cultural diversity, we gradually are becoming nearly one world. ... We share history. World War II tore us apart. ... We share technology. Communication satellites make it possible for millions to share the information and entertainment that's on television. Satellites have also revolutionized telephone and telefax communication. We sent reporters all over the world, but rarely were they out of reach of a telephone. We share high-speed transportation. Today, it takes less than twenty-four hours to travel between virtually any two points in the world." (Allen H. Neurath [with Jack Kelley and Juan J. Walte], 1989, Nearly One World, pages 4-6)

"History matters deeply to feminist scholar Gerda Lerner, primarily because she narrowly escaped having her own history [and future] snuffed out by the Nazi Anschluss into Austria in 1938. ... Because Fascism taught Lerner 'first-hand what it means to be defined as 'the Other,' the deviant,' it fueled her scholarly quest to understand the arbitrary power of all social definitions that judge a group inferior." Judith Stacey, 1997, "Historian Confronts Her Own Past." Judith Stacey, Book Review of Why History Matters: Life And Thought. The San Francisco Chronicle & Examiner, Book Review, July 20-26, 1997, page 4.

III. REVOLUTIONS

A. Industrial (Continued)
B. Information/Knowledge
C. Cyberspace!
D. SeeThe United States Holocaust Museum: http://www.ushmm.org/
E. A Massive Pacific Site [My name for it]: http://sunsite.anu.edu.au/spin/wwwvl-pacific/index.html
F. And Others at:

Pacific Islands Report [up-to-the-date news]: http://pidp.ewc.hawaii.edu/pireport/
Pacific Islands Development Program: http://166.122.161.83/
The Kingdom of Tonga in Cyberspace: http://www.netstorage.com/kami/tonga/
Some Urbanowicz "Pacific Words"} http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/FSep-30-93.html
Tonga On-Line [The Tonga Chronicle]: http://www.tongaonline.com/news/
Papua NG WWW} http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/PNG/WWWVL-PNG.html
New Zealand Government On-Line} http://www.govt.nz/
Pacific Islands Monthly [PIM]: http://www.pim.com.fj/
Pacific Magazine} http://www.pacificMagazine.com/
Honolulu Star-Bulletin} http://starbulletin.com/
ABC News [Australia]: http://www.abc.net.au/news/
The Press On-Line [New Zealand]: http://www.press.co.nz/
As well as The Central Intelligence Agency: http://sunsite.anu.edu.au/region/spin/GENINFO/ciaindex.htm

"'We used to educate farmers to be farmers, factory workers to be factory workers, teachers to be teachers, men to be men, women to be women.' The future demands 'renaissance people. You can't be productive in the information age if you don't know how to talk to a diverse population, use a computer, understand a world view instead of a parochial view, write, speak.'" (In Byrd L. Jones and Robert W. Maloy, 1996, Schools For An Information Age: Reconstructing Foundations For learning And Teaching, page 15).

"The worldwide tourism industry will expand so fast between now and 2020 that 'it will not only be the world's biggest industry, it will be the largest by far the world has ever seen,' according to a new study by the World Tourism Organization. ... 'The world in the year 2020 [or 21 years from now when the reader of this paragraph will be...?!] will be characterized by the penetration of technology into all aspects of life,' the report says. ... 'In consequence, people will crave the human touch, and tourism will be a principal means through which they seek to achieve this [stress added].'" (Stephen Kinzer, The Sacramento Bee, January 4, 1998, Travel, page 1.)

IV. EXAMPLES and various Pacific Islands (http://www2.hawaii.edu/~ogden/piir/index.html)

A. VTAPE: FIRST CONTACT
B. FILM: MARGARET MEAD'S Mead's NEW GUINEA JOURNAL

"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." (Clarke's Third Law in Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible by Arthur C. Clarke, 1984, page 26)

NOTE: "Nurture edges out nature in determining a person's IQ, according to a new study that also finds a surprisingly important role for prenatal development in shaping human intelligence. In an analysis combining more than 200 earlier studies, statisticians concluded that genes account for 48 percent of the factors that determine IQ. That's less than most psychologists would estimate, said study author Bernie Devlin, and far enough below the figure cited by the controversial 1994 book 'The Bell Curve' to undercut its authors' main conclusions. ...He and his colleagues report their findings in today's issue of the journal Nature." Reno Gazette-Journal, July 31, 1997, page 5A.

V. READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00::

Pages 110 & 111 [Overview] and pages 142 & 143 [Overview]
"Arranging A Marriage in India" by Serena Nanda, pages 134-138.
"Society And Sex Roles" by Ernestrine Friedl, pages 144-148.
"Revered or Raped?" by Jan McGirk, pages 152-155.
"Rituals of Death" by Elizabeth D. Purdum and J. Anthony Parades, pages 178-183.

ACCULTURATION: The process that takes place when groups of individuals having different cultures come into first-hand contact, which results in change to the individual cultural patterns of both grou

CASTE: A form of stratification defined by unequal access to economic resources and prestige, which is acquired at birth and does not permit individuals to alter their rank.

CULTURE CONTACT: The situation that occurs when two societies with different cultures somehow come into contact with each other.

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment of jobs to people.

INDUSTRIALISM: A subsistence strategy marked by intensive, mechanized food production and elaborate distribution networks.

MANA: An impersonal supernatural force inherent in nature and in people. Mana is somewhat like the concept of 'luck' in American culture.

MARRIAGE: The socially recognized union between a man and a woman that accords legitimate birth status rights to their children.

RANK SOCIETIES: Societies stratified on the basis of prestige only.

RECIPROCAL EXCHANGE: The transfer of goods and services between two people or groups based on their role obligations. A form of nonmarket exchange.

REDISTRIBUTION: The transfer of goods and services between a group of people and a central collecting service based on role obligation. The U.S. income tax is a good example.

RELIGI0N: The cultural knowledge of the supernatural that people use to cope with the ultimate problems of human existence.

ROLE: The culturally generated behavior associated with particular statuses.

SEXUAL INEQUALITY: Inequality based on gender.

STATUS: A culturally defined position associated with a particular social structure.

SUBSTANTIVE LAW: The legal statutes that define right and wrong for members of a society.

SUPERNATURAL: Things that are beyond the natural. Anthropologists usually recognize a belief in such things as goddesses, gods, spirits, ghosts, and mana to be signs of supernatural belief.

TACIT CULTURE: The shared knowledge of which people are usually unaware and do not communicate verbally.

WITCHCRAFT: The reputed activity of people who inherit supernatural force and use it for evil purposes.

WORLD VIEW: The way people characteristically look out on the universe.

VIDEOTAPE: "It's no good pretending I went up there for the good of the natives, because I didn't. I went there for the good of James Leahy, and I didn't do too badly. ... The only reason we killed people was simply if we hadn't killed them, they would have killed us and our carriers." See San Francisco Chronicle of 8 September 1983 and the words of a New Guinea Native stated in the film: "That man from heaven has just excreted, he told us. As soon as the white man went away, everyone went to look. Their skin is different, we said, but their s--- smells just like ours."

BOOK: "Of all the colonised people of the earth, New Guinea's highlanders must surely rank among the most fortunate. Colonial domination came late in the day and was short lived--a mere half-century of foreign rule. The Australians arrived in 1930, and left in 1975--not a long time in the scheme of things. Largely because of this, the highland people were spared many of colonialism's more manifest evils [page 9]." ... "This book [and the videotape] is based primarily on interviews with highlanders and Australians who took part in the events described [1930's+] and on the diaries and other written records of the Australians. The interviews were recorded in Papua New Guinea and Australia between 1981 and 1985. In the case of the highlanders, the authors always relied upon interpreters and translators--men and women of various ages and walks of life but primarily educated highlanders whose first language was that of the informants whose stories they were translating. The primary intention at all times was to keep faith with what people were saying, and whenever possible the transcribed interviews are reproduced verbatim. However, in some of these and in the interviews conducted with the surviving Australians, the authors felt it necessary, in the interests of precision and clarity, to edit the transcripts by eliminating repetition, supplying punctuation and occasionally correcting grammatical errors [page 307]."

HISTORICAL NOTE: "The first serious field anthropological studies [in the South Pacific] were those carried out by Makluklio-Maklai (1846-1888) to New Guinea in 1871 and by the zoological expedition to the Torres Straits and New Guinea in 1898-99 in which A.C. Haddon (1855-1940) and W.H.R. Rivers (1864-1922) took part." (J.D. Bernal, Science in History, 1954: 746)

ANOTHER HISTORICAL NOTE: "America's foremost woman anthropologist, Margaret Mead authored scientific studies...that made anthropology meaningful to an unprecedented number of American readers. Coming of Age in Samoa [1928] and Growing Up In New Guinea [1930] both ranked as national best sellers; these and other studies introduced Americans to cultures where male and female roles differed markedly from those in Western society.... Over the years Margaret Mead became a national institution; she wrote over thirty books and lectured widely. Of her profession she concluded (in her autobiography): 'There is hope, I believe, in seeing the human adventure as a whole and in the shared trust that knowledge about mankind, sought in reverence for life, can bring life [1972, Blackberry Winter]." Vincent Wilson, Jr., 1992, The Book of Distinguished American Women, page 68.

AND NOTE FROM AUGUST 1998: "Margaret Mead popularized cultural anthropology 70 years ago with the publication of Coming of Age in Samoa. Her now-famous field observations (some recently called into question) represent the inevitably limited perspective of an outsider looking in on an unfamiliar culture." (Susan Faust, Book Review, San Francisco Chronicle, August 9, 1998, page 12)

FILM COMMENTS: In 1928, there was an endless effort to repay debts to one another in the islands; marriage was purely a financial arrangement. Copra was the main export of the territory and Manus Islanders "were in the European world but not of it." In traditional times, as hard as life was for men it was harder for women: surrounded by various taboos.

"When the people of Peri beat the death drums as our canoe pulled away from the village in 1929, neither they nor I expected that I would ever return. ...In 1953, twenty-five years after the first field work in Peri village, I decided to go back in response to questions no one had answered about the incredible changes that had taken place in Manus and to find answers to new problems on the postwar world...." (Margaret Mead, New Lives For Old: Cultural Transformation in Manus, 1928-1953, 1966 edition, pp. xi-xii) ... "The transformation I witnessed in 1953 taught me a great deal about social change--change within one generation--and about the way a people who were well led could take their future in their own hands." (Margaret Mead, 1996, New Lives For Old, page: xiv & xii-xiii). ...

FILM: In 1944, on the 2nd of March, American armed forces attacked the Japanese bases in the Admiralty Islands and eventually the islands were secured for the Allies and a huge American base was established for the continuation of the war in the Pacific against the Japanese.

REVITALIZATION MOVEMENTS: "Movements that occur in times of change, in which religious leaders emerge and undertake to alter to revitalize a society." (C.P. Kottak, Cultural Anthropology, 1987: 286)

CARGO CULTS [http://www.altnews.com.au/cargocult/jonfrum/] = "These revitalization movements (also designated as revivalist, nativistic, or millenarian) received their name from movements in Melanesia early in this century that were and are characterized by the belief that the millennium will be ushered in by the arrival of great ships loaded with European trade goods (cargo). The goods will be brought by the ancestral spirits and will be distributed to the natives who have acted in accordance to the dictates of the cults. Sometimes the cult leaders call for the expulsion of all alien elements, the renunciation of all things European on the part of the cult followers, and a return to the traditional way of life. In contrast, other cult leaders promise a future ideal life if followers abandon their traditional ceremonies and way of life in favor of copying European customs. Cargo cults, like other revitalization movements, develop in situations where there is extreme material and other inequality between societies in contact. Cargo cults attempt to explain and erase the differences in material wealth between natives and Europeans." (D.E. Hunter & P. Whitten, Encyclopedia of Anthropology, 1976: 67)

NOTE: "An Audacious Rebel in Papua New Guinea Shakes Copper Market: 'Cargo Cultists' Join Uprising that closes Huge Mine. ..." ( The Wall Street Journal January 3, 1990)

ALSO NOTE: "Papua New Guinea should be rich, its people educated and healthy. Its 4.2 million population is scattered over a resource-rich land double the size of the United Kingdom. Second in world gold production, it exports hundreds of millions of dollars of minerals, oil and timber each year. But after 23 years of independence, it's a mess: Life expectancy and adult literacy rates are among the Asia-Pacific's lowest; infant mortality among the highest. Per capita income stagnated over 20 years.... Why? Many Papuan have a one-word answer: Australia." (The Wall Street Journal, April 14, 1998, pager A19)

NOTE: The nation of Papua New Guinea had an estimated 1999 population of 4,599,785 (with 39.7% below the age of 15) and covers approximately 178,703 squares miles [California is 158,869 square miles].

"MARGARET MEAD. The century's foremost woman anthropologist, Margaret Mead [1901-1978] was an American icon. On dozens of field trips to study the ways of primitive [sic] societies, she found evidence to support her strong belief that cultural conditioning, not genetics, molded human behavior. That theme was struck most forcefully in Mead's 1928 classic, Coming of Age in Samoa. It described an idyllic pre-industrial society, free of sexual restraint and devoid of violence, guilt and anger. Her portrait of free-loving primitives [sic!] shocked contemporaries and inspired generations of college students--especially during the 1960s sexual revolution. But it may have been too good to be true. While few question Mead's brilliance or integrity, subsequent research showed that Samoan society is no more or less uptight than any other. It seems Mead accepted as fact tribal gossip embellished by adolescent Samoan girls happy to tell the visiting scientist what she wanted to hear [stress added]." Leon Jaroff, Time, March 29, 1999, page 183.

---

PLEASE NOTE that Margaret Mead WAS NOT the only female anthropologist of the 19th & 20th Centuries and please see the volume edited by Ute Gacs, Aisha Khan, Jerrie McIntyre, and Ruth Weinberg (1989) entitled Women Anthropologists: Selected Biographies for information about: Theodora Kroeber (1897-1979), Anne Fischer (1919-1971), Camilla Wedgewood (1901-1955), Beatrice Blackwood (1889-1975), Hortense Powdermaker (1896-1970), Ruth Benedict (1887-1948), Elsie Clews Parsons (1874-1941), Zelia Nuttall (1857-1933), Alice C. Fletcher (1838-1923), and Zora Neale Hurston (1903-1960) (among others).

PS: For the 1997-1998 Academic Year, 289 females received the Ph.D. in Anthropology and 217 males received the Ph.D. in Anthropology. (Source: The 1997-98 American Anthropological Association Guide, page 529)

CYBERSPACE: A term used William Gibson in Neuromancer (1984) to describe interactions in a world of computers and human beings. Cyberspace should be viewed as another location to be explored and interpreted by anthropologists. The "World Wide Web," I honestly believe, is similar to the period known as "The Enlightenment" in France (combined with the industrial revolution that began two centuries ago); and for why I personally do what I do, please see: http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/K12Visuals98.htm (which has the following visual as well as others):

I. ON CAMPUS:

A. Begin in Meriam Library 116 (and see "Student Computing" at: http://www.csuchico.edu/stcp/).

"The driving force in the semiconductor industry has been the theorem known as Moore's Law. First posited by Intel Corp. co-founder Gordin Moore in the 1960s, Moore's Law states that the number of transistors that fit on a chip will double every 18 months. ... Moore's Law has held true so far, with Intel's latest Pentium cramming 8 million transistors on a tiny sliver of silicon. The industry is confident that it can achieve even more astounding figures, such as 100 million transistors on a chip." (San Francisco Chronicle, August 10, 1998, page E1)

B. Remember Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00 and pages 6 and 7!

II. INTERNET growth results in Cyberspace today (see http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Jan'98_Millennium_Paper.html).

"[Children] Born during a baby bulge that demographers locate between 1979 and 1994, they are as young as five and as old as 20, with the largest slice still a decade away from adolescence. And at 60 million strong, more than three times the size of Generation X, they're the biggest thing to hit the American scene since the 72 million baby boomers. Still too young to have forged a name for themselves, they go by a host of taglines: Generation Y, Echo Boomers, or Millennium Generation. ... Most important though, is the rise of the Internet, which has sped up the fashion life cycle by letting kids everywhere find out about even the most obscure trends as they emerge. It is the Gen Y medium of choice, just as network TV was for boomers. 'Television drives homogeneity,' says Mary Slayton, global director for consumer insights for Nike. 'The Internet drives diversity [stress added].'" Ellen Newborne et al., 1999, Generation Y. Business Week, February 15, 1999, pages 80-88, page 82-83.

A. Learn how to use "search engines" and "subject directories" and to connect to the ones in The Meriam Library, please click here (Directories) and here (Search Engines).
B. Learn how to "weigh" the information available over the Internet!

"Texas Instrument announced in December 1997 xerogel bubbles: "These 'xerogel' bubbles, made from silicon dioxide, are really tiny--a mere 0.001 microns across. You would need 100,000 of the bubbles to span the stump of a human hair. They are small enough to coat circuit lines, which are expected to shrivel to 0.1 microns by 2010, enabling chips to be crammed with 500 million transistors--almost 100 times today's mightiest chips [stress added]" Otis Port, 1997, The Secret in TI's Chips: Bubbles. Business Week, December 22, page 79.

"What measures 1 cubic inch, runs Linux, and precesses 500 percent faster than a PalmPilot (and contains four times more memory)? The world's smallest Web server. Created by Stanford computer science professor Vaughan Pratt, the matchbox-sized computer can theoretically crunch spreadsheets, manage databases, and serve Web sites, all from a road warrior's wrist. Pratt built the server as a demonstration of high processing power in a tiny form factor (his how-to info is at wearables.stanford.edu). As for the small server's big-time potential, he won't make any predictions. 'In this market, a product will succeed if, and only if, the gods smile on it,' Pratt says. 'But it's certainly worth thinking about [stress added].'" by David Pescovitz, Wired [7.05], May 1999, page 41.) [AND please see: http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/report/news/february10/webserver210.html]

III. WWW (World Wide Web) and LINKS and what will tomorrow be like?

A. On Exploring the World Wide web (from http://www.gactr.uga.edu/exploring/index.html)
B. And The World Wide Web itself (at http://www.w3.org/WWW/)

"The value of gambling through online computer services, particularly the Internet, will increase from $535 million to more than $10 billion per year within five years, according to a recent report." (The Chico Enterprise-Record, June 28, 1998, page 6B). And if you are interested in other "gambling" information, please see http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/14th_ICAES.html)

IV. EXPERIMENT and EXPLORE and don't be afraid of the jargon (and be willing to "play" around!)

V. THROUGHOUT THIS Guidebook YOU HAVE SOME URL "addresses" for WEB PAGES to be reached by a browser: they are a guide for you to explore on your own and they can lead to other links!

VI. PS: "...William Gibson, the science writer now spurns cyber in his writing. 'How can I create a fictional continuum in which people use a word that originated in a William Gibson story?' he said recently. 'What I wanted was an exciting buzz word somewhat devoid of meaning,' he said. 'Well, I got my buzz word. Meanwhile, the rest of the world got it too." ["Substitute" words being developed by some are: "digital," 'multimedia," and "electroculture!"] (From The Oregonian (Portland), August 9, 1996, pages E1 and E3.)

"The relevant data, in terms of his current employability, was that he was an intuitive fisher of patterns of information: of the sort of signature a particular individual inadvertently created in the net as he or she went about the mundane yet endlesslessly multiplex business of life in a digital society." William Gibson, 1996, Idoru, page 31.

"When this circuit learns your job, what are you going to do?" In Marshall McLuhan & Quentin Fiore (1967), The Medium Is The Massage, page 20.

PLEASE CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING from the San Francisco Examiner & Chronicle of January 14, 1996: "For '90s workers, flexibility is key ... Flexibility in today's job market -- where in a nanosecond you can be replaced by a computer program.... 'Nothing stays the same,' said Dewyer, a career consultant for 15 years. 'The U.S. Department of Labor says we'll change professions two or three times over a lifetime. I think we'll have five or six different careers and at least fifteen different jobs" (Page 19).

THINK ABOUT: "Transistors will shrink to just 0.1 micron across by 2008--so tiny you'd need a string of 2,500 to circle a human hair." (Business Week, July 4, 1994, page 86).

"'We used to educate farmers to be farmers, factory workers to be factory workers, teachers to be teachers, men to be men, women to be women.' The future demands 'renaissance people. You can't be productive in the information age if you don't know how to talk to a diverse population, use a computer, understand a world view instead of a parochial view, write, speak.'" (In Byrd L. Jones and Robert W. Maloy, 1996, Schools For An Information Age: Reconstructing Foundations For learning And Teaching, page 15).

"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." (Clarke's Third Law in Profiles of the Future: An Inquiry into the Limits of the Possible by Arthur C. Clarke, 1984, page 26)

"How many digital characters can sit on a magnetic thumbtack? About 100 million, says IBM. Rivals thought Big Blue was blowing smoke last year when it predicted that so-called giant magnetoresistance (GMR) technology could produce thumbtack-size computer disk drives with 100-megabyte capacities--enough to hold more than 100 novels--by decade's end. Now, it looks as if IBM was being conservative. ... Commercial versions of the experimental GMR heads, IBM says, will sense 10 billion magnetic dots per square inch [STRESS added]" (Business Week, July 11, 1994, page 145.)

WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT: "Electric circuitry profoundly involves men [or people!] with one another. Information pours upon us, instantaneous and continuously. As soon as information is acquired, it is very rapidly replaced by still newer information. Our electrically-configured world has forced us to move from the habit of data classification to the mode of pattern recognition." Marshall McLuhan & Quentin Fiore (1967), The Medium Is The Massage, page 63.

ACCORDING to Howard Rheingold, author of the 1993 book entitled The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, "In two years, one expert tells him, there will be more Net users than there are people living in California, and within five years, the on-line population will exceed that of any country except India [estimated 1993 population of 897,400,000] or China [estimated 1993 population of 1,178,500,000]. Transcending time zones and national borders, the Net could enhance understanding among cultures. Or it could trigger social upheaval, especially in places where contact with other cultures has been restricted [STRESS added]." Evan I. Schwartz, reviewing Rheingold's book in Business Week, December 20, 1993, pages 15-19, page 18.

NOTE: Clifford Stoll, 1989 author of The Cuckoo's Egg: Tracking A Spy Through The Maze Of Computer Espionage and 1995 author of the best-selling Silicon Snake Oil: Second Thoughts On The Information Highway, had this to write concerning the relative value of computers versus books:

"Today, however, the bargains are on paper, not on disk. Don't believe me? Spend seventy dollars on an atlas at your bookstore. While you're paging through it, notice its precise colors and logical layout. Now think of the hundred dollars you've saved by avoiding those map-making CD-ROMS, with cruder resolution and no topography. Twenty years from now, you'll still read that atlas and dream of faraway places; the software will be long since obsolete and unusable [stress added] (Clifford Stoll, 1995, Silicon Snake Oil: Second Thoughts On The Information Highway, pages 140-141

"A group of computer programmers at Tsinghua University in Beijing is writing software using Java technology. They work for IBM. At the end of each day, they send their work over the Internet to an IBM facility in Seattle. There, programmers build on it and use the Internet to zap it 5,222 miles to the Institute of Computer Science in Belarus and Software House Group in Latvia. From there, the work is sent east to India's Tata Group, which passes the software back to Tsinghua by morning in Beijing, back to Seattle and so on in a great global relay that never ceases until the project is done. 'We call it Java Around the Clock,' says John Patrick, vice president of Internet technology for IBM. 'It's like we've created a 48-hour day through the Internet [stress added].'" (USA Today, April 24, 1997, page B1).

SEE "Anthropology On The Internet: A Review And Evaluation Of Networked Resources" by Brian Schwimmer, 1996, Current Anthropology, Vol. 37, No. 3, pages 561-568; also see a hypertext version of this paper, with linkable URLs at: http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~anthro/ca/papers/schwimmer/intro.html.

NOTE: "Twenty years from now, a computer will do in 30 seconds what one of today's computers would take a year to do.... That is the hardware side. The growth of software is certain, because it is only limited by human imagination." (Nathan Myhrvold, 35 year-old Director of Microsoft's Advanced Technology Group; Wired, September 1995, Vol. 3.09, page 154.)

"Being able to talk easily to computers has been a dream since before the days of Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey. Now, thanks to Intel Corp.'s new Pentium III processor, talking to PCs could soon be quick, simple, and commonplace. How so? The Pentium III can zoom through the complex math used in speech recognition. With older chips, some users had to spend almost a half-hour 'training' their software to understand them. On Pentium III PCS, the processor takes less than five minutes. ... could ignite the market for speech software. And even better chips are in the offing. On Feb 23 [1999], Intel previewed a Pentium III running at 1 gigahertz, twice its current rate and the fastest chip speed ever shown. Commercial versions could be on the market by the end of 2000 [stress added]." Andy Reinhardt, "Say What?" Business Week, March 8, 1999, page 6.

ALSO NOTE: "The Internet gridlock that seems to come out of nowhere and disappears almost as quickly could be the result of our failure to learn what they tried to teach us back in kindergarten: How to share." (The Chico Enterprise-Record, July 25, 1997, page 7A)

"Historical precedent is a good place to start. The Industrial Revolution, which irrevocably changed the world was brought on by a 50-times improvement in productivity--a leap so prodigious that it turned society upside down. It changed the nature of work and play; it transformed commerce, education, medicine, government and religion. It led to new forms of art, literature and political theory. More important, it changed forever the way we look at ourselves and our families, and at time the universe. But the microprocessor has already eclipsed that revolution. Evolving faster than any invention in history, the microprocessor's capabilities has grown ten thousand-fold over the past 25 years [stress added]." (Rick Smolan, 1998, One Digital Day: How The Microchip Is Changing Our World [CSUC: X-Folio/TK/7819/053/1998], page 15.

"Project Oxygen May Blow Away Web Speeds. ... Crisscrossing the globe, the 37 year old telecommunications expert [Neil Tagare] is proposing what many consider unfathomable: A $10 billion, 100,000-mile worldwide network that he claims will be up to 5.5 million times faster than the World Wide Web. Project Oxygen...Launched in mid-1997...will undergo several phases before it is completed in early 2003. ... Oxygen will 'allow anyone-large corporation, cable provider-to participate in the world's fastest Internet service,' Tagare said. 'It is not an exclusive club for universities and selected companies.' The subtle dig is at Internet2 a coalition of universities and high-tech companies formed in late 1996. Last month it flipped the switch on a key segment of its private research network that connects 70 college campuses. The nonprofit organization includes Stanford University, the University of California at Berkeley and Harvard University, as well as major corporate sponsors Cisco Systems, IBM, Qwest Communications and Nortel. The 13,000-mile Internet2 network is 45,000 times faster than the commercial Web, but it is not available to the public. Only researchers and employees at the colleges and corporate sponsors can use it. Consumers eventually will be able to use cutting-edge applications created on Internet2 but only after they have been developed and sold by Internet2 members for commercial purposes [stress added]." (Jon Swartz, March 12, 1999, San Francisco Chronicle, page B1 + B7; and see http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1999/03/15/BU89773.DTL as well as http://www.projectoxygen.com/]

URBANOWICZ ALSO ADDS THIS PS FOR THE FALL of 1999: "An ultrasupercomputer--300 times faster than any existing machine--will be built by IBM.... The ultracomputer is expected to be able to do 3 trillion operations per second and retain 2.5 trillion bytes of memory.... Current supercomputers have about 10 billion bytes." (The Chico Enterprise-Record, July 27, 1996, page 1) AND deoxyribose nucleic acid or DNA as computer, with "calculations trillionths of a second, a thousand times faster than the fastest supercomputer." (Michael Stroh, 1997, The Next Frontier: DNA Computers. The Sacramento Bee, December 23, pages A1 and A14, page A14)

William L. Ditto, a physicist at the Georgia Institute of Technology, believes that "....it's time to start building computers the way Nature does. His research team and a handful of other groups, including one at the University of Bordeaux in France, envision hybrid biocomputers that mate living nerve cells, or neurons, with silicon circuits. ... Ditto estimates that it will be 10 years or more before biocomputers go commercial. That timing may be just right. Around 2015, semiconductor technology is destined to come to a screeching halt. Semiconductor circuits will then have shrunk as small as they can ever get [stress added]."" (Otis Port, 1999, A New Breed of Thinking Computer? Business Week, June 21, 1999, pages 111-115.)

"Web Surfing Is Fast Way To Go Job Hopping" from The Wall Street Journal, May 27, 1999, page B12:

http://www.monster.com	http://www.nationjob.com
http://www.careerpath.com	http://www.careerbuilder.com
http://www.careermosaid.com	http://www.dice.com
http://www.ajb.dni.us	http://www.marketingjobs.com
http://www.headhunter.net	http://www.net-temps.com
http://www.hotjobs.com	http://www.manpower.com

FINALLY, PLEASE NOTE: "While the news regularly reports on entrepreneurs turned millionaires almost overnight as stock in their newly public [Internet-based] companies soars, there are at least as many, if not more, [Internet] companies whose stock has languished or fallen hard, leaving many executives and employees with worthless options and diminished personal stake in their companies [stress added]." (Greg Ip, 1999, CEOs Feeling Pain As Stock Bottoms Out. The Wall Street Journal, June 28, 1999, page C1 and C23.)

I. WEEK #8 TOPICS CONTINUED & CULTURE CHANGE

An understanding of the phenomenon of culture as that which differentiates human life from other life forms; an understanding of the roles of human biology and cultural processes in human behavior and human evolution.

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

The ability to present and communicate in anthropologically appropriate ways anthropological knowledge and the results of anthropological research.

Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought.

A. VTAPE: CULTURE AND PERSONALITY
B. VTAPE: HUNTERS OF THE SEAL (and see http://www.lib.uconn.edu/arcticcircle/ as well as http://www.nunanet.com/~nic/).
C. "In 1978, after three years of lobbying, a political organization called the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada won access to a government communications satellite and was given money to establish an experimental Inuit network." (From "Igloos and Boob Tubes" by Mary Williams Walsh, 1992, The San Francscio Chronicle & Examiner, This World, December 27, page 3).

III. READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00:

Pages 78 & 79 [Overview} repeat]
"Understanding Eskimo Science" by Richard Nelson, pages 80-82.
"Death Without Weeping" by Nancy Scheper-Hughes, pages 120-124.
"Why Arctic Women Choose To Give Away Their Babies" by Joanne Furio, pages 125-127.

AFFINITY: A fundamental principle of relationship linking kin through marriage.

COSMOLOGY: A set of beliefs that defines the nature of the universe or cosmos.

CULTURAL ECOLOGY: The study of the way people use their culture to adapt to particular environments, the effects they have on their natural surroundings, and the impact of the environment on the shape of culture, including its long-term evolution.

CULTURE SHOCK: A form of anxiety that results from an inability to predict the behavior of others or act appropriately in cross-cultural situations.

INCEST TABOO: The cultural rule that prohibits sexual intercourse and marriage between specified classes of relatives.

MYTHOLOGY: Stories that reveal the religious knowledge of how things have come into being.

PASTORALISM: A subsistence strategy based on the maintenance and use of large herds of animals.

STRATIFIED SOCIETIES: Societies that are at least partly organized on the principle of social stratification. Contrast with egalitarian and rank societies.

WORLD VIEW: The way people characteristically look out on the universe.

PLEASE NOTE the words of Derek Freeman: "In my book of 1983 evidence was amassed to demonstrate that Margaret Mead's conclusion of Coming of Age in Samoa, because it is at odds with the relevant facts, cannot possibly have been correct. It had become apparent that the young Margaret Mead had, somehow or other, made an egregious mistake. ... The making of mistakes by humans, in science as in all other forms of human activity, is altogether commonplace." Derek Freeman, 1996, Margaret Mead And The Heretic: The Making And Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth, pages vi and xii-xiii.

FROM San Francisco Examiner (August 13, 1995), page A15: "Japanese struggling to deal with war legacy: Nation seeking way to face up to its barbaric deeds and finding suitable apologies to world" by Teresa Watanabe and Mary William Walsh.

NATIONAL CHARACTER: An old approach: "Thus in Exodus, the Histories of Herodotus, and the Germania of Tacitus the authors try to set down the essential traits of the people....Generally the basic ideas and approaches of the culture and personality field are used--basic personality structure, modal personality, cultural character--except that the problems of adequate samnpling and sound generalizations are recognized to be greater." David E. Hunter & Phillip Whitten, 1976, Encyclopedia of Anthropology, p. 281)

VIDEOTAPE: Impact of World War II on National Character research. ... "We can only learn to respect how precious and unique our separate cultures and personalities are to cherish that being we call a person."

"After years of controversy, Tokyo now has a national museum chronicling the events of World War II. But it is a portrait cleansed of Pearl Harbor, Hiroshima, Japanese atrocities and almost any direct reference to the front lines. The transformation of the Showa Hall museum, which opened in March [1999], from a war memorial into a bland exhibition of wartime life shows how difficult it still is for Japan to reckon with its past. Half a century after Japan's surrender, debate still rages.... (Yuri Kageyama, 1999, Japan's War Museum Has Spotty Memory. The San Francisco Chronicle, July 1, 1999, page A14.)

"Make peace with the fact that there are subtleties surrounding foreign cultures that you will never understand and intimacies you will never be able to achieve. S.I. Hayakawa [1906-1992] once said that "One can no more truly understand another country than can one a frog or a hummingbird.' Recognize that as a professional on the go you will always be struggling to strike a balance between cultural considerations and the urgent requirements of your assignment. Be firm and tactful in evading difficulties such as ceremonies that would irreperably upset your schedule, local foods that might compromise your health, arrangements that might violate your security." (Henry Steiner and Ken Haas, 1995, Cross-Cultural Design: Communicating In The Global Marketplace [CSUC: Folio/NC/730/C69/1995], page 217.

"We either hunt together or we die." ... In traditional times, the Netsilik had a preoccupation with "survival" in their environment. ..."The hunter must remain on good terms with the animal he hunts." ...

In traditional times: "The nuclear family, consisting of the father, mother, and children, was the most important social unit among the Netsilik Eskimos. It was characterized by continuous co-residence, sexual division of labor between the spouses in various technological activities, sexual intimacy between husband and wife, and child rearing. The nuclear family [however] was not completely independent in the accomplishment of many of these important functions, but had to align itself continuously with other families, closely or distantly related, to become part of larger groupings. Sometimes such wider alignments were determined by the inexorable necessity of collaboration in hunting. ... Under no circumstance could the Netsilik nuclear family survive for prolonged periods isolated by itself among the rigors of the Arctic wilderness. ... The nuclear family was always part of a larger kinship group....called the extended family. ... In addition to kinship, the necessity to collaborate in subsistence activities and food distribution was an important binding force in Netsilik society. .. Collaboration is not only an objective necessity related to the technology and strategy of hunting or fishing but a recognized behavioral norm." [Asen Balicki, The Netsilik Eskimo, 1970: 101-130]

VIDEOTAPE: In traditional times, the Netsilik had their Holy Men = "Shamans who knew how to manipulate the spirits of their old world." ... "Until the mid-1960's Zachary Itimagnac and his family lived the nomadic life of the Eskimo hunter in the Pelly Bay region of the Arctic. Then the Canadian Government introduced measures to provide heated dwellings, a school, a hospital, medical care, a cooperative, air transportation." See CSUChico FILM #12688/89 entitled Yesterday/Today: The Netsilik Eskimos] ...

VIDEOTAPE: "Today the kids don't get a chance to see the traditional ways of doing things. .. With the introduction of the permanent houses in Pelly Bay, the Netsilik could begin to accumulate possessions for the first time." Balicki states that "school" has the "most profound influence on these people."

In The Late 1970s: "Following a multiplicity of factors, gradually the nuclear family emerges as the basic economic unit. ...The nuclear family appears increasingly today as economically autonomous." .. The income of the Eskimo is mostly derived from stone carvings, family allowances, and old age pensions. Their houses are owned by the government which also supplies heat and electricity. The tenant pays rent which is pro-rated to his income. Zachary Itimagnac, whose income is under $1200/year, pays $15 a month in rent. Most of Zachary's income goes for up-keep on his snowmobile, and for the purchase of clothing, tea, and tobacco."

I. CULTURE CHANGE (CONTINUED)

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Familiarity with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources and knowledge of how to access such information.

II. BE OF GOOD CHEER: VACATION DAYS APPROACHING, BUT:

A. EXAM II (25%) SCHEDULED FOR FRIDAY 5 NOVEMBER 1999
B. Potential EXAM II Test Questions below
C. Map}: Europe, Middle East, Asia & Pacific), Multiple Choice, and True/False.

"In many crucial ways, the Earth is becoming as small as it appears to orbiting astronauts and cosmonauts. Global communications, universal trends, and common aspirations are making us more alike than we are different. Despite our rich cultural diversity, we gradually are becoming nearly one world. ... We share history. World War II tore us apart. ... We share technology. Communication satellites make it possible for millions to share the information and entertainment that's on television. Satellites have also revolutionized telephone and telefax communication. We sent reporters all over the world, but rarely were they out of reach of a telephone. We share high-speed transportation. Today, it takes less than twenty-four hours to travel between virtually any two points in the world." (Allen H. Neurath [with Jack Kelley and Juan J. Walte], 1989, Nearly One World, pages 4-6)

III. REMINDER: WA #2 (15%) DUE FRIDAY 3 DECEMBER 1999

A. The secret of learning how to write: learn how to re-write.
B. Extensive reading also helps!
C. Remember those Pacific sites mentioned in Week 8: to return to those, please click here.

IV. THEORY AND ETHNOGRAPHIC EXAMPLES:

A. Anthropology & Cyberspace briefly repeated
B. FILM: GOING INTERNATIONAL #1
C. VTAPE: First Contact (Go back in Guidebook)
D. VTAPE: ANTHROPOLOGY ON TRIAL
E. HRAF (Human Relations Area Files)

V. NO NEW READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00.

ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES: The knowledge that people use to assign rights to the ownership and use of resources.

MARKET EXCHANGE: The transfer of goods and services based on price, supply, and demand.

PRODUCTION: The process of making something.

TECHNOLOGY: The part of a culture that involves the knowledge that people use to make and use tools to extract and refine raw materials.

GOING INTERNATIONAL [#1]: BRIDGING THE CULTURE GAP [CSUC Film #13049] ..is an introduction to the challenges of traveling, living and working in a foreign culture. Colorful film from around the world powerfully illustrates fundamental concepts of culture, in theory and in practise. Interviews with experts and foreign nationals show the importance of cross-cultural awareness, giving audiences a new understanding of the impact of cultural differences on all international activities."

"If the success of the international businessperson is to be maximized, there is no substitute for an intimate acquaintance with both the language and the culture of those with whom one is conducting business. In fact, because of the close relationsip between language and culture, it will be virtually impossible not to learn about one while studying the other." (Gary P. Ferraro, 1990, The Cultural Dimensions Of International Business, page 46).

FILM : "We Americans tend to see ourselves as separate from nature. We talk about 'harnessing the forces of nature'; we talk about 'mastering our environment.' Most of the people in the world see themselves as a part of nature, very much subject to the same forces that affect, for example, a tree."

FILM : "We are all creatures of culture, and culture is learned. We may have to unlearn many attitudes and behaviors to do well overseas. ... To succeed we must learn the rules, but that is not enough. We must ask questions, watch, and listen. Wherever we go we are ourselves, but we must respect the host culture. We are the guests in their country."

Stereotype: "A process of making metal printing plates by taking a mold of composed type or the like in papier-mâché or other material and then taking from this mold a cast in type metal. ... a standardized conception or image invested with special meaning and [thought to be] held in common by members of a group." (The Random House College Disctionary, 1975, page 1288.)

Culture shock: A form of anxiety that results from an inability to predict the behavior of others or act appropriately in cross-cultural situations.

Ethnocentrism: A mixture of belief and feeling that one's own way of life is desirable and actually superior to others'.

GOING INTERNATIONAL (#2): MANAGING THE OVERSEAS ASSIGNMENT [CSUC Film #13050] "...portrays communication problems anyone can experience in foreign situations. ... U.S. travelers in countries as diverse as Japan, Saudi Arabia, England, India and Mexico illustrate how cultural taboos and accepted standards of behavior differ around the world. Nationals of the featured countries and cross-cultural experts explain how travelers can adapt their communication skills and personal conduct to be more effective abroad."

FILM : "Working abroad usually means expanded responsibility and authority for those traveling or relocating. Being in charge can be rewarding, but it can also be stressful. Under pressure, even people with the best intentions can behave in ways which are perfectly acceptable at home, but inappropriate to a foreign culture. None of the Americans in the five scenes is an 'ugly American.' Indeed, they all behave in ways which are rewarded in the USA. They are admirably restrained in expressing the frustration they feel. But in each scene, the American is ineffectual because of a failure to understand the essentials of doing business in the host country."

FILM : "...to work effectively abroad, we must recognize that the cultural values of a country determine how business is done there. One's own values, perceptions, and management methods are not necessarily valued in other cultures. ... A demonstrated awareness of and respect for the host culture will make a big difference to the success of social and business interactions."

GOING INTERNATIONAL (#3): BEYOND CULTURE SHOCK [CSUC Film #13051] ... "explain[s] the psychological phases of the adjusmtment process. U.S. and Canadian expatriate families describe their experiences and suggest strattegies for overcoming culture shock. ... practical suggestions for making living abroad an enriching adventure." [And Urbanowicz adds, the film can be "viewed" on several levels simultaneously.]

GOING INTERNATIONAL (#4): WELCOME HOME STRANGER [CSUC Film #13052] "...focuses on the unexpected problems of returning home. Family members share how they overcame the difficulties of 'reentry' into the workplace, community and school environments. Reentry is often the hardest part of an overseas experience and should not be ignored."

PAPUA NEW GUINEA: ANTHROPOLOGY ON TRIAL [Videotape] = dealing with Margaret Mead (1901-1978) as well as the work of John Barker (New Guinea), Andrew Strathern & Ongka (in New Guinea), and Wari Iamu (in California).

VIDEOTAPE: "I think in the '80's we must stop anthropologists from coming into the country...[Anthropology is] part and participle of the colonial forces. ... [some of Mead's work]: "half-truths or unrealistic. ... Margaret Mead wrote the story of Peri [not the "story" of the people of Manus]. ... I've stopped the film [Margaret Mead's New Guinea Journal]. ... She [Margaret Mead] didn't understand our customs."

REMEMBER THE WORDS of Derek Freeman:

"In my book of 1983 evidence was amassed to demonstrate that Margaret Mead's conclusion of Coming of Age in Samoa, because it is at odds with the relevant facts, cannot possibly have been correct. It had become apparent that the young Margaret Mead had, somehow or other, made an egregious mistake. ... The making of mistakes by humans, in science as in all other forms of human activity, is altogether commonplace." Derek Freeman, 1996, Margaret Mead And The Heretic: The Making And Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth, pages vi and xii-xiii.

Margaret Mead wrote: July 23, 1975 = "This time although I will have interesting things about change to discuss and although these Manus people continue to condense centuries into decades and decades into years, yet I am almost conscious of the enormous sense of continuity as I look at old men whom I knew as children and see the grandfathers' faces reflected in their descendants. The shared memories, the shared experiences bind them together in a web that is stronger than the ancestral ghosts they fear if they do not send money and gifts home to parents who put in hard work to rear them . . . Their major successes today are in the fields of engineering of various sorts, but not in the more abstract fields. Paliau's son, who wanted to become a doctor, has settled--without a degree, at least for the time being--for an administrative clerkship; Lokus' son has been to Japan for advanced mechanical training. In contrast Gabrield Gris, a Matankor man, is chancellor of the University of Papua New Guinea, and among the Usuai, Nahau is planning to take a Ph.D.--on the Paliau Movement!--and Bernard Mino of Drano is going to the United States to study literature." (Margaret Mead, 1977, Letters from the Field, 1925-1975,page 314 and page 323)

I. WEEK 11} LAW & POLITICS & RELIGION, MAGIC, AND WORLD VIEW

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

II. ADDITIONAL CYBERSPACE INFORMATION

A. The Internet Society (http://www.isoc.org/)
B. Remember those Pacific sites mentioned in Week 8: to return to those, please click here.

III. MISCELLANEOUS

A. FILMS: GOING INTERNATIONAL #2 & #3 [please go back in Guidebook]
B. REVIEW on Wednesday 3 November 1999 & EXAM II (25%) on Friday 5 November 1999.

IV. NO NEW READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00.

1. According to Urbanowicz, we have survived through time as a result of: (a) progress; (b) beahvoiral dependencies; (c) cooperation; (d) exploration.

2. A set of beliefs that defines the nature of the universe or cosmos is called: (a) acculturation beliefs; (b) basic religious beliefs; (c) cosmological beliefs; (d) mana beliefs.

3. The introduction of ______ among the Simbu of New Guinea has affected the course of economic change and development. (a) artillery and heavy weapons; (b) credit cards; (c) cash; (d) suburban utility vehicles (SUVs).

4. The term "dege" in the Dani Language of New Guinea meant: (a) human being; (b) a "moiety" of the Dani people; (c) a term of contempt; (d) a digging stick or a spear.

5. In "traditional" times, the Netsilik Eskimo of North America had their holy men, called: (a) pilchuks; (b) Big-Men; (c) shamans; (d) Itimagnacs.

6. The 1999 Meetings of the American Anthropological Association are being held in: (a) Atlanta, GA; (b) San Francisco, CA; (c) Seattle, WN; (d) Chicago, Illinois.

7. TRUE FALSE Margaret Mead was the only female anthropologist to work in Melanesia.

8. TRUE FALSE The driving force in the semiconductor industry has been the theorem known as Moore's Law; Moore's Law states that the number of transistors that fit on a chip will double every 18 months..

9. TRUE FALSE Polyandry is when a woman has two or more husbands at the same time.

10. TRUE FALSE "World view" is the way people characteristically look out on the Universe.

11. TRUE FALSE The culturally generated behavior associated with particular statuses is known as the caste system.

12. TRUE FALSE Among the Inuit of North America, it is very unusual to give a child to a relative for any reason!

I. INTO THE PACIFIC AND CONTINUED CULTURE CHANGE

II. EXAMPLES (ETHNOGRAPHIC AND OTHERS)

A. FILM: THAT UNCERTAIN PARADISE [Micronesia in the North Pacific Ocean]
B. FILM: THE COLONEL COMES TO JAPAN
C. For "Asian Economies" please see http://www.stern.nyu.edu/~nroubini/asia/asiahomepage.html and for some other "ideas" please see http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Unpub_Papers/1977SETIPaper.html.

"Island Nations Say Global Warming Drowning Their Homes. In an urgent plea for help, island states at a summit on the Earth's future told an alarming tale Tuesday [June 24, 1997] of the here and now: The seas may already be encroaching on their fragile lands. ... The United States, with 5 percent of the world's population emits more than 20 percent of the world's man-made carbon dioxide. ... Micronesia is not alone. Similar anectdotal reports have come in from such Pacific island groups as the Marshalls, Kiribati, and the Cartaret atoll off Papua New Guinea. Many islanders blame global warming. Islanders also say they believe violent ocean storms have increased in frequency, another predicted effect of global warming." (Chico Enterprise-Record, June 25, 1997, page 5A).

"In this shrunken electronic world, CNN, MTV, and The Wall Street Journal want you--whether you happen to be in Taipei or Greenwich Village. Telephones, televisions, satellites, and computers have made great physical distances obsolete vy allowing instant communication between virtually anyone, and that has led to some nearly universal cultural phenomena. National Basketball Association games are seen in more than 100 countries. Toyota cars can be purchases in 151 countries. Coca-Cola can be consumed in 185 countries--seven more countries than there are members of the United Nations. The blossoming of the World Wide Web, functioning as a global electronic library equally accessible by all who are connected, only enhances the situation. Web pages are as varied as humanity itself and yet they are all [potentially] connected to one another. With the Web, it's a small world after all--between twelve and twenty inches diagonally, depending on the size of one's computer screen [stress added]." David Shenk, 1997, Data Smog [HM/221/S515/1997], page 110.

III. ON NOVEMBER 9, 1938:

"Crystal Night. Night of a Nazi pogrom throughout much of Germany, 9/10 November 1938. ... On 11 November Heydrich reported to Göring details of the night of terror: 74 Jews killed or seriously injured, 20,000 arrested, 815 shops and 171 homes destroyed, 191 synagogues set on fire; total damage costing 25 million marks, of which over 5 million was for broken glass. Thus Crystal Night." James Taylor and Warren Shaw, 1987, The Third Reich Almanac, (NY: World Almanac), pages 85-86.

IV. AND, UNFORTUNATELY, IN SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, JUNE 1999:

"When hate-mongers torched three Sacramento synagogues earlier this month, Jews were reminded, a half-century after the Holocaust, that anti-Semitism is not dead in this country. The number of anti-Jewish incidents is second only to those against blacks and far exceeds offenses against all other religious groups combined, according to 1997 hate crimes statistics compiled by the FBI. (The Chico Enterprise-Recored, June 28, 1999, page 3A)

V. REMINDERS:

A. HANG IN THERE} No Class Week of November 22->26, 1999!
B. WA #2 (15%) DUE FRIDAY 3 DECEMBER 1999

VI. READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00:

Pages 192 & 193 [Overview]
"Ideal Teaching: Japanese Culture & The Training of the Warrior" by Wayne W. Van Horne, pages 38-43.
"Who Needs Love! In Japan, Many Couples Don't" by Nicholas D. Kristof, pages 139-141.
"A Pacific Haze: Alcohol And Drugs In Oceania" by Mac Marshall, pages 207-213.
"Academic Scholarship and Sikhism: Conflict or Legitimization" by Arthur W. Helweg, pages 219-224.

THAT UNCERTAIN PARADISE =[CSUC #12846/47] = the film deals with an area and "people spread over an area of the tropical [North] Pacific, slightly larger than the continental United States [3,000,000 squarte miles]. The people who occupy about 100 of some 2,000 small islands, are virtually unknown to the American public, although annually more than 80 million American tax dollars are injected into the region. Places such as Truk [Chuk], Eniwetok, Ulithi, which were household words in the United States during WWII, have returned to their former isolation."The question that gnaws at Micronesians today is whether to attempt to preserve their old ways or to propel themselves as fast as possible into the 20th Century. Automobiles and air-conditioned hotels are standard fixtures in the district centers. Thatched huts, bare-breasted women and dugout canoes are still part of outer island life."

FILM: "Recently a growing political awareness, influenced by the global trend away from colonialism, has brought about political unrest. No one knows what to do about it. Micronesia constitutes a model of the problems primitive [sic.] people face when confronted with the 20th Century." Film "visits all districts including some outer islands and observes the cultural, social, economic, and political conflicts. The old culture, represented by dances, ceremonies, island architecture, and family life in a typical village, is contrasted to the often tawdry facade of the district center, the gleaming luxury hotels, the jet liners, and the local variety of Life in the United States. The old South Seas [sic.] romance comes to life during a trip on a government ship to the outer islands. Appearing in the film are former Secretary of State Dean Rusk [1909-1994]; Ambassador Haydn Williams; Senator Petrus Tun and Representative John Rugulmar of the Congress of Micronesia; Chief Ngirakebou; Chief Tagachilbe; the people of Ngchesar on Babeldup Island [Palau]; Trust Territory officials; and Micronesians from all walks of life"(Annals of Tourism Research, Oct/Dec'77:73-4).

NOTE: "The two aspects of the Micronesian environment that seem to dominate Micronesian thought are the near-universal scarcity of land and the weather (depending on the location), either in the form of droughts or typhoons. Nearly all of the people of Micronesia have had to adapt to these harsh facts of the envioronment." (W.A. Alkire, The Peoples and Cultures of Micronesia, 1972: 5). ... "Micronesian political systems fall into the type generally called chiefdoms. All recognized distinctions of rank based largely on genealogical seniority in a system of ranked matriclans segmented into lineages or other subunits. ... Everywhere, chiefs had some authority over decision making about public labor and resources and control over some kinds of conduct. Chiefly clans generally receivd some kind of first fruits or other payment, most commonly in return for grants of land made generations ago to more recent immigrants." (James G. Peoples, 1993, Political Evolution in Micronesia. Ethnology, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 17, pp. 4-5). Major islands in Micronesia (from West to East): Northern Marianas, Guam, Belau (Palau), Federated States of Micronesia (Yap, Chuk [Truk], Ponape, and Kosrae), Marshall Islands, Kiribiti (formerly Gilbert Islands), Tuvalu (formerly Ellice Islands), and Nauru.

FROM The Wall Street Journal of August 1, 1997: writing about Supreme Court Justice Larry Miller in Palau: "And he has dived into some of the thorniest legal issues facing Palau, where clans and tradition still hold sway in the face of accelerating modernization. ... Justice Miller has also been called upon to sort out the messy and emotional issue of clan membership. Family lines can be tangled here, but they are often key to whether individuals can can share in the ownership of property or even hold office." (Pages A1 and A11, page A11).

TODAY = 1997 = Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: population of 53,552 (in 1996 it was 43,345). CoNM extends over a 300 mile archipelago and totals approximately 179 square miles.

TODAY = 1997 = Guam: population of 160,595 (in 1996 it was 149,620). It is an island of 210 square miles.

TODAY = 1997 = Republic of Palau: population of 18,110 (in 1996 it was 16,661). RoP includes 300 islets, totalling 188 square miles.

TODAY = 1997 = FSM = Federated States of Micronesia: population of 129,658 (in 1996 it was 122,950). FSM includes 807 islands, totalling 271 square miles.

TODAY = 1997 = Republic of the Marshall Islands: 63,031 (in 1996 it was 56,157). RoMI totals approximately 70 square miles.

1998 = "The International Atomic Energy Agency has confirmed fears that the area surrounding France's nuclear test sites in the South Pacific will be contamnated for centuries. ... Several kilograms of deadly plutonium particles are scattered in the sediment of the lagoons at Muroroa and Fongataufa atolls from atmosphere explosions. Radioactive tritium produced by underground tests will migrate from fissures into the lagoons in a few thousand years, according to the French-commissioned study." (San Francisco Chronicle, June 27, 1998, page A19)

THE COLONEL COMES TO JAPAN [1981] (CSUC FILM #12995) "Japan is the restaurant capital of the world....one eating establishment for every 81 people. Competition, understandably, is fierce." Japan = 145,882 Square Miles (estimated 1999 population of 125,931,533); size of California = 158,869 Square Miles (estimated 1998 pop: ~33,500,000); size of the state of Montana = 147,046 Square Miles with an estimated 1997 population of 878,810. Japan is a Parliamentary Democracy and the Emperor is the Head of State.

FILM: "One outfit that has been able to penetrate the market is Kentucky Fried Chicken. KFC was actually asked by the enormous Japanese conglomerate MITSUBISHI to participate in a fast food venture. The gesture was not simply hands-across-the-water generosity. Mitsubishi just happens to be the largest chicken grower in Japan. KFC would have had trouble finding enough chicken to fry elsewhere in the country, and imported birds develop skin disease. The partnership has turned out to be mutually rewarding, with Mitsubishi leading the Colonel through the maze of the Japanese bureaucracy, and KFC netting a solid profit."

FILM: Japan is the 2nd largest consumer market; Loy Weston, Chairman, KFC/Japan. ... Basic Operations Training (BOT) + On Job Training (OJT); Quality, Service, & Cleanliness. FILM: ADAPTATION. 3 A's = Authenticity, American, Aristocratic. ... Success = Japanese partners + long-range views + needs and expectations of consumers. ... "The company that refuses to adapt will invariably fail, as many have; the company that does adapt can flourish."

FILM: Importance of ritual and tradition combined with long-term planning and "adaptation" to the local environment.

AND PLEASE RECALL THE FOLLOWING WORDS: "The unit of survival [or adaptation] is organism plus environment. We are learning by bitter experience that the organism which destroys its environment destroys itself." (Gregory Bateson, Steps to an Ecology of Mind, 1972: 483)

"McDonald's Japan, currently [in 1996] with 1,688 stores nationwide [in Japan], is opening another 500 this year alone. ...in 2006, it plans to have no fewer than 10,000 stores throughout the country [of Japan!]. ... McDonald's Corp. of the United States owns 50 percent of McDonald's Japan, and the expansion is part of the parent company's worldwide plan to add as many as 3,200 units this year and next to its 18,000 restaurants. ... Kentucky Fried Chicken has more than 1,000 outlets nationwide [in Japan].... [stress added]" (Michelle Magee, "Big Mac Attack In Japan" in The San Francisco Chronicle, July 6, 1996, pages D1 and D6).

NOTE: "The company [McDonald's] has long tailored menus at its 24,000 worldwide restaurants to local tastes.... [and] weakened Asian markets have made it cheaper to build new outlets: 2,000 are anticiptated over the next three years." Business Week, December 14, 1998, page 8.

AND NOTE: If one year = 365.25 days then 2000/1095 = 1.8 new McDonald's a day for three years!

FROM: ZAIBATSU America: How Japanese Firms Are Colonizing Vital U.S. Industries (1992) by Robert L. Kearns} "A zaibatsu means quite literally a 'financial clique'--zai batsu--or as it evolved, a family-dominated holding company, whereas the word keiretsu describes a lineage or a group arranged in vertical order--a group which since World War II has come to revolve around its bank and trading company (page 4). ... a keiretsu is a business cartel composed of a dominant Japanese manufacturer and its major suppliers" (U.S. Congressman Jack Brooks, page 168).

NOTE FROM December 28, 1998: "Japan's floundering economy has cross another humiliating milestone: Its official unemployment rate is as high as America's for the first time since Tokyo started keeping such statistics 45 years ago. The Japanese government said Friday that its jobless rate, which averaged 2.5% in the 1980s, rose in November to a record 4.4% from 4.3% in October, matching the U.S. rate for the same period, announced a few weeks ago. ... Japan's job-security system is now under unprecedented strain. ... The pressures are only expected to worsen, with unemployment continuing to rise and direct American-style layoffs imminent. ... Young Japanese are finding it hard to find work. As of October, only 67.5% of college seniors graduating in March had jobs lined up, down from 73.6% a year earlier. In a country where well over 90% of all college students used to have their lifetime job lined up at the start of their senior year, it's frightening [stress added]." (The Wall Street Journal, December 12, 1998, page A1 and A8).

NOTE FROM June 27, 1999: "The past year has been a far cry from the late 1980s, when high-flying Japanese were knocking on doors in ritzy neighborhoods and offering suitcases of cash for luxury homes. Japan's stangnation through most of the '90s has burst Hawaii's real estate bubble, sending the values of commercial properties and some homes plunging by more than half." (Chico Enterprise-Record, June 27, 1999, page 1B)

I. ON RELIGION, MAGIC, AND WORLD VIEW (AGAIN)

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

Knowledge of the methodology appropriate to the sub-disciplines of anthropology and the capacity to apply appropriate methods when conducting anthropological research.

A. FILM: SAUDI ARABIA: THE OIL REVOLUTION
B. FILMS: Going International #4 [go back please]
C. You might possibly be interested in http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Unpub_Papers/1977SETIPaper.html

II. WEEK 14: Nov 22, 1999 -----> Nov 26, 1999: THANKSGIVING VACATION!

III. WRITING ASSIGNMENT #2 (15%) DUE FRIDAY 3 December 1999!

IV. READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00:

Pages 164 & 165 [Overview]
"Tradition or Outrage?" by Jan Goodwin, pages 149-151.
"The Tragedy of Female Circumcision" as told to Laura Ziv, pages 161-163.
"Psychotherapy in Africa" by Thomas Adeoye Lambo, pages 166-170.
"The Secrets of Haiti's living Dead" by Gino Del Guercio, pages 174-177.

SAUDI ARABIA: THE OIL REVOLUTION (CSUC FILM #12938) Saudi Arabia: Located in all but the southern and eastern portions of the Arabian Peninsula. SIZE: 865,000 square miles [California: 158,869 Square Miles] with a estimated 1999 population of 20,785,955. According to the census, the capital of Riyadh had a population of 2,619,000 followed by Jeddah (1,492,000), Makkah, or Mecca, (777,000), followed by Ta'If, and Madinah (or Medina).

"In the early years of this century the house of Sa'ud emerged from the desert to conquer the greatest part of the Arabian peninsula, and they called the empire they created after themselves: Sa'udi Arabia. They control the Kingdom to this day." Robert Lacey, 1981, The Kingdom: Arabia & The House of Sa'ud, page 13.

According to the 1999 Information Please Almanac (page 839), the 1995 literacy rate was 63%.

NOTE: On August 8, 1996, The Wall Street Journal had the following} "Saudi Arabia's problems include continuing budget deficits, government debt that went from zero to over $100 billion in a decade and a population that is expanding so fast that unemployment is soaring. There is a pressing need to cut spending...." (page A6].

ADDITIONAL BACKGROUND: "In the Middle East, as elsewhere, geography and ecology have been among the important architects of history" (Ismail I. Nawab et al., 1980, Aramco And Its World: Arabia And The Middle East, page 4).

FILM: "The internal tensions of this kingdom in transition since the oil boom of the mid 1960's and the reforms of KING FAISAL are probed in this overview of a country that is changing practically day-to-day. Everywhere are images of the often bizarre collisions between Muslim orthodoxy and the demands of modernization. In this, the world's richest oil-producing country, the majority of the people are land-poor fellahin; 92% of them are illiterate. They till the soil with crude implements unchanged for a thousand years. Some of their countrymen, however, train on the latest jet fighters, and cavalry men of the Saudi army churn up the desert on their world famous Arabian ponies while practising their traditional saber-wielding skills."

FILM: Four faces of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Soil, Sea, City, & Wanderer.

NOTE:

"Before Muhammad [570-632], Arabia was divided among numerous warring tribes and sma;; kingdoms and was at times dominated by larger Arabian and non-Arabian kingdoms. It was nited for the first time by Mohammed , in the early 7th century AD. His successor conquered the entire Near East and North Africa, bringing Islam and the Arabic language. But Arabia itself soon returned to its former [tribal] status. Nejd, long an independent state and center of the Wahhabi sect, fell under Turkish rule in the 18th century. In 1913 Ibn Saud, founder of the Saudi dynasty, overthrew the Turks and captured the Turkish province of Hasa in E Arabia; took the Hejaz region in W Arabia in 1925 and most of Asir. in SW Arabia by 1926. The discovery of oil in the 1930s transformed the new country. ... Ibn Saud reigned until his death, Nov. 1953. Subsequent kings have bttn the sons of Ibn Saud. The king exercises authority together with a Council of Ministers. The Islamic religious code is the law of the land. Alcohol and public entertainments are restricted, and women have an inferior legal status. There is no constitution and no parliament, although a Consultative Council was established by the king in 1993. ... King Faisal played a leading role in the 1973-74 Arab oil embargo against the U.S. and other nations. Crown Prince Khalid was proclaimed king on Mar. 25, 1975, after the assassination of Faisal. Fahd became king on June 13, 1982, following Khalid's death. The Hejaz contains the holy cities of Islam--Medina, where the mosque of the Prophet enshrines the tomb of Muhammed, and Mecca, his birthplace. ... Following Iraq's attack on Kuwait, Aug. 2, 1990, Saudi Arabia accepted the Kuwait royal family and more than 400,000 Kuwaiti refugees. King Fahdinvited Western and Arab troops to deploy on its soil in support of Saudi defense forces. ... The nation's northern Gulf coastliner suffered severe pollution as a result of Iraqi sabatage of the Kuwaiti oil fields." (The World Almanac And Book of Facts 1997, page 815)

FILM: Out in the desert, in a Bedouin (nomad) family's hovel, the master's several wives remain veiled and totally submissive. Elsewhere liberated women emulate the dress and habits of those in the West and attend schools and universities. Faisal encouraged the growth of these segregated schools for women, against the advice of many. ...Women in Saudi Arabia may take any job, as long as they are not seen. ...King Faisal, absolute ruler until his assassination in 1975, kneels in devout prayer five times a day like any of the Muslim faithful."

NOTE: "The word 'Bedouin' comes from the French version of the Arabic word badawi (plural, badu) which means simply desert dweller. It is an accurate term but used only by townsmen. They refer to themselves, simply and proudly, as 'Arabs.' Bedouin life evolved from the demands of a harsh environment. The constant and compelling need for water and pasturage...." (Ismail I. Nawab et al., 1980, Aramco And Its World: Arabia And The Middle East, page 130). ... "Saudi Arabia is the cradle of Islam. The Prophet Muhammad preached the new religion 1,400 years ago, vanquished Mecca and Medina, and spread the faith throughout Arabia.... (PAN AM'S World Travel Guide,p.467-472)

ALSO NOTE from The Wall Street Journal of June 23, 1997, page 1: "Twenty years ago, oil consumers fretted about rising prices. Today, a big issue is whether the world can afford the environmental damage from rising use of oil, natural gas and coal. The answer seems to be no, and the pressure to reduce harmful emissions and consumption is expected to rise. So now it's the turn of the oil companies to fret. ... The environmental questions center on the contention that emissions from burning hydrocarbons are raising global temperatures--the so-called greenhouse effect--and damaging the world's climate, perhaps calamitously. Not everyone agrees, and scientific evidence is scarce and disputed. But the alarm was raised in an unlikely and influential quarter. In a speech last month at Stanford University, British Petroleum Co. Chief Executive John Browne said: 'The time to consider policy dimensions of climate change is not when the link between greenhouse gases and climate change is conclusively proven, but when the possibility cannot be discounted and is taken seriously by the society of which we are part" [stress added].

PLEASE NOTE: "The world faces a devastating oil crisis in the early years of the new millenium, according to a new assessment of conventional oil reserves. Global production will peak as early as 2002, then decline over the next 70 years...." The Chico Enterprise-Record, August 2, 1998, page 6B.

BUT SEE / READ ABOUT OIL: "The future of the industrialized world will depend on it, and on a group fo small, fledgling nations that most Americans have never heard of. Veering through Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.... All but a handful of the globe's current oil-producing giants will have emptied their proven reserves during the next two decades. The United States is expected to run out of domestic oil in 10 years, Indonesia and Canada in nine years, Nigeria and Russia in 20. By contrast, Azerbaijan's proven reserves alone should last into the 22nd century. Even Saudi Arabia, with its 262 billion barrels of untapped oil, will empty its reserves by the year 2080 at present production levels [stress added]." (San Francisco Chronicle, August 10, 1998, page 1 and page A8)

FINALLY, from December 30, 1998: "Saudi Arabia reported a $12.3 billion budget deficit for 1998 and said it would cut spending 12.7% in 1999, a move that is likely to spread fears of an oil-related recession in the Gulf. ... Saudi Arabia now gets barely $10.00 a barrel for its crude oil, compared with about $14.50 a year ago [stress added]." (The Wall Street Journal, December 30, 1998, page A6)

I. ALMOST OVER & WINDING DOWN!!

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Familiarity with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources and knowledge of how to access such information.

II. CULTURE CHANGE AND APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY

A. What is Change? and How does Change take place?
B. What is Creativity? and The Global Society (Continued)

III. BACK TO THE PACIFIC: FILM} THE LAST TASMANIAN (and see http://www.tas.gov.au/tasfaq/history/who-text.html as well as http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Pacific/Tasmania.html.

A. Remember those Pacific sites mentioned in Week 8: to return to those, please click here.
B. Remember those words from Week 3:

NATURAL SELECTION: "The process of differential survival and reproduction that results in changes in gene frequencies and in the characteristics that the genes encode." (Paul W. Ewald, 1994, Evolution of Infectious Disease, page 220.)

IV. DATES TO REMEMBER

A. Writing Assignment #2 (15%) DUE on FRIDAY 3December 3, 1999.
B. 13-01} EXAM III (30%) on WED December 15, 1999 from 10-11:50am
C. 13-02} EXAM III (30%) on WED December 15, 1999 from 12-1:50pm

V. NO NEW READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00 BUT, you are supposed to be reading Earth Abides by George R. Stewart!

NOTE: "British settlement [of Australia] began in 1788, with the landing of a part of transported convicts [from Great Britain]. Australia remained a penal colony during the first half of the 19th century, during which time the continent was explored and separate colonies were established in the various states. Aboriginal populations were displaced and decimated; in some areas (e.g., Tasmania), they were totally exterminated." (J.W. Wright, Editor, The Universal Almanac: A New Almanac for an Expanding Universe of Information, 1989: 389)

Tasmania is 26,200 square miles in size and is a State of the Commonwealth of Australia [2,967,893 square miles]. Tasmania had an estimated 1996 population of ~473,000. The 1999 estimated population of Australia was 18,613,087. The capital of Tasmania is Hobart. The State of California is approximately 158,869 Square Miles, the State of West Virginia is approximately 24,232 square miles, and Costa Rica is approximately 19,730 square miles.

"The [aboriginal] Tasmanians may have come over a land bridge from the continent of Australia; or in canoes which were lost and not reproduced from native timbers. ... For century upon century these people pursued their lonely and nomadic way, living upon game and shellfish, dancing their tribal dances and acquiring no permanent habitations nor much clothing. Agriculture was unknown to them." (C. Turnbull, Black War: The Extermination of the Tasmanian Aborigines, 1948: 4)

The potential of British-French rivalry in Australia prompted the British in Australia (where they had established a convict colony in 1788) to send a ship to Tasmania. On December 14, 1802, while Frenchmen were already on Tasmania, the British raised their flag and took formal possession of Tasmania in the name of King George of England.

"When Tasmania was first colonised the natives were roughly estimated by some at 7000 and by others at 20,000. Their number was soon greatly reduced, chiefly by fighting with the English and with each other. After the famous hunt by all the colonists, when the remaining natives delivered themselves up to the government, they consisted only of 120 individuals,* who were in 1832 transported to Flinders Island. This island, situated between Tasmania and Australia, is forty miles long, and from twelve to eighteen miles broad: it seems healthy, and the natives were well treated. Nevertheless, they suffered greatly in health. In 1834 they consisted (Bonwick, p. 250) of forty-seven adult males, forty-eight adult females, and sixteen children, or in all of 111 souls. In 1835 only one hundred were left. As they continued rapidly to decrease, and as they themselves thought that they should not perish so quickly elsewhere, they were removed in 1847 to Oyster Cove in the southern part of Tasmania. They then consisted (Dec. 20th, 1847) of fourteen men, twenty-two women and ten children.*(2) But the change of site did no good. Disease and death still pursued them, and in 1864 one man (who died in 1869), and three elderly women alone survived. The infertility of the women is even a more remarkable fact than the liability of all to ill-health and death. At the time when only nine women were left at Oyster Cove, they told Mr. Bonwick (p. 386), that only two had ever borne children: and these two had together produced only three children! (* All the statements here given are taken from The Last of the Tasmanians, by J. Bonwick, 1870. * This is the statement of the Governor of Tasmania, Sir W. Denison, Varieties of Vice-Regal Life, 1870, vol. 1, p.67.)." Charles Darwin (1871), The Descent of Man)

AND RECALL THE FOLLOWING from Week 2: "Les Eyzies is the normal point of first entry for visitors to the land of prehistory. It has a national museum, the cave where Cro-Magnon man was discovered, and much else--all in the midst of spectacular scenery. ... The National Museum of Prehistory lies within Les Eyzies, in a structure built into the side of a cliff, with overhanging rock above, which was originally a thirteenth-century fortress. It houses a rich collection of prehistoric items, not only from the Dordogne but also from other French archaeological sites...." (Charles Tanford & Jacqueline Reynolds, 1992, The Scientific Traveller: A Guide to the People, Places, and Institutions of Europe, page 205.)

October 17, 1995: "...the premier [of Tasmania], Ray Groom, announced that he would introduce legislation to transfer 3800 hectares [~9390 acres] of land to the Tasmanian Aborigines. ... The Premier stressed that this was the government's first and final transfer of land to the Tasmanian Aborigines." Lyndall Ryan, 1996, The Aboriginal Tasmanians [2nd edition] (Australia: Allen & Unwin), page 310.

ADDITIONAL NOTES: The term "genocide" was first used by Raphael Lemkin [1900-1949] in his 1944 publication entitled Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: "By genocide we mean the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group." Lemkin combined a Greek and Latin root to create the word. On the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize Winner Elie Wiesel: "But because of his telling, many who did not care to believe have come to believe, and some who did not care have come to care. He tells the story out of infinite pain, partly to honor the dead, but also to warn the living--to warn the living that it could happen again and that it must never happen again. Better that one heart be broken a thousand times in the retelling, he has decided, if it means that a thousand other hearts need not be broken at all." Robert McAfee Brown, 1986, Night (NY: Bantam Edition), page vi.

I. CULTURE CHANGE, APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY, AND REVIEW!

A positive appreciation of the diversity of contemporary and past human cultures and an awareness of the value of anthropological perspectives and knowledge in contemporary society.

Knowledge of the history of anthropological thought.

A. The Applied Anthropology Computer Network (http://www.acs.oakland.edu/~dow/anthap.html)
B. http://www.ota.gov/nativea.html [Native American Indian issues] and contemporary Native American Nations
C. Columbus and Discoveries [http://www.millersv.edu/~columbus/mainmenu.html]

II. CHANGE AS THE NATURAL / CULTURAL ORDER OF THINGS

A. Remember these words from Week 1?

"In a way, looking back at the past 20 years is like going to your high school reunion: Everyone there looks somewhat the same, but everything has completely changed. Twenty years ago, only doctors had pagers, there were no cell phones, no personal computers, no ATM machines, no Internet, no Starbucks. San Francisco looked like a smaller Manhattan, and San Jose looked like a smaller Los Angeles." (San Francisco Chronicle, May 30, 1999, page 1)

Would you care to look around the world right now and speculate what the world of 2019 will be like? What would a paragraph from 2019 contain, beginning with "Twenty years ago...."

B. Holiday Times Soon Upon Us! (And please see: http://www.rice.lib.me.us/holiday.htm)

C. Exploration

"When Columbus set sail from Spain in 1492, he speculated that his fastest route to the gold and spices of the Orient was west by sea. After 33 days of sailing, Columbus was within sight of land and assumed he was approaching Asia. He had no idea that the Carribean island before him was the doorstep to two 'unknown' continents. Neither Columbus nor the islands inhabitants who greeted him could have predicted the global consequences of the encounter that began that day. Seeds of Change [video and 1991 book] commemorates the 500th anniversary of Columbus's voyage by focusing on the exchange of plants, animals, and peoples that resulted. Five 'seeds'--corn, potatoes, diseases, horses, and sugar--form the core of this exhibition which tells the story of 500 years of encounter and exchange" [stress added] (1991 Smithsonian Institution brochure).

D. Native Americans and Continuous Culture Change and Cahokia, Illinois

"In 1492, there were no Indians in America, only Native people. By 1800, the descendants of those original inhabitants were called Indians. There were far fewer of them, and most lived in ways undreamed of by their ancestors and on a fraction of their ancient homelands. The people responsible for their decline had taken and applied Indian ways as they took over the Indians' lands. Despite their determination to remain who they were, they had also changed." Colin G. Galloway, 1997, New Worlds For All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America (Johns Hopkins), page196.

"Growing up in California in the 1950s and '60s, I proudly wrote a history of my home state for a class project. It glorified the Spanish priests who established the 18th century missions. It celebrated the fortune-seeking pioneers who settled the Far West in the fabled gold rush of 1849. But Sister Perpetua hadn't taught us that those sainted missionaries had brutally enslaved entire bands of coastal Indians. Nor had the textbooks of the times explained that those colorful '49ers also were land-hungry invaders who murdered whole communities of inland natives to remake their mountain homeland into 'Gold Country.' Eventually, I learned the truth. But it wasn't until I read this impressivley researched volume [James Wilson, 1998, The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America] that I understood how tragically well European settlers and their descendants vanquished the New World's aboriginal peoples. Talk about ethnic cleansing. The Earth Shall Weep lays it out in grim and sometimes gory detail, from slaughter by colonizing armies to the government's misguided efforts this century to 'improve' Indians by separating them from their languages and culture." (Patric O'Driscoll, 1999, How The West Really Was Won. USA Today, April 29, 1999, page 10D.)

E. "There is no question that estimating the Indian population of America in 1492 is quite exceptionally hard: the evidence is maddeningly sparse, incomplete and open to wildly different interpretations. Serious scholars from several disciplines have approached the subject in good faith and managed to produce staggeringly inconsistent results, often hundreds or even thousands of per cent apart from each other." (James Wilson, 1998, The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America, page 19.)

III. EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE AND THE FUTURE

A. Continuing To Place Things in Perspective & Into The Future!

"...organisms, and their microbial cousins, have an influence on life that is wholly disproportionate to their dimensions and invisibility. First, consider the difference in size between some of the very tiniest and the very largest creatures on earth. A small bacterium weighs as little as 0.000000000001 grams. A blue whale weighs about 100,000,000 grams. Yet a bacterium can kill a whale" (Bernard Dixon, 1994, Power Unseen: How Microbes Rule The World, page xvii).

"A virulent strain of influenza sweeping northern China suggests that the USA may be hit with a particularly miserable Year 2000 flu bug late next year, federal health officials said Wednesday. Researchers are closely watching China, where hospitals and clinics in Beijing and other cities are packed with as many as four times the usual number of sufferers complaining of fevers and breathing problems. Flu strains that emerge in China one year typically land in the USA the next." (USA Today, December 24-27, 1998, page 1)

"Mankind has dangerously miscalculated the threat posed by bacteria and viruses to millions of lives, national security and world economic development, says a report out Thursday [June 17, 1999]. The report, byt the World Health Organization (WHO), offers its most scathing [portrait ever of global complacency about the potential spread of infectious diseases." (Steve Sternberg, 1999, Infectious Diseases Feed On Global Complacency. USA Today, June 18-20, 1999, page 1.)

"Jet-setting Americans who eat chicken and meat overseas are bringing back resistance to certain antibiotics used to treat stomach upset and other bacterial illnesses, according to a study....published in Thursday's New England Journal of Medicine, is the first to link Americans' growing resistance to antibiotics primarily to foreign travel. Until now, scientists believed resistance was growing largely because doctors were over-prescribing antibiotics. Resistance to the class of antibiotics called quinolones has been reported in people in Europe and Asia because of the widespread use of antibiotics in poultry and other livestock there." (Brigitte Greenberg, 1999, Foreign Travel Spurs Resistance to Antibiotics. The Chico-Enterprise Record, Thursday May 20, 1999, page 4B.)

B. Potential EXAM III Test Questions below
C. Map for EXAM III below: EXAM III (30% of your final grade) will consist of a World Map, Multiple-Choice, True/False, and a single (multi-part) Essay Question based on your reading of Earth Abides.

IV. REMEMBER

A. EXAM III (30%) based on Angeloni readings since EXAM II and
B. George R. Stewart's Earth Abides and Guidebook and
C. Fifty-Five Specific terms (cumulative) below.

V. READINGS in Elvio Angeloni, 1999, Annual Editions Anthropology 99/00:

"Indians and Archaeologists: Conflicting Views of Myth and Science" by Kenneth L. Feder, pages 44-51.
"The Arrow of Disease" by Jared Diamond, pages 199-206.
"Growing Up As A Fore" by E. Richard Sorenson, pages 214-218.

AND THE FINAL URBANOWICZ QUOTES for Fall 1999: "Life is lived forward but it is understood backward." Sören Kierkegaard (1813-1855) or from another translation: "Philosophy is perfectly right in saying that life must be understood backward. But then one forgets the other clause--that it must be lived forward." Journals and Papers, 1843, Vol. 1. and "The most important word in the English language is attitude. Love and hate, work and play, hope and fear, our attitudinal response to all these situations, impresses me as being the guide." Harlen Adams (1904-1997) and finally "I am an optimist. It does not seem too much use being anything else." (Sir Winston Churchill [1874-1965]).

"Columbus changed forever the history of the planet. But he did so by connecting two worlds of equal maturity, not by 'discovering' a new one. Knowing this, some find it easy to dismiss European insistence on calling America the New World as nothing more than Eurocentric arrogance. Convinced that Europe was synonymous with civilization, colonizing Europeans failed to see anything of value in Indian civilizations. They regarded Indian people as 'primitive' and viewed the land as virgin wilderness. Like other human beings, they were blind to much of what lay before them and instead took in what they wanted to. In a very real sense, however, America did exists as a new world for Europeans. America was more than just a place; it was a second opportunity for humanity--a chance, after the bloodlettings and the pogroms, the plagues and the famines, the political and religious wars, the social and economic upheavals, for Europeans to get it right this time. In the beginning, the American dream was a European dream, and it exerted emotional and motivational power for generations" [stress added]." Colin G. Galloway, 1997, New Worlds For All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of Early America, page 10.

"Investigations were made in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to determine whether the American Indians were the lost tribes of Judah; and it was pretty well proved both yes and no, and unporovable either way, which made it an excellent topic for study and exploitation, one populated by warm bodies and tear-strained faces and beautiful, waiting children." John Ehle, 1988, Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation (page 1).

"History's most surprising encounter, perhaps, was that between the Europeans who followed in the wake of Columbus and the native inhabitants of [what was called] the New World. The conquering Spaniards viewed the complex, sophisticated Aztecs and Inca civilizations with disbelief; surely these people could not have achieved such cultural heights without outside inspiration--from other, earlier European visitors or Transpacific wanderers from Asia. The native Americans, for their part, too often regarded the intruders with haughty disdain and paid for their unwariness by falling prey to superior technology and clever strategy." Joseph L. Dardner et al., 1986, Mysteries of the Ancient Americas: The New World Before Columbus (page 5).

On the Mashantucker Pequot: "The Pequot War of 1636-37 paved the way for the establishment of English hegemony in southern New England." Alfred A. Cave, 1996, The Pequot War (U Mass press), page 1 [AND PLEASE SEE BELOW].

"The Spanish and French who first saw these hillocks found it difficult to believe them to be the deliberate creations of mankind. They were so much larger than any work of architecture known to them. The entire facade of the Palace of the Louvre, in Paris, can fit easily within the space surrounded by the D-shaped earthen rings at Povery Point, Louisiana, built at the same time as Stonehenge. The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in Rome, complete with its plaza and gardens, could be placed within the circular embankement at Watson Brake [Louisiana], which is probably at least a thousand years older than Poverty Point [stress added]" (Roger G. Kennedy, 1996, Hidden Cities: The Discovery And Loss of Ancient North American Civilization , page 8].

Dr. Coulter, in describing (Journal R. Geograph. Soc., vol. v., 1835, p. 67) the state of California about the year 1830, says that the natives reclaimed by the Spanish missionaries, have nearly all perished, or are perishing, although well treated, not driven from their native land, and kept from the use of spirits. He attributes this, in great part, to the undoubted fact that the men greatly exceed the women in number; but he does not know whether this is due to a failure of female offspring, or to more females dying during early youth. The latter alternative, according to all analogy, is very improbable. He adds that "infanticide, properly so called, is not common, though very frequent recourse is had to abortion." If Dr. Coulter is correct about infanticide, this case cannot be advanced in support of Colonel Marshall's view. From the rapid decrease of the reclaimed natives, we may suspect that, as in the cases lately given, their fertility has been diminished from changed habits of life." Charles Darwin, 1871, The Descent of Man)

"The story of Ishi begins for us early in the morning of the twenty-ninth day of August in the year 1911 and in the corral of a slaughter house. It begins with the shaorp barking of dogs which roused the sleeping butchers. In the dawn light they saw a man at bay, crouching against the corral fence--[the person who would eventually known as] Ishi." Theodora Kroeber, 1961, Ishi In Two Worlds: A Biography of the Last Wild Indian in North America (Berkeley: UC Press), page 3.

"Ishi is in the news again, and again his story is a poignant reflection of our society. Ishi's saga begins in the 1860s. White settlers in this area had either enslaved, murdered, or expelled the Maidu [Native Americans] from the valley, but had not yet subdued the Yahi, who were protected by the remote and tortuous terrain of Deer and Mill Creek canyons, and could survive on the limited resources of that area supplemented with goods gathered on occasional raids of the settlers' ranches. These raids were met with retaliatory attacks, and violence escalated. In 1862, three white children were killed, and in response the settlers resolved to destroy the entire native population. The genocide of the Yahi was ferocious and absolute. ... By 1870 the Yahi population, once in the hundreds, was five. For the next 41 years this small group hid themselves along Derr Creek. In 1911, the last survivor [subsequently named], Ishi, reappeared in the white man's world, ironically at a slaughterhouse." (Tim Bousquet, The Chico News & Review, June 12, 1997, Vol. 20, No. 46, page 8).

"...the bloody years of Yana history: 1850-1872. It was in the early 'sixties that the whole white population of the Sacramento Valley was in an uproar of rage and fear over the murder of five white children by hill Indians--probably Yahi. But the soberly estimated numbers of kidnappings of Indian children by whites in California to be sold as slaves or kept as cheap help was, between the years 1852 and 1867, from three to four thousand; evey Indian woman, girl, and girl-child was potentially and in thousands of cases actually subject to repeated rape, to kidnapping, and to prostitution. Prostitution was unknown to aboriginal California, as were the venereal diseases which accounted for from forty to as high as eighty per cent of Indian deaths during the first twenty years following the gold rush." Theodora Kroeber, 1961, Ishi In Two Worlds: A Biography of the Last Wild Indian in North America (Berkeley: UC Press), page 46.

1863: "A Captain Starr escorted the Indians on their [forced] march. He left Chico with four hundred and sixty-one indians, and arrived at Round Valley with two-hundred and seventy-seven. Two were unaccounted for; thirty-two died on the march; and a hundred and fifty were left sick along the trail to be brought in later if they should recover enough to continue the trip." Theodora Kroeber, 1961, Ishi In Two Worlds: A Biography of the Last Wild Indian in North America (Berkeley: UC Press), page 73.

NOTE ELSEWHERE / ELSEWHEN: "There are various estimated and several arguments about the social, cultural, and physical damage caused by the 1838 [Cherokee] removal. The main portions of all five tribes were uprooted and the people became socially disoriented, their town and clan organizations disrupted. ... How many Cherokees and their slaves died? The answer is a mystery, enhanced, complicated by decades. In the detention camps, from three hundred to two thousand died, depending on the authority accepted; on the trail, from five hundred to two thousand. In other words, the answer is a combined total of between eight hundred and four thousand." John Ehle, 1988, Trail of Tears: The Rise And Fall Of The Cherokee Nation (NY: Anchor), page 390.

THE 1990s: "[Native American] Casino money has helped finance reservation schools, day-care programs, after-school tutors, computers, RV parks, gas stations, administration buildings, libraries, wastewater treatment plants, recreation centers. As the Casino profits mount, more and more tribes are paying their own way. ... California's Indian gaming emporiums employ more than 15,000 people--mostly non-Indians--and have infused over a half-billion dollars into local economies. ... California has 40 Indian casinos (some of them closed), more than any other state. Several more are proposed." (The Sacramento Bee, July 2, 1997, page A12; note, this comes from Part Four of a four-part series that Began on June 29, 1997).

"Gambling is now bigger than baseball, more powerful than a platoon of Schwarzeneggers, Spielbergs, Madonnas and Oprahs. More Americans went to casinos than to major league ballparks in 1993. Ninety-two million visits!" (The New York Times Magazine, July 17, 1994) and "Nevada's major hotel-casinos grossed $12 billion in fiscal 1995 and reported annual net, pre-federal tax profits of $1.28 billion....In the previous fiscal year the clubs took in $11 billion and had a pre-tax profit of $1.2 billion...." (Reno Gazette-Journal, February 5, 1996, page 4F); and see The Sacramento Bee, July 23, 1996, page B8: "From 1974 to 1994, the amount of money legally wagered annually has risen 2,800 percent, to $482 billion from $17 billion. The gambling industry generates six times the revenue of all American spectator sports combined." [And please see: http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/FApr11-96.html as well as http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/14th_ICAES.html.

NOTE on the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe: "The tiny Mashantucket Pequot tribe--grown wealthy by casino profits--is putting the finishing touches on a $135 million museum that resurrects a nearly forgotten past. The Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center, which celebrates the lives of American Indians of southeastern Connecticut, open Aug. 11 [1998]. The 308,000-square-foot complex is set on the tribe's reservation, also home to the Foxwoods Resort Casino. ... The money to build the museum comes from the tribe's casino.... The Pequot tribe, which has about 400 members, got assistance from about 50 other tribes, from helping to reproduce artifacts to sharing oral histories and providing original artwork." (The Washington Post, August 4, 1998, page C10)

"Almost no one had heard of the Mashantucket Pequot tribe of Connecticut before 1992, when the tiny Native American nation unveiled one of the world's largest casinos. ... the largest and--at $193 million--most expensive museum devoted to a single tribe. By comparison, the giant National Museum of the American Indians, now under development by the Smithsonian and planned for the National mall in Washington, D.C., is expected to cost just $110 million (the Pequots gave $10 million for that project, too--the largest donation in Smithsonian history). Even the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. (at $190 million) doesn't match up." (USA Today, August 7, 1998, page 1D)

Native Americans have legally taken advantage of the "entertainment propensity" of all Americans and as of November 1997, it was reported that some 147 Tribes have entered into 158 Compacts in 24 American States and it is still changing (please see http://legiweb.legislate.com/n/news/tribes.htm).

FIFTY-FIVE SPECIFIC TERMS FROM THIS GUIDEBOOK WHICH COULD APPEAR ON EXAM #3

ACCULTURATION: The process that takes place when groups of individuals having different cultures come into first-hand contact, which results in change to the cultural patterns of both groups.

AFFINITY: A fundamental principle of relationship linking kin through marriage.

AGRICULTURE: A subsistence strategy involving intensive farming of permanent fields through the use of such means as the plow, irrigation, and fertilizer.

APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY: Any use of anthropological knowledge to influence social interaction, to maintain or change social institutions, or to direct the course of cultural change.

BILATERAL (COGNATIC) DESCENT: A rule of descent relating someone to a group of consanguine kin through both males and females.

CASTE: A form of stratification defined by unequal access to economic resources and prestige, which is acquired at birth and does not permit individuals to alter their ranks.

CLAN: A kinship group normally comprising several lineages; its members are related by a unilineal descent rule, but it is too large to enable members to trace actual biological links to all other members.

CONSANGUINITY: The principle of relationship linking individuals by shared ancestry (blood).

COSMOLOGY: A set of beliefs that defines the nature of the universe or cosmos.

CULTURAL ECOLOGY: The study of the way people use their culture to adapt to particular environments, the effects they have on their natural surrounding, and the impact of the environment on the shape of culture, including its long-term evolution.

CULTURE: The knowledge that is learned, shared, and used by people to interpret experience and generate behavior.

CULTURE CONTACT: The situation that occurs when two societies with different cultures somehow come into contact with each other.

CULTURE SHOCK: A form of anxiety that results from an inability to predict the behavior of others or act appropriately in cross-cultural situations.

DESCENT: A Rule of relationship that ties people together on the basis of a reputed common ancestry.

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment of jobs to people.

ECOLOGY: The study of the way organisms interact with each other within an environment.

ECONOMIC SYSTEM: The provision of goods and services to meet biological and social needs.

ENDOGAMY: Marriage within a designated social unit.

ETHNOGRAPHY: The task of discovering and describing a particular culture.

ETHNOCENTRISM: A mixture of belief and feeling that one's own way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

EXOGAMY: Marriage outside any designated group.

GRAMMAR: The categories and rules for combining vocal symbols.

HORTICULTURE: A kind of subsistence strategy involving semi-intensive, usually shifting, agricultural practices. Slash-and-burn farming is a common example of horticulture.

HUNTING AND GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involving the foraging of wild, naturally occuring foods.

INCEST TABOO: The cultural rule that prohibits sexual intercourse and marriage between specified classes of relatives.

INDUSTRIALISM: A subsistence strategy marked by intensive, mechanized food production and elaborate distribution networks.

INNOVATION: A recombination of concepts from two or more mental configurations into a new pattern that is qualitatively different from existing forms.

KINSHIP: The complex system of social relations based on marriage (affinity) and birth (consanguinity).

LANGUAGE: The system of cultural knowledge used to generate and interpret speech.

LINEAGE: A kinship group based on a unilineal descent rule that is localized, has some corporate powers, and whose members can trace their actual relationships to each other.

MAGIC: Strategies people use to control supernatural power to achieve particular results.

MANA: An impersonal supernatural force inherent in nature and in people. Mana is somewhat like the concept of 'luck' in American Culture.

MARRIAGE: The socially recognized union between a man and a woman that accords legitimate birth status rights to their children.

MATRILINEAL DESCENT: A rule of descent relating a person to a group of consanguine kin on the basis of descent through females only.

MORPHEME: The smallest meaningful category in any language.

MYTHOLOGY: Stories that reveal the religious knowledge of how things have come into being.

NAIVE REALISM: The notion that reality is much the same for all people everywhere.

NUCLEAR FAMILY: A family composed of a married couple and their children.

PASTORALISM: A subsistence strategy based on the maintenance and use of large herds of animals.

PATRILINEAL DESCENT: A rule of descent relating consanguine kin in the basis of descent through males only.

PHONEME: The minimal category of speech sounds that signals a difference in meaning.

PHONOLOGY: The categories and rules for forming vocal symbols.

POLYGAMY: A marriage form in which a person has two or more spouses at one time. Polygyny and polyandry are both forms of polygamy.

PRAYER: A petition directed at a supernatural being or power.

REDISTRIBUTION: The transfer of goods and services between a group of people and a central collecting service based on role obligation. The U.S. income tax is a good example.

RELIGION: The cultural knowledge of the supernatural that people use to cope with the ultimate problems of human existence.

RITE OF PASSAGE: A series of rituals that move individuals from one social state or status to another.

ROLE: The culturally generated behavior associated with particular statuses.

SEXUAL INEQUALITY: Inequality based on gender.

SHAMAN: A part-time religious specialist who controls supernatural power, often to cure people or affect the course of life's events.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC RULES: Rules specifying the nature of the speech community, the particular speech situations within a community, and the speech acts that members use to convey their messages.

SUPERNATURAL: Things that are beyond the natural. Anthropologists usually recognize a belief in such things as goddesses, gods, spirits, ghosts, and mana to be signs of supernatural belief.

SYMBOL: Anything that humans can sense that is given an arbitrary relationship to its referent.

WITCHCRAFT: The reputed activity of people who inherit supernatural force and use it for evil purposes.

WORLDVIEW: The way people characteristically look out on the universe.

1. George R. Stewart was a Professor of: (a) Anthropology at UC Berkeley; (b) English at UC Berkeley; (c) Anthropology at CSU, Chico; (d) English at UC Santa Barbara.

2. Ishi, the "last" of the California Native Americans was "found" in: (a) 1859; (b) 1911; (c) 1929; (d) 1949.

3. It has been written that for the nation of Japan, perhaps the most central theme in their life is the strong emphasis on: (a) ancestors; (b) ritual behaviors; (c) conformity; (d) training.

4. The American Economy has shifted from heavy-goods manufacturing to be: (a) an automobile industry; (b) a computer-chip industry; (c) a service industry; (d) all-of-the-above.

5. The film entitled The Last Tasmanian demonstrated how: (a) the Tasmanians were peacefully accepted into white Tasmanian society; (b) the last Tasmanian (Ishi) became a Prime Minister of Tasmania; c) Tasmanians died as Europeans entered the island; (d) how Tasmanians operate the "Church's Fried Chicken" franchise today.

6. Agriculture is a subsistence strategy that involves intensive farming of permanent fields through the use of: a; the plow; (b) irrigation; (c) fertilizer; (d) all-of-the-above.

7. The shrine of the Holy Kaaba is located in: (a) Libya; b: Egypt; (c) Saudi Arabia; (d) Peru.

8. TRUE FALSE A family composed of a married couple and their children is described as a nuclear family.

9. TRUE FALSE Tasmanians entered that island from a land bridge from Australia.

10. TRUE FALSE Polyandry is when a woman has two or more husbands at the same time.

11. TRUE FALSE "World view" is the way people characteristically look out on the Universe.

12. TRUE FALSE Endogamy means marriage outside a designated group.

13. TRUE FALSE Acording to some, learning can be seen as the acquisition of information, but before it can take place, there must be interest.

14. TRUE FALSE A "Shaman" is defined as apart-time religious specialist who controls supernatural power, often to cure people or affect the course of life's events.

15. TRUE FALSE The complex system of social relations based on marriage (affinity) and birth (consanguinity) is termed kinship.

16. TRUE FALSE California is approximately the same size as the nation of Japan.

So, we have gone "full circle" from one of your first Anthropology Films (The Yanomamo: A Multidisciplinary Study), to the end of this Cultural Anthropology 13 course in Fall 1999 and Earth Abides.

What was Earth Abides all about? Was it well-written? If so, why? If not, why not? According to Urbanowicz, what was the inspiration for the novel? What are the major themes in Earth Abides? Do any similar stores come to mind? What can you state about the future of mankind? What does anthropology contribute to an understanding of Homo sapiens?

Consider, if you will, the following statement from an article in The San Francisco Examiner Magazine of July 23, 1995 (page 32), dealing with questions that have:

"...lingered in my mind. When we so blithely use technology to shrink time and distance, is there not an impatience, an arrogance, to it? And, more important, what is the price of that arrogance any time we use the power of technology to dramatically alter the natural world?"

AND FINALLY, what do you think about these closing words from the distinguished author, C.P. Snow:

"We should most of us agree, I think, that in the individual life of each of us there is much that, in the long run, one cannot do anything about. Death is a fact--one's own death, the deaths of those one loves. There is much that makes one suffer which is irremediable: one struggles against it all the way, but there is an irremediable residue left. These are facts: they will remain facts as long as man remains man. This is part of the individual condition: call it tragic, comic, absurd or, like some of the best and bravest of people, shrug it off. But it isn't all. One looks outside oneself to other lives, to which one is bound by love, affection, loyalty, obligation: each of those lives has the same irremediable components as one's own; but there are also components that one can help, or that can give one help. It is in this tiny extension of the personality, it is in this seizing on the possibilities of hope, that we become more fully human: it is a way to impove the quality of one's life: it is, for oneself, the beginning of the social condition [stress added]." (C.P. Snow, 1964, The Two Cultures: And A Second Look [New American Library], pp. 71-72)

AND FINALLY-FINALLY, some thoughts to ponder:

"A population burst unlike any since the heydey of the baby boom has entered the American system. And although its members are still children, their impact on business and society is already immense. ... The annual number of U.S. births started rising around 1980, ending the baby-bust years. In each of the years from 1989 to 1993, U.S. births exceeded four million for the first time since the early 1960s. Today there are roughly 57 million American under age 15--and more than 20 million in the peak years between four and eight. ... 'Technologically, this generation is going to make the Gen-Xers look like fuddy-duddies,' says Frank Gevorsky, a 41-year-old social historian at the Discovery Institute, a Seattle think tank. He predicts that within five years, members of Generation Y will be producing term papers with full motion video. 'They're on fast-forward,' he says. Generation Y was born into a world so different from the one their parents entered that they could be on different planets" [stress added]." Melinda Beck, 1997, "Next Population Bulges Shows Its Might." The Wall Street Journal, February 3, 1997, pages B1 + B2, page B1.

Proper Prior Planning Prevents Poor Performance; and "Your procrastination is not necessarilly my emergency."

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Familiarity with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources and knowledge of how to access such information.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Any single article of your choice is to be chosen from any of the MANY journals in The Meriam Library: PLEASE consult this Guidebook to see the variety of journals available to you! The critique will be evaluated (GRADED) both on CONTENT (Information presented) and STYLE (Organization, Grammar, etc.).

DEFINITIONS:

CRITIQUE: 1. an article or essay criticizing a literary or other work; a review. 2. art or practise of criticism. [from the Greek: kritike/kritikos]

CRITICIZE: 1. to make judgements as to merits and faults. 2. to find fault. 3. to judge or discuss the merits and faults of. 4. to find fault with.

PLEASE: DO NOT PROVIDE SIMPLY A SUMMARY; a SUMMARY is defined as "a comprehensive and usually brief abstract, recapitulation, or compendium of previously stated facts or statements." The critical aspect of this Writing Assignment (and your Term Paper or WA #2) is "to make judgements as to merits and faults" as stated in the above definition.

FORMAT:

Article #1: "Title......." of article; where it appeared/was published; who wrote it; when it was written; length of pages.

[Words about the article....including your own opinion/critical thoughts--backed up by facts/references.]

Examples:

Article: "Motives and Methods: Missionaries in Tonga in the Early 19th Century" by Charles F. Urbanowicz in The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 86, No. 2 (June 1977), pp. 245-263.

Article: "Tourism in Tonga Revisited: Continued Troubled Times?" by Charles F. Urbanowicz in Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism (2nd Edition), edited by Valene L. Smith, 1989, (University of Pennsylvania Press), pp. 105-117.

THE SINGLE ARTICLE CRITIQUE IS DUE at the beginning of class on Friday 24 September 1999. Total length for the article critique should be approximately 500-700 words in length. [If you get in trouble and still can't find anything, look at various issues of Scientific American, appropriate articles in Discover, or the Smithsonian, or Cultural Survival Quarterly] or perhaps some other "Electronic Journals" available at something like http://www.lib.berkeley.edu:80 [and "click" on Electronic Indexes & Abstracts]; remember, similar information like this appears locally at http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/guides/rbs/index.html.

[PS: SAVE PAPER: On the first page, give me your name, section heading, title of article, author, and journal source of article; then begin your critique!]

[PPS: On citing sources from the Internet, please remember: http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html and for citations in general: http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html].

WRITING SUGGESTIONS BASED ON : The Tongue and Quill: Communicating to Manage in Tomorrow's Air Force, [AF Pamphlet 13-2] (2 January 1985: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402) page 47. (Also see Meriam Library, 4th floor, Government Documents section: doc/D/301.26/6:T 61/982.)

TO CONTRAST IDEAS according to; but; yet; nevertheless; however; still converseley; on the other hand; instead of; neither of these; (to)(on)the contrary; rather than; no matter what; in contrast; otherwise; on the other hand; in the (first)(second) place; nor. TO COMPARE IDEAS just as; like; similar; this.

TO SHOW TIME as of today; as of now; immediately; presently; nearly a...later; meantime; meanwhile; afterward; next; this year, however; a little later; then; last year; next week; tomorrow; finally. TO SHOW RESULTS as a result; therefore; thus; consequently; hence.

TO ADD IDEAS additionally; also; another; besides' first, second, next, last, etc., in addition, moreover, furthermore, clear, too, is; the answer does not only lie; to all that; more than anything else; here are some...facts; now, of course, there are; now, however; what's more.

TO RELATE THOUGHTS anyway; anyhow; indeed; eslewhere; nearby; above all; even these; beyond; in other words; for instance; of course; in short; in sum; yet; in reality; that is; by consequence; notwithstanding; nonetheless; as a general rule; understandably; traditionally; the reason, of course; the lesson here is; from all information; at best; naturally; in the broader sense; to this end; in fact.

A knowledge of the substantive data pertinent to the several sub disciplines of anthropology and familiarity with major issues relevant to each.

Familiarity with the forms of anthropological literature and basic data sources and knowledge of how to access such information.

SOME PREVIOUS acceptable WA#2 topics submitted by students have included the following:

Anthropology To Me	The Amish: People of Yesterday
The Benefits of Cultural Anthropology in Communication	Culture Shock
Ebonics And What It really Is	Folk Medicine
Global Bioethics	The Effects of Television on Children
Hawai'ian Legends	Modernization of the Eskimos
Marriage With The Proper Stranger	Naming And What It Means
Nonverbal Communication	From Computers In The Classroom To Metal Detectors At The Gate
Strategies of Evolution	What A Difference A Nurse Makes: Then And Now

REMEMBER all of your Meriam Library resources and use the Internet, use the Britannica, use published materials as as "jumping-off" point to do you own ORIGINAL research.

WA #2, worth 15% of your grade, demonstrates your familiarity with various anthropological information and publications. WA#2 demonstrates your ability to conduct library research in the Meriam Library at California State University, Chico, and should be approximately 1500-1700 words in length. It will be evaluated (GRADED) both on CONTENT (Information presented) and STYLE (Organization, Grammar, etc.). [This paragraph contains 57 words.] WA #2 IS DUE at the beginning of class on FRIDAY 3 December 1999: WA #2 should be a term paper on a specific topic (with multiple references). As with WA #1, WA #2 will be evaluated (GRADED) both on CONTENT (Information presented) and STYLE (Organization, Grammar, etc.).

VERY IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS: WA #2 MUST have three components: FIRST, it must conform to the style as indicated on this page: Title, Abstract, and Section Headings. SECOND, you must make reference to either readings in the Elvio Angeloni required text or the Guidebook or lectures/films. THIRD, you must tell the reader (me!) why you chose the topic: either in the INTRODUCTION section of the paper or woven into the text of the paper. For every component missing, you will lose points for WA #2.

I. INTRODUCTION (briefly introduce your topic: either two article critiques or term paper)

II. [SECOND SECTION: Create your own heading] (where you describe the context of your paper/review of literature/previous researchers/ideas.)

III. [THIRD SECTION: Create your own heading] (Main argument/contrast & comparison section/research methodology)

IV. [FOURTH SECTION: Create your own heading] (Begin your ending)

V. CONCLUSION(S)/SUMMARIZING STATEMENTS (including recommendations)

REFERENCES Cited

IF-YOU-ARE-STILL-CONFUSED, please look at something in Angeloni like James Rachels (pages 52-57), who writes about "The Challenge of Cultural Relativism" and divides his selection into "How Different Cultures Have Different Moral Codes" and "Cultural Relativism" and "The Cultural Differences Argument" and "The Consequences..." and "Why There is less Disagreement Than It Seems" and "How All..." and, finally, "What Can Be Learned From Cultural Relativism."

Important PS Statements: #1} Do Not Plagiarize: please do your own original research but do collaborate/share resources with one another (teamwork is a very effective way to learn!); #2} it is always an good idea to keep a copy of any work submitted for any class--accidents happen; #3} please consider using a word-processor, with spell-check [if possible] (and double spaced); #4} please consider some good (and relatively inexpensive) reference books (including a dictionary) such as The World Almanac and Book of Facts: 1999 and E.B. White's The Elements of Style (1979 3rd Edition).

"Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his [or her!] sentences short, or that he [or she] avoid all detail and treat his [and her] subjects only in outline, but that every word tell."

"There you have a short, valuable essay on the nature and beauty of brevity--sixty three words [not counting those in the brackets] that could change the world." (E.B. White, commenting on the original words of William Strunk Jr. in The Elements of Style, 3rd edition, 1979: xiv).

THE Writing Assignment must be typed and/or word-processed and double-spaced.

[PS: On citing sources from the Internet, please remember: http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html and for citations in general: http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html].

The minimal definition of "Writing Proficiency" encompasses all three of the levels described below. It is expected that anyone who receives a grade of "C-" or better in this class has achieved these levels of writing proficiency.

Level #1: Minimally, writing proficiency begins with the ability to construct meaningful sentences that follow the conventional rules of grammar, punctuation, and spelling; exhibit appropriate choice of words; and utilize sentence structures that clearly, efficiently, and precisely convey the writer's ideas and relevant information to readers who observe the same conventions of writing.

Level #2: At the next level, writing proficiency entails the constructing and arranging of sentences into paragraphs that:

a. Develop arguments logically.
b. Present a body of information systematically.
c. Express an idea effectively.
d. Provide a coherent answer to a question.
e. Describe a given phenomenon effectively.
f. Summarize a larger body of information or abstract its essence accurately.
g. And/or otherwise achieve a specific objective efficiently and effectively.

Level #3: Finally, writing proficiency at the third level requires the construction and arrangement of paragraphs in a such a manner that the reader is led successively through the intent or the objective of the paper, the implementation of the objective, and the conclusion which summarizes and meaningfully relates the body of the paper to its objective.

---

NOTE: Writing Assignment #2 will be returned to you on 15 December 1999 with a grade (and coments) based on the following:

Africa 1928--to date per PL 8000 I6 Abstr. Folk. Stud.
Africa Research Bulletin 1964--Jan. 1985 per DT 1 A21
Africa Research Bulletin. Economic Series Feb 1985--to date per DT 1 A212
Africa Research Bulletin. Political Series Feb 1985--to date per DT 1 A213
African Arts 1967--to date per NX 587 A34 Art Ind, Hum. Ind.
African Studies Journal (Chico, Ca.) 1981--1989 archives DT 19.95 C35 A37
African Studies Newsletter 1968--1980 per DT 1 A2294
African Studies Newsletter (Chico, Ca.) 1980 archives DT 19.95 C35 A37
African Studies Review 1970--to date per DT 1 A2293 S.S.
Amerasia Journal 1971--to date per E 184 O6 A44 His. Abstr.
America Indigena 1941--1991 per E 51 A45 His. Abstr.
American Anthropologist 1888--to date per GN 1 A5 S.S.
American Antiquity 1935--to date per E 51 A52 Hum. Ind.
American Ethnologist 1974--to date per GN 1 A53 S.S.
American Indian Quarterly 1982--to date MFC E 75 A547 Abstr. Anthro.
American Journal of Archaeology 1885--to date per CC 1 A6 Art Ind, Hum. Ind.
American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1918--to date per GN 1 A55 S.S.
Amerindian 1952--1974 per E 77 A57 S.S.
Annual Review of Anthropology 1972--to date main GN 1 B52 Abstr. Anthro.
Anthropologica 1955--to date per E 78 C2 A53 S.S.
Anthropological Linguistics 1959--to date per P 1 A6 Abstr. Anthro.
Anthropological Quarterly 1953--to date per GN 1 P7 S.S.
Anthropologist 1954--1977 per GN 1 A695
Anthropology & Education Quarterly 1985--to date mf LB 45 C67a
Anthropology and Humanism Quarterly 1984--1991 per GN 1 A6955
Anthropology UCLA 1969--1990 per GN 1 A57 Abstr. Anthro.
Anthropos 1972--1991 per GN 1 A58 S.S.
Antiquaries Journal 1979--to date per DA 20 S612
Antiquity 1960--to date per CC 1 A7 Art Ind, Hum. Ind.
Antropologica 1971--to date per F 2229 A65 Abstr. Anthro.
Applied Anthropology 1941--1948 per GN 1 A66 Intl. Index
Archaeology 1969--to date per GN 700 A725 Art Ind, Hum. Ind.
Archaeology & Physical 1966--Oct. 1980 per DU 1 A7
Archaeology in Oceania 1981--1991 per DU 1 A7
Archaeometry 1958--to date per GN 700 A75 Abstr. Anthro.
Arctic Anthropology 1964--to date per GN 1 A7 Abstr. Anthro.
Artibus Asiae 1925--1990 per N 8 A75 Art. Ind.
ASA News 1981--to date per DT 1 A2294
Bantu Studies 1921--1941 per DT 764 B2 B3 Peabody
Behavior Science Research 1974--1991 per H 1 B45 Abstr. Anthro.
Biblical Archaeologist 1970-1971 per BS 620 A1 B5 Art Ind, Hum. Ind.
Biblical Archaeology Review 1975--to date per BS 620 A1 B52 Abstr. Anthro.
Biennial Review of Anthropology 1959--1971 main GN 1 B5
California Anthropologist 1971--to date per GN 1 C25 Abstr. Anthro.
California Folklore Quarterly 1942-1946 per GR 1 C26
Canadian Journal of African Studies 1975--to date per DT 19.9 C3 B82 Abstr. Anthro.
Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 1964--to date per GN 1 C32 S.S.
Caribbean Studies 1961--1991 per F 2161 C29 S.S.
Chinese Sociology and Anthropology 1972--Sum. 1989 per HM 1 C45
Comparative Studies in Society and History 1958--to date per H 1 C73 Hist. Abstr.
Cultural Survival Quarterly 1982--to date per GN 358 N48
Current Anthropology 1960--to date per GN 1 C8 S.S.
Eastern Anthropologist 1972--1991 per GN 1 E15 Soc. Abstr.
Eonomic Development and 1952--to date per HC 10 C453 Abstr. Anthro.
Ethnohistory 1974--to date per E 51 E8 Abstr. Anthro.
Ethnologische Zeitschrift Zurich 1971--1980 per GN 1 E83
Ehnology 1962--to date per GN 1 E86 Biol. Abstr.,S.S.
Ehnomusicology 1953--to date per ML 1 E77 Music Ind, Hum.Ind
Ethnos 1936--1976 per GN 1 E88 Hist. Abstr.
Ehos 1985--1991 per GN 270 E85 Soc. Abstr.
Folklore 1960--1989 per GR 305 F63 Hum. Ind.
Folklore & Folk Music Archivist 1958--1968 per GR 1 F53
Folklore Forum 1968--1990 per GR 1 F564 Abstr. Folk Stud.,
Genetic Drift 1978--1989 per GN 1 G45
Geo 1982--1985 per AP 2 G365
Gnomon 1973--1989 per PA 3 G6
Guatemala Indigena 1970--1972 per F 1465 G85
Homo 1973--1977 per GN 1 H75 Abstr. Anthro.,
Human Biology 1929--to date per GN 1 H8 Abstr. Anthro.
Human Context 1968--1975 per H 1 H785 Abstr. Anthro.
Human Ecology 1972--to date per GF 1 H84 Abstr. Anthro.,
Human Organization 1949--to date per GN 1 A66 S.S.
Indian Historian 1967-1979 per E 77 I6 S.S.
Indian Record 1970-1972 per E 77 I64
Society of Oxford 1979--to date per GN 2 A5
Journal of African History 1960--to date per DT 1 J65 Hum. Ind.
Journal of American Ethnic History 1981--to date per E 184 A1 J67 Hum. Ind.
Journal of American Folklore 1888--1987 per GR 1 J8 Hum. Ind.
Journal of Anthropological Research 1974--to date per GN 1 S64 Biol. Abstr., S.S.
Journal of Archaeological Science 1974--to date per CC 1 J68 S.S.C.I.
Journal of Asian and African Studies 1966--to date per DT 1 J66 Abstr. Anthro.
Journal of Asian Studies 1956--to date per DS 501 F274 Hum. Ind.
Journal of Field Archaeology 1974--to date per CC 1 J69 Abstr. Anthro.
Journal of Folklore Research 1983--to date per GR 1 F565 Hum. Ind., S.S.
Journal of Human Evolution 1972--to date per GN 281 J63 Abstr. Anthro.,
Jurnal of Indo-European Studies 1973--1976 per P 501 J67
Journal of Latin American Studies 1969--to date per F 1401 J69 Hist. Abstr.
Journal of New World Archaeology 1975--1990 per E 51 J67 Abstr. Anthro.
Journal of Peasant Studies 1973--to date per HT 401 J68
Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology 1980--1987 per GN 502 J68 P.A., Soc. Abstr.
Journal of Psychological Anthropology 1978--1980 per GN 502 J68
Journal of the Anthropological 1979--to date per GN 2 A5 Abstr. Anthro.
Journal of the Polynesian Society 1892--to date per GN 2 P7 Hist. Abstr.,
Katunob 1965--1982 per F 1219 K3
Kiva 1935--1991 per F 786 K58 Hist. Abstr.L
Man, a Record of Anthropological Science 1901-1965 per GN 1 M25
Man in India 1964--June 1991 per GN 1 M3 Abstr. Anthro.
Man in New Guinea 1968--1974 per GN 1 M32 Abstr. Anthro.
Mankind 1931--1989 per GN 1 M35 S.S.
Mankind Quarterly 1960--1977 per GN 1 M36 Biol. Abstr.
Many Smokes 1966--1984 per E 75 M35
Masterkey 1948-1955 per E 51 M42 Abstr. Anthro.
Masterkey for Indian Lore and History 1956-1968 per E 51 M42 Abstr. Anthro.
Medical Anthropology 1980--Jan. 1992 per GN 296 M42 Abstr. Anthro.
Medieval Archaeology 1957--to date main D 111 M46
Michigan Archaeologist 1972--to date per E 75 M5 Abstr. Anthro.
Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 1976--1980 per E 77.8 M43 Abstr. Anthro.
Millennium 1971--1973 per D 839 M42 Hist. Abstr.
Minority Rights Group 1970--1989 folio HT 1521 M55
Na'pao, A Saskatchewan Anthropology. July 1971-Oct. 1983 per E 75 N36 Abstr. Anthro.
Journal Native Nevadan Mar. 1989--July 1992 per E 78 N4 N3
New Left Review 1971--to date per HX 3 N36 S.S.
News from Native California Mar/Apr 1989-date per E 78 C15 N49
Newsletter of Computer Archaeology 1966--1975 per CC 1 N4
Newsletter of the Pacific Coast Archaeological Society current year only per E 75 S668
New York Folklore 1975--1991 per GR 1 N472
New York Folklore Quarterly 1945--1974 per GR 1 N473
Northwest Anthropological 1973--1990 per E 31 N6 Abstr. Anthro.
Oceania 1930--to date per DU 1 O3 S. S.
Ohio Archaeological and 1887--1933 per F 486 O51 Abstr. Anthro.
Ohio History 1962--to date per F 486 O51
Ohio State Archaeological and 1934--1954 per F 486 O51
Pcific Viewpoint 1960--to date per G 1 P3 Hist. Abstr.
Palacio 1971--1977 per F 791 P15 Abstr. Anthro.
Pains Anthropologist 1954--to date per E 78 G73 P52 Abstr. Anthro.
Practicing Anthropology 1979-1988, 1992-date per GN 41.8 P72
Primitive Man 1928--1952 per GN 1 P7 Peabody
Quarterly of the Pacific Coast Archaeological Society 1965--to date per E 78.C15 P15 Abstr. Anthro
Research in Economic Anthropology 1978--to date main GN 448 R47
Research in Melanesia 1975--1986 per GN 1 R48
Review of African Political Economy May 1986--to date per HC 501 R46
Reviews in Anthropology 1976--1991 per Z 5111 R47 Abstr. Anthro.
Revista De Antropologia 1969--1989 main GN 1 R355 Peabody
Royal Anthropological Institute of Great 1871--1965 per GN 1 R68 Peabody
Sarawak Museum Journal 1951--1990 per DS 646.36 A35
SENRI Ethnological Studies 1978--1988 per GN 301 S45
Signs 1975--to date per HQ 1121 S43 Abstr. Anthro.
Sing Out 1964--April 1992 per ML 1 S588 Abstr. Folk Stud.
Sociologus 1972--1974 per HM 3 S6
South African Archaeological 1947--1991 per DT 759 S6 Abstr. Anthro.
Southern Folklore Quarterly 1937--1979 per GR 1 S65 Hist. Abstr.
Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1945--1972 per GN 1 S64 Abstr. Anthro.
Southwestern Lore 1954-1967 per F 778 S69 Hist. Abstr.
Soviet Anthropology and Archeology 1968--April 1993 per GN 1 S66 Abstr. Anthro.
Steward Anthropological Society Journal 1969--to date per GN 2 S948 Abstr. Anthro.
Studies in Linguistics 1942--1975 per P 1 S78
Studies in Third World Societies 1976--to date per HN 5 S87
Tebiwa 1959--1987 per E 78 N77 T4 Abstr. Anthro.
Tlalocan 1943--to date main F 1219.3 C9 T6 Peabody
Transactions of the Anthropological 1879-1885 per GN 2 A7
Urban Anthropology 1972--1984 per HT 101 U6723 Abstr. Anthro.
Urban Anthropology and Studies of 1985--to date per HT 101 U6723 S.S.
Wassaja 1973--1979 mfc E 75 W375
Wassaja 1982 mfc E 75 W37
Wassaja/the Indian Historian 1980 mfc E 77 I6
Western Canadian Anthropologist 1984--1989 per E 75 N36
Western Folklore 1947--to date per GR 1 C26 Hist. Abstr.
Wildfire 1984--to date per E 77 M352
Wisconsin Archeologist 1971--1989 per E 78 W8 W8 Abstr. Anthro.
World Archaeology 1969--to date per CC 1 W66 Abstr. Anthro.
Zimbabwe Review 1975--1978 per DT 946 Z5

A Dictionary of Anthropology Ref GN 11 D38 1972 (Definitions of words in anthropology arranged alphabetically. Includes some drawings and plates).

Dictionary of Anthropology Ref GN 11 D48 1986 (Definitions are arranged alphabetically with cross references and bibliographical references).

International Dictionary of Anthropologists Ref GN 20 I5 1991 (International coverage of Anthropologists born before 1920 in order to present those whose careers could be seen as whole. Last names are arranged alphabetically and includes an index).

Encyclopedia of Anthropology Ref GN 11 E52 (Arranged alphabetically and contains approximately 1,400 articles with See also references. At the end of all but the shortest articles, is a bibliography listing important books and articles on the subject).

Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory Ref GN 281 E53 1988 (Topics are alphabetically arranged with cross references).

Encyclopedia of Evolution Ref GN 281 M53 1990 (Topics are alphabetically arranged with See and See also and citations for further information).

Encyclopedia of World Cultures Ref GN 307 E53 (Comprises ten volumes, ordered by geographical regions of the world. Volumes 1 through 9 contain summaries along with maps, glossaries, and indexes of alternate names for the cultural groups. Volume 10 contains cumulative lists of the cultures of the world, their alternate names, and a bibliography of selected publications pertaining to those groups).

The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World Ref GN 495.4 E53 1993 (Includes only contemporary peoples and ethnic groups. Arranged alphabetically by common names. Indigenous names are used when appropriate. Also included are population figures, maps and a selected bibliography).

GENERAL INFORMATION

Cross-Cultural Summary ref GN 307 T4
Encyclopedia of Anthropology ref GN 11 E52
Encyclopedia of Evolution ref GN 281 M53 1990
Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory ref GN 281 E53 1988
Encyclopedia of World Cultures ref GN 307 E53
Funding for Anthropological Research ref GN 42 C36 1986
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences ref H 40 A2 I5
Student Anthropologist's Handbook; A Guide to Research, Training and Career main GN 42 F7
Traditional Medicine, vol. I & II ref GN 477 G37

DIRECTORIES

America's Ancient Treasures: Guide to Archeological Sites and Museum ref E 56 F64
Biographical Directory of Anthropologists Born Before 1920 ref GN 20 B56 1988
Fifth International Directory of Anthropologists ref GN 20 I5 1975
Guide to Departments of Anthropology (1984-85) ref GN 43 A2 G84
Guide to Ethnic Museums, Libraries & Archives In the U.S. ref GN 36 U5 W96
Guide to Fossil Man ref GN 282 D39
Leaders in Anthropology ref GN 20 K556

DiICTIONARIES/HANDBOOKS

Atlas of Ancient Archaeology ref GN 739 H38 1974
Atlas of Man ref GN 11 A83
Atlas of Man and Religion ref G 1046 E4 H3 1970
The Atlas of Mankind ref G 1021 E1 A85 1982
Dictionary of Anthropology ref GN 11 D48 1986
Davies. A Dictionary of Anthropology ref GN 11 D38 1972b
Handbook of Method in Cultural Anthropology ref GN 345 N37
Man, Myth and Magic (an encyclopedia set) ref BF 1407 M3
Murdock. Ethnographic Atlas ref GN 405 M8
Pearson. Anthropological Glossary ref GN 11 P43 1985
Physical Anthropology (Reference Manual) ref GN 56 C3
Spencer. An Ethno-Atlas ref GN 11 S75
Textor. A Cross-cultural Summary ref GN 307 T4
Winick. Dictionary of Anthropology ref GN 11 W5 1969

BIBILIOGRAPHY, GENERAL

Anthropological Bibliographies; A Selected Guide ref GN 25 A58
Bibliographic Guide. Ethnicity and Nationality ref GN 495.6 B46 1981
Bibliography of Fossil Man Z 5118 A6 F3 (Folio)
History of Anthropology Bibliography ref GN 17 E75 1984
Harvard University. Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology Subject Catalog ref Z 5119 H36
Author/Title Catalog Z 5119 H35 (Bibliographic Center)
International Bibliography of the Social Sciences--Anthropology V. 29, 30, 31 ref Z 7161 I593

AND PLEASE SEE http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/guides/rbn/hraf.html (in The Meriam Library and which states the following:

"The eHRAF Collection of Ethnography, available on the web, is a small but growing collection of HRAF full text and graphical materials supplemented, in some cases, with additional research through approximately the 1980's. The eHRAF Collection of Ethnography includes approximately 48 cultures, and regular additions are planned." (And See http://www.hti.umich.edu/e/ehraf/ ).

The Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) is a microform collection ofmostly primary source materials on a large sample of cultures, societies and ethnic groups representing all areas of the world. It is a research tool making available descriptive data on many predominantly non-western and non-literate world cultures. Once the basic arrangement of the HRAF Microfiles is understood,the Files can be used for making cross-cultural surveys, for studying a particular culture or cultural trait, for studying cultures in a specific geographical area, and more. HRAF is also available in CD ROM.

ORGANIZATION OF THE HRAF

The Collection is organized into separate Cultural Files,which are indexed in a manual entitled the OUTLINE OF WORLD CULTURES (OWC). The information within each Cultural File is then arranged according to a special subject classification system presented in another manual called the OUTLINE OF CULTURAL MATERIALS (OCM). Using these two manuals, you will be able to find information in the HRAF Microfiles about one specific characteristic of one particularculture or make a cross-cultural comparison or survey of two or more societies.

HOW TO LOCATE INFORMATION IN THE HRAF MICROFILES

The procedure described below will assist you in gathering all the information in the HRAF on a sample research problem. As an example, we will study the custom of "arranged marriages" and answer the following question: "Do the Northern Paiute practice the custom of arranged marriages?"

1. Locate the OUTLINE OF WORLD CULTURES (OWC) and the OUTLINE OF CULTURAL MATERIALS (OCM), the two manuals necessary to answer simple questions of information and fact. Multiple copies of the guides are adjacent to the HRAF microfile cabinets.

2. Turn to the alphabetically arranged Index in the back of the OUTLINE OF WORLD CULTURES (OWC) to find out if the Northern Paiute have been included in the Files. Only those cultures marked with a RED CHECK have resource materials available in the HRAF at this time. When you determine that the Northern Paiute have been included, copy the letter/number symbol (NR13); this is the OUTLINE OF WORLD CULTURE Code for the Northern Paiute.

3. Using the OWC Code (NR13) turn to the main text of the OWC, which is arranged in sequence by OWC Code, to learn exactly how the specific cultural unit is defined.

4. Next, using the index of the other manual, the OUTLINE OF CULTURAL MATERIALS (OCM), look up the subject, "arranged marriages." If the term you are seeking is not in the index, use another similar or broader subject such as "marriage." In this case, the index has a listing for the subject, "Arranging, a marriage, 584" and also under the broader term, "Marriage, arrangement of, 584." Copy the number, 584; this is the OCM Subject Category Code number.

5. Find the OCM Subject Code number in the main text of the OUTLINE OF CULTURAL MATERIALS. Listings are arranged by OCM Code numbers. Read the category description and also explore the cross references to see if any of the other related OCM subject categories may be useful.

6. Now that you have both the OWC Code (NR13) and the OCM Subject Category Code (584), you are ready to find the appropriate microfiche card in the HRAF file cabinets.

GUIDE TO SPECIAL OCM FILE CODES

Some of the OUTLINE OF CULTURAL MATERIALS Code number Files, as follows,provide special categories of information which are useful for properly understanding the Files and for placing the data in its overall context.

Category: 10: Orientation to the File

105: General description of the culture

111: Full bibliographic citations for all sources of a particular culture; similar information i ffound in the HRAF Source Bibliography

112: Sources consulted by the HRAF compilers but not included; useful for further research

113: References cited by authors of sources used in HRAF

116: Complete source material--entire books, reports, articles included in HRAF are filed under this category

131: Geographic location information of culture

161 & 162: Population size and composition data

197: Language and linguistic affiliation

631: Information pertaining to general sociopolitical structure of culture

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONCERNING THE HRAF

1. NATURE AND USE OF THE HRAF FILES: A Research and Teaching Guide, by Robert O. Lagace, ed (1974). Copies are available adjacent to the HRAF Microfiles.

2. HUMAN RELATIONS AREA FILES: A FUND OF KNOWLEDGE.

This 15-minute, 16 mm color film provides an introduction to the HRAF for persons unfamiliar with the Collection. The film is available in the Instructional Media Center under the following call number: H62 H73 - 08188. This title is also available in video cassette format in Limited Loan.

3. ASK A LIBRARIAN and please remember: "The eHRAF Collection of Ethnography, available on the web, is a small but growing collection of HRAF full text and graphical materials supplemented, in some cases, with additional research through approximately the 1980's. The eHRAF Collection of Ethnography includes approximately 48 cultures, and regular additions are planned. http://www.yale.edu/hraf/culcov.html (list of cultures currently included)."

Computing For Students
http://www.csuchico.edu/inf/Getwired.html

Career Planning & Placement Office
http://www.csuchico.edu/plc/welcome2.html

Office of Experiential Education
http://rce.csuchico.edu/ids/

CSU, Chico's Experiential Education program links the University to business, industry, and government by giving students an opportunity to combine classroom study with career related work experience. The program helps students define their educational goals and prepare for their careers by exploring the realities of the working world.

Psychological Counseling & Wellness Center
http://www.csuchico.edu/cnts/

Disability Support Services
http://www.csuchico.edu/dss/

AND PLEASE GO TO Student Services (http://www.csuchico.edu/misc/studentserv.html), off of the University's Home Page, for these and many more services available to you, the student!

NOTE TO THE STUDENTS: This is actually a very brief "essay" about web-based instruction (which this course is not) and web pages (which you are reading either "electronically" or in the required "printed form" available from the Associated Students Bookstore at California State University, Chico). The World Wide Web is an "electronic organism" which has been created by human beings, and as human beings change, the WWW continues to "evolve" over time. The WWW will not be going away and continues to grow, as the following from Time of July 19, 1999 pointed out:

"800 Million: Estimated number of pages stored on the World Wide Web as of February [1999], up from about 320 million 15 months earlier [or ~November 1997]. 16%: Proportion of the Web reached by the most comprehensive search erngine, down from 34% for the previous study's best engine [stress added]." (Anon., 1999, Time, July 19, 1999, page 25.)

Education will radically alter by the time I retire/die and (a) while I try to "keep up" with as much as possible for my students (and myself) I realize that (b) I am behind as soon as I begin! With that in mind, the reader (or viewer) of these pages (either "electronically or in print") is reminded that (c) Anthropology 13 (HUMAN CULTURAL DIVERSITY) in Fall 1999 is not a web-based course but is a (d) "traditional" course, taught on the campus of California State University, Chico, to "traditional" (or perhaps a "semi-traditional" group of) Freshmen, Sophomore, Junior, and Senior students who are sitting in a classroom in either Ayres Hall or Butte Hall for ~sixteen weeks for "50 minute hours." These web pages contain no frames, no Java scripts, no interactive exams, no streaming video, no PowerPointPresentations, and no other "bells-and-whistles" which are current on the WWW but they do contain various visuals as well as numerous "live" links which are appropriate for various weeks of the semester-long course. (For some "Educational Courses" currently available on the WWW, please see http://lenti.med.umn.edu/~mwd/courses.html.) These WWW pages are not meant to be "downloaded" and printed out at home or in a computer laboratory but (a) they are meant to be read in the required printed form and (b) checked on a weekly basis for the updates that will be added throughout the entire semester: it is in this latter manner that the WWW is "alive" (as well as this course and, indeed, all education) and evolving through time.

THE READER MAY WELL ASK: Why make these "printed pages" (gasp!) available on the WWW? Why did Urbanowicz go through all-of-the-trouble to place this on the WWW if it is not an interactive course? As The Wall Street Journal on July 20, 1998 pointed out: "It Isn't Entertainment That Makes The Web Shine: It's Dull Data" (Page 1 and page A8). Although I trust that you have not purchased a bound volume of "dull data" but a volume of ideas (with some data) I also add that for more than a decade I have been providing my students (in varous lower-and-upper-division courses) with Guidebooks that have "video notes" and "lecture outlines" for the appropriate course that semester. Human beings are "visual creatures" and I use NUMEROUS films, slides, and transparencies (most of which are not included on these web pages) in my classes and since I am comfortable with the Guidebook format, I continue to place the Fall 1999 Guidebook on "the web" (with numerous links) for the students in Anthropology 13 in Fall 1999. I encourage all readers of these pages to "weigh" all of the information very carefully: contrast and compare what you know with what is being presented and please consider the following from The Wall Street Journal, June 25, 1999, page 1 & A11):

"Who invented the telephone? Microsoft Corp's Encarta multimedia encyclopedia on CD-ROM has an answer to that simple question. Rather, two answers. Consult the U.S., U.K., or German editions of Encarta and you find the expected one: Alexander Graham Bell. But look at the Italian version and the story is strikingly different. Credit goes to Antonio Meucci, an impoverished Italian-American candlemaker who, as the Italian-language Encarta tells it, beat Bell to the punch by five years. Who's right? Depends on where you live. ... in the age of the Internet, the issue of adapting products to local markets is raising trickier problems. Technology and globalization are colliding head-on with another powerful force: history. Perhaps nowhere is this conflict more apparent than in information as with Microsoft's Encarta, which has nine different editions, including one in British English and one in American. It's Microsoft's peculiar accomplishment that it has so mastered the adaptation of its products to different markets that they reflect different, sometimes contradictory, understandings of the same historical events. 'You basically have to rewrite all of the content,' says Dominique Lempereur, who, from her Paris office, oversees the expansion of Microsoft's education-related products to foreign markets. 'The translation is almost an accessory.' ... Consistency is clearly not Encarta's goal, and that's something of a controversial strategy. Encyclopedia Britannica, for example, has a policy of investigating contradictions across its editions and deciding on a standard presentation. Where it can establish a fact that is internationally solid, 'we go with that, and present other interpretations as need be,' says Dale Holberg, Britannica's editor in Chicago. His staff has looked into the Meucci question. Their verdict: Bell still gets the credit, world-wide, for inventing and patenting the electric telephone. ... Microsoft, as a technology conglomerate, has an interest in not stirring up controversies that endanger the sale of its other products. But the universality of the Web also frustrates efforts to localize content. And there remains the possibility that it will bring about pressure for one universally aplicable version of history. Perhaps one day Mr. Meucci will share space with Alexander Graham Bell in all of the Encartas [stress added]." (Kevin J. Delaney, 1999, Microsoft's Encarta Has Different Facts For Different Folks. The Wall Street Journal, June 25, 1999, page 1 & A11). 

ALTHOUGH THE ELECTRONIC WORLD is changing very rapidly, and one might question the value of the "printed word" (considering the number of "electronic books" currently on "the web" such as the Bible or Darwin and 1000s of other available from sources such as the INCREDIBLE Books On Line and Project Gutenberg), there will always (I honestly believe as of this writing), a place for the "printed page" that you can hold in your hands, that YOU can read in bed, read outside when the electricity goes off, or read when you can't make an Internet connection to read the Web pages located in cyberspace! In short, while the ephemeral culture of the WWW is extremely important, the tangible culture of a physical object is just as important and I follow some of the thoughts in the Library of Congress: Litera scripta manet, or the written word endures! The Internet and the World Wide Web and Cyberspace are changing the very environment "we" all interact in and the "web" should point to new sources. This is how I have personally envisioned this web-related Guidebook (of ~54,129 words): it is a guide to other resources to explore on your own.

"Life is not easy for any of us. But what of that? we must have perseverance and above all confidence in ourselves. We must believe that we are gifted for something and that this thing, at whatever cost, must be attained." Marie Curie (1867-1934) [born Manya Sklodowska], two-time Nobel Prize Winner (Physics in 1903 and Chemistry in 1911), as cited in Madam Curie (1937) by Eve Curie (NY: Doubleday), page 166.

"You cannot hope to build a better world without improving the individual." Marie Curie (1867-1934) [born Manya Sklodowska], two-time Nobel Prize Winner (Physics in 1903 and Chemistry in 1911).

A NEW LOW-TECH SOLUTION: This item describes the new Bio-Optic Organized Knowledge device, popularly known by its acronym BOOK. BOOK is a breakthrough in technology, requiring no wires, no electric switches, no batteries, nothing to be connected or switched on (although sufficient illumination is needed and strongly recommended). Compact and portable, BOOK can be used anywhere, yet it is powerful enough to hold as much information as a CD-ROM. BOOK, constructed of sequentially-numbered sheets of paper, is capable of holding thousands of bits of information. The sheets of a BOOK are held together with a device called a binding, keeping the sheets in correct order. Opaque Paper Technology allows manufacturers to use both sides of each sheet, doubling the information density! While using the BOOK, each sheet is optically scanned by the user, registering information directly into the brain. After scanning a single sheet, a simple flick of the finger brings up the next sheet of information. BOOK never crashes or needs rebooting (as with certain other information technologies) although it can be damaged should liquids be spilled on it (as with other technologies) and BOOK is not impervious to fire (although Fahrenheit 212 has been determined to be the point of combustion). The "browse" feature of BOOK allows the user to move virtually instantaneously to to any Bio-Optic-Sheet, forward or backward, and many BOOKs come with "index" or "topic" features, allowing the user, or any other user of BOOK, to pinpoint exact locations of an information item for instant retrieval. An optional "bookmark" accessory allows users to open BOOK to the last sheet used in previous sessions and bookmarks fit universal-design standards: amazingly, a single bookmark can be used with BOOKs produced by totally incompatible manufacturers. (Perhaps even more unique, multiple types of bookmarks may be used on a single BOOK, incorporating technologies from metal, paper, and string distributors.) Market analysts believe that BOOK has a bright future in an increasingly complex and technology-driven world. Incidentally, a recent BOOK publication has pointed out that one Johannes Gutenberg (1394-1468) should be credited with being the most important individual of the current millennium:

"If not for Gutenberg, Columbus...might never have set sail, Shakespeare's.... genius could have died with him, and Martin Luther's...Ninety-five Theses would have hung on that door unheeded. In fact, without mass quantities of books to burn, the Inquisition could have fallen flat on its face. The printing press, developed by Gutenberg in the 1430s, helped spread truth, beauty, and yes, heresy throughout the world. We know the Chinese had movable type for centuries before Gutenberg, but they used it for silk printing, not books. Gutenberg, however, always had publishing in mind. Copies of his first major project, the Bible, survive today. He worked for years to perfect his system of movable type and a press that could mass-produce books, leaflets, and propaganda. What little is known about Gutenberg comes from the many lawsuits filed against him for the rights to the invention. But no one successfully challenged Gutenberg's place as the Western inventor of movable type and the printing press. Because his press unharnessed the power of ideas on the world, we rank him ahead of the people whose ideas found an audience through printing [stress added]." Agnes Hooper Gottlieb, Henry Gottlieb, Barbara Bower, Brent Bowers, 1998, 1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium (NY: Kodansha International), page 2).

"The net is so vast and is growing so rapidly that each person's experience with it can only be a tiny sample of the whole. This is one reason it is so enchanting: you just never know what you will find when you click the mouse and explore a new location. It may also contribute to the diversity of opinions about the net's value in our lives and to society in general. Each of us partakes of different Internet niches, and out experiences can leave us with markedly different views." Patricia Wallace, 1999, The Psychology of the Internet (Cambridge University Press), page 233.

"...the weakest of all weak things is a virtue which has not been tested in the fire." Samuel Clemens [also known as "Mark Twain], "The Man That Corrupted Hadleburg" in The Complete Short Stories of Mark Twain (1957), edited by Charles Neider (Garden City, NY/Doubleday), pages 349-350. [as cited in Brenda Murphy, 1999, Congressional Theatre: Dramatizing McCarthyism on Stage, Film, And Television (Cambridge University Press), pages 256-257)

"If I don't practice for one day, I know it; if I don't practise for two days, the critics know it; if I don't practice for three days, the audience knows it." Ignace Jan Padarewski (1860-1941)

"Theatre is a made thing, an artifice highly wrought. It is not prey to the spontaneous or the haphazard irrationality of real life. Through theatre we explore the instability of every circumstance. Theatre is a highly collaborative art which requires much of everyone and is full of risk. The art of theatre contributes to our understanding of the greatest art of all--the art of living [stress added]." Annie Castledine, 1999, On Directing: Interviews With Directors (Edited by Gabriella Giannachi and Mary Luckhurst, pages 7-12, page 7.

"The fact that a group of people are willing to meet at the same time in the same place on the understanding that they all want to share in an imaginary process is always an extraordinary thing to me. At its worst it is empty routine, but at its best theatre is a transcendent experience [stress added]." Garry Hynes, 1999, On Directing: Interviews With Directors (Edited by Gabriella Giannachi and Mary Luckhurst, pages 50-54, page 52. 

"Any teacher who can be replaced by a computer deserves to be!" (David Smith; as cited by Mike Cooley, 1999, Human-Centered Design. In Information Design (1999), edited by Robert Jacobson (MIT Press), pages 59-81, page 73.

"Life, woman, life is God's most precious gift; no principle, however glorious, may justify the taking of it." Reverend John Hale, as portrayed by Rich Matli, in Arthur Miller's The Crucible (1953), Act 4, produced at California State University, Chico, October 14-17, 1999.

"CUSTOMERS RULE. The word from the Silicon frontier is that you can kiss your five-year plan goodbye. Or, for that matter, any plan that ends in -year. And that goes for the Rust Belt, too. Some companies are writing and rewriting strategy every quarter, or even every week--or else. 'It used to be that the big ate the small,' says Geoff Yang, a partner in the Menlo Park, Calif., venture-capital firm IVP/Redpoint Ventures. 'Now the fast eat the slow.' The impact on planning is revolutionary. Net-speeds force all sorts of cultural changes [stress added!]." Marcia Stepanek, 1999, How fast Is Net Fast? Business Week E.Biz, November 1, 1999, pages EB52-EB53, page EB52.

"Intel Corp. on Monday [October 25, 1999] is expected to introduce a battery of new chips that should allow the company to retake the speed crown from rival Advanced Micro Devices Inc. ... the new [Intel] chips operate at a speed of 733 megaherz, up from the 600 megaherz of Intel's current high-end chips. [PLEASE NOTE: AMD's current Athlon chip "only" operates at 700 megaherz; also, Intel's new chip will be 106 square millimeters in size while AMD's present chip is 184 square millimeters. URBANOWICZ ADDS, NOW, since 10 millimeters equals 1 centimeter in length and 1 centimeter equals .3937 inches and 106 square millimeters is an object 10.29 millimeters by 10.29 millimeters millimeters or slightly more than .3937 inches-by.3977 inches, then this new Intel chip is FAST and small!] [stress added]." Dean Takahashi, 1999, Intel To Unveil Speedier Chips On Monday. The Wall Street Journal, Friday, October 22, 1999, page B6) "...ultrasmall approach to computer memory, being developed at the IBM Research Div. in Zurich, can pack a 3-by-3 millimeter square--the size of an 'm' on this page--with a gigabyte of data, or 1 billion letters and numbers. That's 20 times the amount that can be stored magnetically in the same space. ... Gigabyte memories are just for starters, says [Kurt K.] Binning. IBM already has a Millipede prototype that can store 1,000 times more--a terrabyte of data [stress added]." (Otis Port, 1999, An Elephant's Memory In A Tiny Space. Business Week, October 25, 1999, page 95.) "Researchers at Northwestern university announced in the October 15 [1999] issue of Science that they have invented the world's smallest and most accurate plotter. Their so-called nanoplotter is capable of drawing miniscule lines--each is only about 30 molecules wide--with such precision that only 200 billionths of an inch separates them. If the technology can be commercialized, it might be used to pack more processing power onto a computer chip, boosting speed and performance. It could also lead to diagnostic devices that can load thousands of medical sensors onto an area smaller than the head of a pin [stress added]." Anon., 1999, Business Week, November 1, 1999, page 84.)

"And yet this school, like every other school, is changing fast, by accident and design, because everything that touches it is changing too--the economy, family life, technology, race relations, values, expectations." Nancy Gibbs, 1999, A Week In The Life Of A High School. Special Report in Time, October 25, 1999, pages 67-70, page 68.

"In the end, a society gets the children it deserves. An American society that has, essentially, decided to let kids raise themselves gets an MTV and Gap generation. Geoffrey Norman, 1999, reviewing Kay S. Hymnowitz's Ready Or Not (1999); in The Wall Street Journal, October 20, 1999, page A24.

"With the world population now at 6 billion, the impact of the consumption gap grows larger. The richest 20% of humanity [1,200,000,000] consumes 86% of all goods and services, while the poorest fifth [1,200,000,000] consumes 1.3% [meaning, Urbanowicz adds, the "other" 60%, or 3,600,000,000, consumes 12.7% of all goods and services] [stress added]. Anon., 1999, Business Week, October 25, 1999, page 7.)

Please Remember: For Exam #II Information (on Friday November 5, 1999), please click here.

"A home without a library lacks diversity of voices, opinions and world views. When you read a book, you enter another person's perspective. And because a reader can put the book down and think about what the author has said, a good reader enters a dialogue with the authopr or the characters created by the author. One can reread passages and linger over thoughts or ideas or savor the deliciousness of the language. Television, even at its best, lacks diversity and the ability of a viewer to carry on an inner dialogue with the speakers or the authors of the program. Books encourage thinking. A reader must create images from the words the author has supplied, must imagine the events described, must track the plot or the logic of the writer and must visualize the main characters in the mind's eye. The book is in your hands. You can return to passages if there is something you don't understand. You can argue with the author in your head; you can nod in agreement. You learn, unconsciously, the way words can fit together--sometimes so well that they seem inevitable and irresistible [stress added]." Charles Levendosky, 1999, Read a banned book, give one to your children. The Sacramento Bee, October 2, 1999, page B7)

"Smallest computer yet is the size of an aspirin. The latest from cyberworld: an aspirin-sized computer that, embedded in household appliances, could let people on the road or at their office use the Internet to cool their homes, heat coffee and tape TV shows. Believed to be the smallest such computer ever built, the inexpensive device could help usher in a new generation of connected home appliances.... The tiny computer, slightly larger than the head of a match, is connected to the Internet from Shrikumar's apartment near the university [University of massachusetts in Amherst]. It includes a tiny 4-megaherz processor he bought for 49 cents and a small 32-kilobyte memory chip that stores World Wide Web pages and other data. Although these numbers are paltry compared to the speed and storage of modern personal computers, which run thousands of times faster and contain hundreds of times more storage, the tiny computer still is more powerful than typical computers less than a decade ago. Shrikumar, 33, said his computer can be built for less than $1, making it practical to install the devices in a variety of home electronics and appliances. .. Shrikumar's Internet computer is smaller than one built earlier this year at Stanford university, which includes a much more powerful processor and lots more memory. But the Stanford computer costs more than $800" [stress added]." (Anon., Chico Enterprise-Record, August 15, 1999, page 4A).

"Nothing was ever invented, however, which did not bring some immediate--if temporary--misery to some, though it might eventually be a blessing to all." Brian Bailey, 1998, The Luddite Rebellion, page 3.

"THE HOT NEW JOB in agriculture is bioinformatics. The big push by chemical firms into crop biotechnology ignites demand for college graduates trained in computer programming and biology, to mine the growing data about plant genes. 'They're hard to find and everybody wants them,' says Tracy Hendricks, a recruiter at Monsanto Co., St. Louis, where the bioinformatics group grew 50% to 100 people in two years. The starting salary of a bioinformatics Ph.D. is around $70,000, plus stock options and signing bonus. CuraGen Corp., a New Haven, Conn., biotechnology firm, wants to add nine. 'I'm constantly making counteroffers,' says martin Leach, a CuraGen executive and bioinformatics expert. 'I'm getting four calls a week from recruiters myself'" [stress added]. (Anon., The Wall Street Journal, August 17, 1999, page 1)

"It's official: Younger people are having a big impact on the Internet's customs and values. Forrester Research, the Cambridge, Mass. outfit that cranks out studies on how the Net is changing the world, revealed in its latest report yesterday that nearly 10 percent of the U.S. population is now aged between 16 and 22, and about half are online. ... The crux is that while older Americans have made the Internet a part of established routines, plucky youngsters have 'internalized' information technology and made it an intrinsic part of their lives. ...Forrester said it reached its conclusions after interviewing almost 8,500 16-to-22 year-olds throughout the country. Not everyone, however, accepts these findings as authoritative. Ann Wrixon, president of San Francisco's SeniorNet, an association of 30,000 computer-using adults ages 50 and older, was quick to observe that the number of senior citizens online easily matches the numer of teens. As of last year, she said 13 million older folks were wired. 'That number is at least 16 million now,' she said [stress added]." (David Lazarun, August 12, 1999, The Young's Big Effect on Internet. The San Franciso Chronicle, page B3.)

"'I don't think anyone who is at least minimally, scientifically literate doubts that the theory of evolution is correct,' said jude P. Dougherty, dean emeritus of the School of Philosophy at The Catholic University of America. 'But there is no doubt that we can believe God created an evolutionary universe, either.' In other words, there is plenty of room for the theories of evolution and divine creation to coexist [stress added]." (DeWayne Wickham, Make room for both evolution, creation. USA Today, August 17, 1999, Page 11A.)

"A drug-resistant bacterium has killed four children and sickened about 200 other people in Minnesota and north Dakota since mid-1997, federal health officials said. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which is investigating the deaths, said the bacterium, Staphylococus aureus, was believed to infect only nursing-home and hospital patienta. But recent cases in the Midwest indicate the drug-resistant germ has spread into the general popul;ation, the CDC said in a report Friday. (Anon., 1999, Health Officials Say germ Killed 4, Sickened Others. The Wall Street Journal, August 23, 1999, page B2.)

"Reading for pleasure may sound like an oxymoron to someone assigned a weekend of three chapters on diseases of the prostrate and 60 pages on the joys of the hypotenuse. But someday school books will fade away, the good books will still be there, and you'll want to read them. Besides the shops peddling pricey new editions--Tower, Readmore, Barnes & Noble, Waldenbooks--Chico offers the treasure trove of The Bookstore, on Main next to The Upper Crust (great Danish), where the dedicated searcher may unearth armloads of pre-owned printed wonderments. Supply refreshed each week via Ron's meticulous sifting of tomes tucked away in the Bay Area." (Anon., 1999, Entertainment A to Z. The Chico News & Review, August 12, 1999, "Goin' Chico'99" section, pages 39-45, page 44.)

For more information, please contact Charles F. Urbanowicz Copyright © 1999 Charles F. Urbanowicz

Anthropology Department, CSU, Chico 6 December 1999 by CFU