FOR THE FINAL UPDATE TO THIS GUIDEBOOK onDecember 5, 2008, please click please click here.

DESCRIPTION: The course explores culture as the basis forunderstanding the human experience, including an examination ofcross-cultural diversity. This is an approved General Educationcourse. This is an approved Non-Western course. Formerly ANTH 013.CAN ANTH 4 (The 2007-2009 University Catalog, page 186).

THREE REQUIRED TEXTS:
Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, Conformity And Conflict:Readings in Cultural Anthropology (12th Edition)
George R. Stewart, 1949, Earth Abides.
Charles F. Urbanowicz, Fall 2008 edition, Anthropology113 Guidebook [also available at http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/syllabi/SYL_113-FA2008.html.

FOUR RECOMMENDED ITEMS:
Three Cups of Tea:  One Man's Mission to PromotePeace…One School At A Time (2006) by Greg Mortenson andDavid Oliver Relin [Note} Book-in-Common]
Any English Language Dictionary.
William A. Strunk, Jr., 2000, The Elements of Style (4thedition).
The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2008. 

ASSESSMENT: Make-up exams only allowed IF there has been adocumented emergency: likewise, your Writing Assignment is DUEon October 17, 2008 and will ONLY be acceptedlate IF there has been a documented and extreme emergency:NOTE} failure of your computer to print out the WritingAssignment that morning is not, REPEAT, is not an emergency!In an emergency, please contact Urbanowicz as soon as possibleb.e.f.o.r.e. or after the emergency! Please notethe following important dates (and look at dates & requirementsfor your other courses):

EXAM I (20%) [Friday} 9/26/2008	ON September 26, 2008 (20%) at the end of Week 5; based on readings and lectures to September 24, 2008
WRITING ASSIGNMENT (10%) [Friday} 10/17/2008	DUE October 17, 2008 (10%) at the end of Week 8 (Please see Guidebook for information )
EXAM II (30%) [Friday} 11/7/2008	ON November 7, 2008 (30%) at the end of Week 11; based on readings and lectures from September 29, 2008 to November 5, 2008
THANKSGIVING BREAK!	November 24 [Monday] -> November 28 [Friday], 2008
EXAM III} 113-01} (35%) [Mon} 10 ->11:50am} 12/15/2008	ON MONDAY December 15, 2008 (35%); based on readings & lectures from November 10, 2008 to December 12, 2008 (includingEarth Abides).
CLASS PARTICIPATION (5%)	25 August 2008 ->12 December 2008 (5%).

THE COURSE is heavily mediated with videos and PowerPointslides and you are responsible for information presented inthis manner. Individuals are expected to locate major land massesdiscussed in lectures and readings. Every examination willhave a map based on the maps in the Anthropology 113Guidebook. Your Writing Assignment should be approximately1,500 words. The single Writing Assignment must bedouble-spaced. PLEASE NOTE: Various WWW addresses are providedand will be expanded throughout the semester but at this timeno examination questions are based on these WWW locations:they are shared with you for exploration on your own. ALSONOTE: At times throughout the semester, this web Guidebookwill be updated and you may be responsible for some of theinformation provided in these updates. [The above paragraphcontains ~127 words.]

NOTE: If you have a documented disability that may requirereasonable accommodations, please contact Disability Support Services(DSS) for coordination of your academic accommodations. DSS islocated in the University Center (behind Kendall Hall). TheDSS phone number is 898-5959 V/TTY or FAX898-4411. Visit the DSS website at http://www.csuchico.edu/dss/.

PLEASE REMEMBER: Free public lectures, ANTHROPOLOGYFORUM (ANTH 497-01, #2622) for One Unit everyThursday from 4 -> 4:50pm in Ayres Hall 120. One unit ofcredit is available through Dr.Stacy B. Schaefer, Chair, Departmentof Anthropology.

The Functions of Grading: Underlying the rationale for grades isthe theme of communication. Grades communicate one or more of thefollowing functions:

1. To recognize that classroom instructors have the right and responsibility to provide careful evaluation of student performance and the responsibility for timely assignment of appropriate grades;
2. To recognize performance in a particular course;
3. To act as a basis of screening for other courses or programs (including graduate school);
4. To inform you of your level of achievement in a specific course; To stimulate you to learn;
5. To inform prospective employers and others of your achievement.

DEFINITION OF LETTER GRADING SYMBOLS:

A -- Superior Work: A level of achievement so outstanding that it is normally attained by relatively few students.
B -- Very Good Work: A high level of achievement clearly better than adequate competence in the subject matter/skill, but not as good as the unusual, superior achievement of students earning an A.
C -- Adequate Work: A level of achievement indicating adequate competence in the subject matter/skill. This level will usually be met by a majority of students in the class.
D -- Minimally Acceptable Work: A level of achievement which meets the minimum requirements of the course.
F -- Unacceptable Work: A level of achievement that fails to meet the minimum requirements of the course. Not passing.

ON PLAGIARISM / MISREPRESENTATION:
Plagiarism, in the 2007-2009 University Catalogue isdefined as follows: "Copying homework answers from your text to handin for a grade; failing to give credit for ideas, statement of facts,or conclusions derived from another source; submitting a paperdownloaded from the Internet or submitting a friend's paper asyour own; claiming credit for artistic work (such as a musiccomposition, photo, painting, drawing, sculpture, or design) done bysomeone else." AND SEE: http://www.csuchico.edu/art/contrapposto/contrapposto00/pages/appendix8.htmlplease note the following: "B. Plagiarism will lead to gradereduction [for] the course and could lead to suspension fromthe University. (You are responsible to the standards appearing inthe University's catalogue and the student handbook. Please read theUniversity's pamphlet, Academic Honesty, an Ounce ofPrevention.) Copies of this handbook are available at the StudentJudicial Affairs Office in Kendall Hall [stressadded]." (And see herebelow.)

ALSO, please note the following from the 2007-2009 University Catalogue on Misrepresentation: "Having another student take your exam, or do your computer program or lab experiment; lying to an instructor to increase your grade; submitting a paper that is substantially the same for credit in two different courses without prior approval of both instructors involved; altering a graded work after it has been returned and then submitting the work for regrading [stress added]."

A NOT SO BIG SECRET: #1} The information (or "meaning")that you will get out of this course will be in directproportion to the energy you expend on assignments andrequirements: readings, writing assignment, examinations, andthinking assignments. #2} I will try to provide you with newinformation and ideas every class period! PS: "He'd tell usto learn from what happened to him." [The character RonWeasley to Hermione Granger in] J.K. Rowling, 2007,Harry Potter And The Deadly Hallows (Arthur A. LevineBooks/Scholastic Inc.), page 95.

SPECIAL: Fall 2008 Certain Statements

1. WEEK 1: BeginningMonday August 25, 2008: INTRODUCTION & OVERVIEW TO THECOURSE.

2. WEEK 2: [CampusClosed Monday September 1] So on Wednesday September 3, 2008 andFriday September 5, 2008: WHAT DOES AN ANTHROPOLOGIST DO FOR ALIVING? 

3. WEEK 3: BeginningSeptember 8, 2008: CULTURE & ETHNOGRAPHY (CONTINUED)

SPECIAL: Notes on California / Chico

SPECIAL: Notes on Charles Darwin (February 12, 1809 - April 19, 1882)

4. WEEK 4: BeginningMonday September 15, 2008: RESEARCH, ECOLOGY, & INTOLANGUAGE

SPECIAL: Anthropology & Cyberspace

5. WEEK 5: BeginningMonday September 22, 2008: LANGUAGE, COMMUNICATION, & REVIEW, andEXAM I (20%) on Friday, September 26, 2008.

6. WEEK 6: BeginningMonday September 29, 2008: ECOLOGY & SUBSISTENCE(CONTINUED).

SPECIAL: Fall 2008 "Current Information"

SPECIAL: The Nacirema.

SPECIAL: Writing Assignment Instructions For Writing Assignment (10%) DUE Friday October 17, 2008.

SPECIAL: SOME Anthropology Information Sources in The Meriam Library at California State University, Chico.

7. WEEK 7: BeginningMonday October 6, 2008: ECONOMICS & KINSHIP & FAMILY &MAGIC & RELIGION & ....

8. WEEK 8: BeginningMonday October 13, 2008: ROLES & INEQUALITY & ECONOMICS &CHANGE & YOUR WRITING ASSIGNMENT (10%) DUE Friday October 17,2008.

9. WEEK 9: BeginningMonday October 20, 2008: CULTURE CHANGE CONTINUED.

10. WEEK 10:Beginning Monday October 27, 2008: CULTURE CHANGE, APPLIEDANTHROPOLOGY, AND TECHNOLOGY.

11. WEEK 11:Beginning Monday November 3, 2008: CULTURE CHANGE AND REVIEW AND EXAMII (30%) on Friday November 7, 2008.

12. WEEK 12:Beginning Monday November 10, 2008: LAW & POLITICS &RELIGION, MAGIC, WORLD VIEW, AND BACK TO THE PACIFIC:TASMANIA.

SPECIAL: Previous Student Comments About Earth Abides.

13. WEEK 13:Beginning Monday November 17, 2008: TAMANIA CONTINUED (AND NO CLASSFRIDAY NOVEMBER 21, 2008!)

14. WEEK 14:THANKSGIVING BREAK: MONDAY, NOVEMBER 24, 2008 - > FRIDAY, NOVEMBER28, 2008!

15. WEEK 15:Beginning Monday December 1, 2008: ALMOST OVER & WINDINGDOWN.

SPECIAL: Notes on Native Americans

16. WEEK 16:Beginning Monday December 8, 2008: CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND REVIEW.

17. WEEK 17: EXAM III (35%):ANTH 113-01} AYRES 106} On MONDAY December 17, 2008 from 10 ->11:50am.

A Short Course In Human Relations

1.  Understand from an anthropological perspective thephenomenon of culture as it differentiates human life from other lifeforms. Understand the roles of human biology and cultural processesin human behavior and evolution.

2.  Develop an ability to critically address ethicaland moral issues of diversity, power, equality, and survival from ananthropological perspective.

3.  Know substantive data and theoretical perspectivesin the subdisciplines of anthropology. Know the history ofanthropological theory and be conversant in major issues in eacharea. 

4.  Be familiar with the forms of anthropologicalliterature and basic data sources.  Know how to access,interpret, evaluate, and apply such information, using a range ofsources and information technologies.

5.  Grasp the methodologies of the subdisciplines ofanthropology.  Be able to apply appropriate methods whenconducting anthropological research.

6.  Be able to present and communicate the results ofanthropological research.

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CERTAIN STATEMENTS COLLECTED byCharles F. Urbanowicz for FALL 2008

"I say my philosophy, not as claiming authorship of ideas whichare widely diffused in modern thought, but because the ultimateselection and synthesis must be a personal responsibility." SirArthur Eddington [1882-1944], The Philosophy of PhysicalScience, 1949: page viii.

"Anything we haven't experienced for ourselves sounds like a story. All we can do is sift the evidence."Mary Norton, 1953, The Borrowers Afield."

"Any teacher who can be replaced by a computer deserves to be!" David Smith; as cited by Mike Cooley, 1999, Human-Centered Design. In Information Design (1999), edited by Robert Jacobson (MIT Press), pages 59-81, page 73.

"...I do believe something very magical can happen when youread a good book" [stress added]." Joanne K. Rowling,1999, Harry Potter Author Reveals The Secret.... In USAWeekend, November 12-14, 1999, page 4.

"How you think about who you are right now has everything to do with what will happen to you in the future." (C.C. Carter, Chico Enterprise-Record, May 6, 1997, page 12A).

"The unit of survival [or adaptation] is organism plusenvironment. We are learning by bitter experience that the organismwhich destroys its environment destroys itself." Gregory Bateson,Steps to an Ecology of Mind, 1972: 483.

"Interest is a sense of being involved in some process, actual or potential. ...Interest is not the same as attention. Attention is a simple response to a stimulus--either to a loud bang or (much more powerful) to a feeling of interest. Interest is selective, an expenditure of energy by the interested party. ... Memory is an internally edited record of interests (not of attention, much less of 'events') [stress added]." Henry Hay, 1972, The Amateur Magician's Handbook, pp. 2-3.

"The cutting edge of knowledge is not in the known but in theunknown, not in knowing but in questioning. Facts, concepts,generalizations, and theories are dull instruments unless they arehoned to a sharp edge by persistent inquiry about the unknown." RalphH. Thompson [1911-1987] American Educator.

"It is our choices that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities." The character Albus Dumbledore to Harry Potter in Harry Potter And the Chamber of Secrets, 1998, by Joanne K. Rowling, page 333.

"Destination, Determination, Deliberation." The character WilkieTwycross in J. K. Rowling, 2005, Harry Potter and the Half-BloodPrince (NY: Scholastic Books), page 384.

"The university is not engaged in making ideas safe for students. It is engaged in making students safe for ideas [stress added]." Clark Kerr, in Vance Packard, 1964, The Naked Society [1965 Cardinal paperback edition], page 99.

"Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about thingsthat matter." Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968); awarded theNobel Peace Prize in 1964.

"Cultural diversity is a reservoir of creativity.... This creativity is not confined to the arts; it is also a source of potential solutions to social and environmental problems, solutions that would otherwise be ignored by politically dominant cultures precisely because dominance breeds complacency and stunts the capacity of self-criticism. In this sense, cultural diversity is an indispensable corrective or counter-balance [stress added]." David Harmon, 2002, In Light of Our Differences: How Diversity In Nature And Culture Makes Us Human (Smithsonian Institution Press), page 45.

"Amaze me with your stories. Thrill me with yourexperiences. Astound me with your brilliance. Convince me with yourpassion. Show excitement. Intrigue. Anything--just don't boreme with another computer graphics presentation [stressadded]." Clifford Stoll, 1999, High-Tech Heretic: WhyComputers Don't Belong in the Classroom and Other Reflections by aComputer Contrarian (NY: Doubleday), page 183.

"An education isn't how much you have committed to memory, or even how much you know.
It's being able to differentiate between what you do know and what you don't." Anatole France (1844-1924)

"Habits of thinking need not be forever. One of the most significant findings in psychology in the last twenty years is that individuals can choose they way they think." Martin E. P. Seligman, 2006, Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life (NY: Vantage Books), page 8.

"The most important word in the English language is attitude. Love and hate, work and play, hope and fear, our attitudinal response to all these situations, impresses me as being the guide." Harlen Adams (1904-1997)

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WEEK 1: BEGINNING Monday August 25,2008.

I. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW TO THE COURSE: COURSE ORGANIZATION& PLANNING.

A. PLEASE familiarize yourself with theformat of this Guidebook. Various newspaper (and"Current Events") will be mentioned throughout this Fall 2008semester.

B. PLEASE look at the Department Goals, ReadingAssignments, Outline for each Day, Web Sites/Words/Terms, and VideoNotes: There really are NO surprises in thiscourse!

"Be yourself, be organized, be prepared, and be honest! Know your strengths and weaknesses and plan your semester. Create a calendar (examinations, field trips and days when you will have to miss class): Everyone is on the same schedule [or calendar!], and when Professor X has an exam in week five, chances are Professors Y and Z will have one! Prepare to work: The university is not high school but a job! Be honest with yourself: A famous statement from ancience Greece was Gnothi se auton ("Know thyself"). True thousands of years ago, true today, and true for the rest of your lives!" Charlie Urbanowicz, Chico State anthropology professor, Chico News & Review, Goin' Chico 2004, page 50.

C. PLEASE READ THE VIDEO NOTES in this Guidebookbefore the videos are shown in class.

D. YOU WILL BE using this Guidebook throughout theSemester; you will be reading Spradley & McCurdy (S&M)throughout the Semester; you will be reading Earth Abidesbeginning in Week 12 of the Semester. (For previous studentcomments about Earth Abides, please click here.)PLEASE TAKE NOTES IN THIS Guidebook: IT WILL NOT BERE-PURCHASED BY THE BOOKSTORE.

E. ALSO, please think about the following for this class(and ALL of your classes):

"Your instructor, however knowledgeable and good at communicating, cannot talk about everything at once. He or she cannot tell you at the same time about specific ethnographic cases and different kinds of societies, or about epistemological assumptions about how we learn things at the same time as about ethnographic field work methods, or about heuristic theories at the same time as about specific understandings of particular cultural patterns. He or she cannot tell you about Darwin [1809-1882] and Mendel's [1822-1884] contribution to evolution at the same time he or she is discussing the details of Australopithecus robustus, much less the ecological context and why we think the population that this fossil represents adapted to life on the savanna. You eventually need to know all of these things and how they influence one another, but you cannot learn all of it at once. Be patient; you will catch on [stress added]." Philip Carl Salzman and Patricia C. Rice, 2004, Thinking Anthropologically: A Practical Guide For Students (NJ: Pearson/Prentice-Hall), page 2.

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, Conformity AndConflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Culture and Ethnography" by S&M[Overview], pages 1-5.
"Ethnography and Culture" by James P. Spradley, pages 7-14.
"Kinship and Family" [Overview], pages 178-181.
"Law and Politics" [Overview] by S&M, pages260-263.

III. WHAT DOES AN ANTHROPOLOGIST DO?

For the 2006-2007 Academic Year, a total of 699individuals received the Ph.D. in Anthropology: there were409 females [58.5%] and 290 males[41.5%]; note, this includes degrees from Australia(22), Canada (96),Finland (5), Mexico(3), and the United Kingdom (49). Source: The2007-2008 American Anthropological Association Guide, pages654-656.

A. For a MASSIVE Anthropology site [my term forit], please see: http://www.unipv.it/webbio/dfantrop.htmas well as AnthropologyResources on the Internet and the local: http://www.csuchico.edu/lbib/anthropology/anthropology.html;and http://www.csuchico.edu/lref/guides/rbs/anthro.htm[Anthropology "jumping off" point at CSU, Chico].

"A picture shows me at a glance what it takes dozens of pages of abook to expound." (Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev [1818-1838],Fathers and Sons (1862), Chapter 16.

"Anthropology--From Greek anthropos (man) and logia (study)--is the systematic wonder about and the scientific study of humans. Wonder about humans is probably as old as man [and woman!], Homo sapiens." Morris Freilich, 1983, The Pleasure of Anthropology, page x.

"The English word 'ethnography' derives from Greek andliterally means the description of a people and its way of life.In contempoary social science, ethnography refers both to a processof research and to the account (usually in writing, but also possiblyon film) that results from that research. The tradition of producingdescriptive accounts of the customs and practices of different peoplegoes back to classical antiquity--the histories of the greekHerodotus and the Roman Tacitus are enlivened by such details[stress added]." Michael V. Angrosino, 2002, DoingCultural Anthropology: Projects for Ethnographic Data Collection(Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland press0, page 1.

"The word "anthropology" first appeared in the English language in 1593 (the first of the "ologies," incidentally, to do so). The word "ethnology" made its first appearance in an 1830...." Charles F. Urbanowicz, 1992, Four-Field Commentary. Newsletter of the American Anthropological Association, 1992, Volume 33, Number 9, page 3. [And see: http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Pub_Papers/4field.html]

"Lisa, get away from that jazzman! Nothing personal. I justfear the unfamiliar [stress added]." MargeSimpson, February 11, 1990, Moaning Lisa. Matt Groening etal., 1997, The Simpsons: A Complete Guide To Our FavoriteFamily (NY: HarperCollins), page 22.

"The barbarous heathen are nothing more strange to us than we are to them.... Human reason is a tincture in like weight and measure infused into all our opinions and customs, what form soever they be, infinite in matter, infinite in diversity." (Michel Eyquem de Montaigne [1533-1592], Essays, page 53 [1959 paperback publication of a translation from 1603].

B. Text(s), Assignments, Examinations (Three), andGrading
C. How to "use" this Guidebook, Video Notes, andvarious WWW "addresses" shared with you. NOTE THE FOLLOWINGtaken from Rick Steves' Europe Through the Back Door 1999(1998, pages 8-9):

"Guidebooks are $15 tools for $3,000 experiences. Many otherwise smart people base the trip of a lifetime on a borrowed copy of a three-year-old guidebook. The money they saved in the bookstore was wasted the first day of their trip, searching for hotels and restaurants long since closed. When I visit someplace as a rank beginner--a place like Belize or Sri Lanka--I equip myself with a good guidebook and expect myself to travel smart. I travel like an old pro, not because I'm a super traveler, but because I have good information and use it. I'm a connoisseur of guidebooks. My trip is my child. I love her. And I give her the best tutors money can buy. Too many people are penny-wise and pound-foolish when it comes to information. ... All you need is a good guidebook covering your destination. Before buying a book, study it. How old is the information? The cheapest books are often the oldest--no bragain. Who wrote it? What's the author's experience? Does the book work for you--or the tourist industry? Does it specialize in hard opinions--or superlatives? For whom is it written? Is it readable? It should have personality without chattiness and information without fluff. Don't believe everything you read. The power of the printed word is scary. Most books are peppered with information that is flat-out wrong. Incredibly enough, even this book may have an error" [stress added]." Rick Steves' Europe Through the Back Door 1999 (Santa Fe, NM: John Muir Publications), 1998, pages 8-9.

D. Desired Outcomes of the Course: for you and forme!

PLEASE NOTE THE FOLLOWING from the "Editorial" in The Chico Enterprise-Record of February 3, 2002: "Here are some of the unsettling results of recent polls and studies taken in the United States on geograpy awareness: One in seven U.S. adults could not locate the United States on a world map. Three out of 10 Americans cannot distinguish north from south on a map. Nearly half of the college students in California could not identify Japan on a map. ... Twenty-five percent of high school seniors in Dallas [Texas] couldn't name the country on our southern border. In Baltimore [Maryland], 45 percent of high school seniors couldn't shade in the United States on the world map. ... In Miami [Florida], 30 percent couldn't locate the Pacific Ocean [stress added]."

IV. CULTURE AND THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD &CYBERSPACE!

"Anthropology provides a scientific basis for dealing with the crucial dilemma of the world today: how can peoples of different appearance, mutually unintelligble languages, and dissimilar ways of life get along peaceably together? Of course, no branch of knowledge constitutes a cure-all for all the ills of mankind. ... Students who had not gone beyond the horizon of their own society could not be expected to perceive custom which was the stuff of their own thinking. The scientist of human affairs needs to know as much about the eye that sees as the object seen. Anthropology holds up a great mirror to man[kind] and lets him [and her!] look at himself in his infinite variety. This, and not the satisfaction of idle curiosity nor romantic quest, is the meaning of the anthropologist's work.... [stress in original]." Clyde Kluckhohn, 1949, Mirror For Man: The Relation of Anthropology To Modern Life, page 1 and page 10)

A. The Concept of Culture & Basic Cultural Diversity:ABCs.
B. The Sub-disciplines of Anthropology
C. The World Wide Web and the changing aspectsof....everything!
D. Comments on "Cyberspace! [belowin the electronic Guidebook].

http://www.123cam.com/[Web Cameras Around The World!]
http://www.ilovelanguages.com/[I Love languages} Your Guide to Languages on the Web]
http://www.lizardpoint.com/fun/geoquiz/index.html[Test Your Geography Knowledge]
http://www.earthchangestv.com/index.htm[Earth Change News]
http://www.californiacoastline.org/[California Coastal Records Project]

"There's a fair amount of decelptive and misleading information on the Internet that is posing as truth.... Factors to consider: 1. Who wrote it? 2. Who published it? 3. is the information current, accurate, and complete? 4. Is the information presented in an objective manner? 5. How often is the site updated? 6. Is the document well written? [stress added]." LaJean Humphries, 2002, How to Evaluate a Web Site. In Web of Deception: Misinformation on the Internet (Anne P. Mintz, Editor) ( Medford NJ: Information Today, Inc.), pages 165-173, page 165.

V. THE SCOPE OF ANTHROPOLOGY / FIELD METHODS: WHAT WE DO
A. Fieldwork in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga and....
B. THE YANOMAMO: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDY:Comments on the Yanomamo of South America.

"In 1589 the Jesuit scholar José de Acosta, who livedand traveled widely in South America, proposed that native Americanswere descended from people who had migrated from Siberia. Morethan four hundred years later, Acosta's idea has held up pretty well[stress added]." Steve Olson, 2002, Mapping HumanHistory: Discovering The Past Through Our Genes (Boston/New York:Houghton Mifflin Co.), page 195.

JULY 3, 2008: "On a recent afternoon deep in the Amazon's rain forest, members of the Surui tribe, which made contact with the outside world less than 40 years ago, could not resist the urge known to modern man - they googled themselves. Then they looked up football. Computers with an Internet connection, video cameras, Global Positioning System devices and other high-tech gadgets are replacing bows and arrows in the small indigenous village about 1,600 miles northwest of Rio de Janeiro, which has teamed up with Google Earth to help protect its 600,000-acre reserve from illegal miners and loggers." The San Francisco Chronicle.

VI. WHAT IS SCIENCE? / PERSPECTIVE(S)

"How sad that so many people seem to think that science and religion are mutually exclusive [stress added]." Jane Goodall [with Phillip Berman], 1999, Reason For Hope: A Spiritual Journey (NY: Warner Books), page 174.

"Science is a public undertaking with many filters that aclaim must pass through before it's accepted as part of the currentconventional wisdom. Two of the most important of those filters arethe refereeing process for scientific articles and therepeatability test for experimental results [stressadded]." John L. Castin, 2000, Paradigms Regained: A FurtherExploration of the Mysteries of Modern Science (HarperCollins/William Morrow), page 11.

VII. INDIVIDUALS WHO MIGHT BE CONSIDERING A MAJOR inAnthropology should make an appointment with theAnthropology Department Chairman (Dr. Stacy B. Schaefer, Butte Hall311; phone 530-898-6192). Dr. Georgia Fox is the Advisor for theMinor in Anthropology.

"Youth cannot know how age thinks and feels. But old men are guilty if they forget what it was to be young." (Albus Dumbledore, in} J. K. Rowling, 2003, Harry Potter And the Order of The Phoenix (NY: Scholastic Press), page 826.

"[Old] Age is foolish and forgetful when it underestimatesyouth." The character Albus Dumbledore in J. K. Rowling, 2005,Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (NY: Scholastic Books),page 564.

"Old age has a way of forcing a person back upon themselves. The pace of life slows an brings with it a natural inclination to reflect upon the past." Linda Lear, 2007, Beatrix Potter: A Life In Nature (NY: St. Martin's Press), page 427.

IX. UNFORTUNATELY, FINALLY FOR THE END OF WEEK I:

"A USA TODAY analysis of 620 deaths of four-year college and university students since Jan. 1, 2000, finds that freshmen are uniquely vulnerable. They account for more than one-third of undergraduate deaths in the study, although they are only 24% of the undergraduates at those institutions.....College administrators [and teaching faculty!], public health officials, and parents increasingly have become concerned about the safety of college students after highly publicized deaths on campus from alcohol abuse and other causes [stress added]." Robert Davis and Anthony DeBarros, 2006, First year in college is the riskiest. USA Today, January 25, 2006, pages 1-2.

"The news that 1,400 college students across the countrydie every year from alcohol-related accidents [~3.8 everyday!] comes as no surprise to Edith Heideman, a Palo Altomother who lost her son to alcohol poisoning while he was rushinga fraternity at California State University at Chico. ... A studyreleased yesterday by the federally supported Task Force on CollegeDrinking ... [stated that] Alcohol abuse also played a rolein more than 500,000 injuries and 70,000 cases of sexual assaultor date rape [~1,944 every day]." Ray Delgado, 2002,Campus Boozing Toll. The San Francisco Chronicle, April 10,2002, Page 1.

AFFINITY: A fundamental principle of relationship linkingkin through marriage.

AGRICULTURE: A subsistence strategy involving intensivefarming of permanent fields through the use of such means as theplow, irrigation, and fertilizer.

APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY: Any use of anthropological knowledgeto influence social interaction, to maintain or change socialinstitutions, or to direct the course of cultural change.

CLAN: A kinship group normally comprising several lineages;its members are related by a unilineal descent rule, but it is toolarge to enable members to trace actual biological links to all othermembers.

CONSANGUINITY: The principle of relationship linkingindividuals by shared ancestry (blood).

CULTURE: The knowledge that is learned, shared, and used bypeople to interpret experience and generate behavior.

ECOLOGY: The study of the way organisms interact with eachother within an environment.

ETHNOCENTRISM: A mixture of belief and feeling that one'sown way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

ETHNOGRAPHY: The task of discovering and describing aparticular culture.

HORTICULTURE: A kind of subsistence strategy involvingsemi-intensive, usually shifting, agricultural practices.Slash-and-burn farming is a common example of horticulture.

HUNTING AND GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involvingthe foraging of wild, naturally occuring foods.

KINSHIP: The complex system of social relations based onmarriage (affinity) and birth (consanguinity).

POLITICAL SYSTEM: The organization and process of makingand carrying out public policy according to cultural categories andrules.

SHAMAN: A part-time religious specialist who controlssupernatural power, often to cure people or affect the course oflife's events.

SLASH AND BURN: A form of horticulture in which wild landis cleared and burned over, farmed, then permitted to lie fallow andrevert to its wild state.

FROM THE VIDEO: Alliances, feasts, trading: "Alliances between villages are the product of a developmental sequence that involves casual trading, mutual feasting, and finally the exchange of women. ... The feast and the alliance can and often do fail to establish stable, amicable relationships between sovereign villages. ... Yanomamo warfare proper is the raid."

Napoleon Chagnon points out that the Yanomamo population isprobably around 10,000. These were distributed in approximately 125widely scattered villages, with the population in each villageranging from 40 to 250 individuals. ..."Yanomamo culture, in itsmajor focus, reverses the meaning of 'good' and 'desirable' asphrased in the ideal postulates of the Judaic-Christian tradition.A high capacity for rage, a quick flash point, and a willingness touse violence to obtain one's ends are considered desirabletraits. Much of the behavior of the Yanomamo can be described asbrutal, cruel, treacherous, in the value-laden terms of our ownvocabulary. The Yanomamo themselves...do not at all appear to be meanand treacherous. As individuals they seem to be people playing theirown cultural game....this is a study of a fierce people who engage inchronic warfare. It is also a study of a system of controls thatusually hold in check the drive towards annihilation." (NapoleonChagnon, Yanomamo: The Fierce People, 1968) ... "The mostdistinctive feature of Yanomamo technology is that it is very direct.No tool or technique is complicated enough to require specializedlabor or raw materials. Each village, therefore, can produce everyitem of material culture it requires from the jungle resources aroundit. ... The jungle provides numerous varieties of food, bothanimal and vegetable. ... Although the Yanomamo spend almost asmuch time hunting as they do gardening, the bulk of their diet comesfrom foods that are cultivated. Perhaps 85 percent or more of theirdiet consists of domesticated rather than wild foods....[stress added]." (Napoleon Chagnon, The FiercePeople, 1968: 21-33)

WHY STUDY PEOPLE?: "...the Yanomamo, who dwell in the forests of southern Venezuela and consist of an estimated 20,000 people who live by subsistence farming in small villages. They are one of the few remaining tribes unaffected [!] by Western culture. ... The Yanomamo eat virtually no salt at all. Researchers observed 46 members of this tribe who were in their 40s, and found they had an average blood pressure of only 103/65. Another Amazonian tribe, the Carajas, take in little salt, calculated to be half a gram a day, and the average blood pressure of ten of their middle-aged people was slightly lower at 101/69. (The longevity of these people is not recorded, but if there is a link between salt, blood pressure and lifespand then we can assume they will probably all live to be a hundred.) John Emsley, 1998, Molecules At An Exhibition: Portraits Of Intriguiging Materials in Everyday Life, page 38).

"A nation's diet can be more revealing than its art or literature.On any given day in the United States about one-quarter of theadult population vists a fast food restaurant. During arelatively brief period of time, the fast food industry has helped totransform not only the American diet, but also our landscape,economy, workforce, and popular culture [stressadded]." Eric Schlosser, 2001, Fast Food Nation(Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.), page 3.

NOTE: "An overwhelming amount of preventable disease in modern societies results from the devastating effects of a high-fat diet. Strokes and heart attacks, the greatest causes of early death in some social groups, result from arteries clogged with atherosclerotic lesions. ... The single thing most people can do to improve their health is to cut the fat content of their diets [stress added]." Randolph M. Nesse & George C. Williams, 1994, Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine, pages 148-149)

ELSEWHERE} "China and many other developing nationsare rushing with equal speed into an emerging pandemic of heartdisease.... Heart disease is poised to pitch China, with its 1.2billion people, into a costly public health crisis. Already 40% ofthe deaths in China result from heart disease or strokes. ... Bythe end of last year [2001], the Chinese could eat locally atmore than 400 McDonald's restaurants and about 600 KFCrestaurants [stress added]." Steve Sternberg, 2002,World prospers, hearts suffer. USAToday, November 18, 2002,pages D1 + D2.

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WEEK 2: Wednesday [September 3]& Friday [September 5], 2008

I. WHAT DOES AN ANTHROPOLOGIST DO FOR A LIVING?(CONTINUED)

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, Conformity AndConflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Economy and Globalization" [Overview], pages142-145.
"Reciprocity and the Power of Giving" by Lee Cronk, pages147-153.
"Forest Development the Indian Way" by Richard K. Reed, pages132-141.
"The Kayapo Resistance" by Terrence Turner, pages 391-409.
"Using Anthropology" by David W. McCurdy, pages 422-435.

III. "Harry sorted through his presents and found one withHermione's handwriting on it. She had given him too a book thatresembled a diary, except that it said things like 'Do it today orlater you'll pay!' every time he opened a page." J. K. Rowling,2003, Harry Potter And the Order of The Phoenix (NY:Scholastic Press), page 501.

IV. ON TRAVEL AND THE GROWTH OF ANTHROPOLOGY

"Travel teaches seven important lessons [according to Arthur Frommer, age 76, author of travel books].... 1. Travelers learn that all people in the world are basically alike. ... 2. Travelers discover that everyone regards himself or herself as wiser and better than other people in the world. ... 3. Travel makes us care about strangers. ... 4. Travel teaches that not everyone shares your beliefs. ... 5. Travelers learn that there is more than one solution to a problem. ... 6. Travel teaches you to be a minority. ... 7. Travel teaches humility." Larry Bleiberg, 2003, Among Travel's Seven Important Lessons is Humility. The Sacramento Bee, February 2, 2003, page M3.

V. PLEASE THINK ABOUT finding "meaningful patterns in the data"such as:
A. Contemporary American Culture
B. "100 percent American" (please seebelow for this week in this Guidebook).
C. What Is Culture?
D. ANY Significance to: Victoria, Mel B, Geri, MelC?
E. ANY Significance to: Emily Robinson, Natalie Maines,Margie Maguire?
F. ANY Significance to:B, C, N, O, F?
G. ANY Significance to: O, T, T, F, F, S, S, E, N, ?

"The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement ofeveryday thinking." (Albert Einstein [1879-1955], 1921 NobelLaureate in Physics, Ideas and Opinions, 1954: page 65)

"In addition to solving puzzles, science also builds understanding by revealing the properties of the world and the relationships between them. Here again, the methods that scientists employ find widespread use in everyday life. From infancy onward, each person measures and classifies the properties of unfamiliar objects in order to integrate them into a larger worldview--from a ten-month-old learning to stack blocks, to Charles Darwin cataloging specimens aboard the Beagle [stress added]." Arno Penzias [1978 Nobel Laureate in Physics], 1989, Ideas And Information: Managing In A High-Tech World (NY: Simon & Schuster), page 177.

"Literacy can imply more than the ability to read. Itcan mean having a knowledge of one's history, of one's origins;having a world view that is indigenous to one's people andnot imposed by others [stress added]." JosephineDonovan, 2001, Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions,3rd edition (New York/London: Continuum). From the preface to thefirst edition of 1985, page 15.

PALEOANTHROPOLOGY = the science of placing the "chain" or "tree" of the pieces together. It "has been one of the most argumentative of sciences since its beginning. ... It is a heart-quickening thought that we share the same genetic heritage with the hands that shaped the tool that we can now hold in our own hands, and with the mind that decided to make the tool that our minds can now contemplate [stress added]." (Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin, Origins, 1977: 8.

"I suppose the real reason for taking an interest in history[or paleoanthropology!], as some ship's navigator musthave once said, you can only predict where you're going if youknow where you've been. ... [The] journeyfrom past to present, full of unexpected encounters and events alongthe way, has brought you to where you are and who you are at thismoment, reading these words. This is why the past is no foreign,unknown land. The people in the past were trapped in theircontext, just as we are in ours. ... You may not agree withthe way these essays [or course!] present events. That'sfine. There is no single correct way to track from the past to thepresent. And if your disagrrement goes so far as to drive you tofind alternate routes for what I write about that are even better,write your own history. The more of us doing so, the better[stress added]." James Burke, 2000, Circles: 50Round Trips through history, Technology, Science, Culture (NY:SImon & Schuster), pages 13 -16.

V. TOPICS THIS WEEK

A. VIDEO: THE MAN HUNTERS (Please see Video NotesBelow):

"Human being are the result of the same evolutionary process that produced the entire vast diversity of living things. Yet we cannot help but think of ourselves as somehow significantly 'different' from the rest of nature." Ian Tattersall, 1998, Becoming Human: Evolution And Human Uniqueness, page 78.

B. Brief Introduction to Charles Darwin (1809-1882).

"He was an Englishman who went on a five-year voyage whenhe was young and then retired to a house in the country, not far fromLondon. He wrote an account of his voyage, and then he wrote abook setting down his theory of evolution, based on a process hecalled natural selection, a theory that provided thefoundation for modern biology. He was often ill and never leftEngland again [stress added]." John P. Wiley, Jr.,1998, Expressions: The Visible Link. Smithsonian, June, pages22-24, page 22.

"The great value of Darwinism, it seems to me, was that it jolted modern men into questioning various sentimental beliefs about nature and man's place in it. In this, Darwin's influence closely parallels that of Galileo [1564-1642]. Just as the first modern astronomers and physicists destroyed a naive geocentrism, so Darwin and his successors overwhelmingly displaced what may be called homocentrism, the belief that nature exists for the sake of man [stress added]." Jacob Needleman, 1975, A Sense of the Cosmos: The Encounter of Modern Science and Ancient Truth (NY: Doubleday & Co., Inc.), page 72.

CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT: The categories and rules people useto classify and explain their physical environment.

DESCENT: A Rule of relationship that ties people togetheron the basis of reputed common ancestry.

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment ofjobs to people.

DIFFUSION: The passage of a cultural category, culturallydefined behavior, or culturally produced artifact from one society toanother through borrowing.

ECOLOGY: The study of the way organisms interact with eachother within an environment.

ENDOGAMY: Marriage within a designated social unit.

ETHNOCENTRISM: A mixture of belief and feeling that one'sown way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

ETHNOGRAPHY: The task of discovering and describing aparticular culture.

EXOGAMY: Marriage outside any designated group.

HUNTING AND GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involving theforaging of wild, naturally occurring foods.

INCEST TABOO: The cultural rule that prohibits sexualintercourse and marriage between specified classes of relatives.

INNOVATION: A recombination of concepts from two or moremental configurations into a new pattern that is qualitativelydifferent from existing forms.

NUCLEAR FAMILY: A family composed of a married couple andtheir children.

PRODUCTION: The process of making something.

"Les Eyzies is the normal point of first entry for visitors to the land of prehistory. It has a national museum, the cave where Cro-Magnon man was discovered, and much else--all in the midst of spectacular scenery. ... The National Museum of Prehistory lies within Les Eyzies, in a structure built into the side of a cliff, with overhanging rock above, which was originally a thirteenth-century fortress. It houses a rich collection of prehistoric items, not only from the Dordogne but also from other French archaeological sites...." Charles Tanford & Jacqueline Reynolds, 1992, The Scientific Traveller: A Guide to the People, Places, and Institutions of Europe, page 205.

Les Eyzies-De-Tayax-Sireuil = "The science of prehistoryoriginated in this village....The first drawing of a mammoth wasdiscovered here along with the first skeleton of Cro-Magnon Man,30,000 years ago." Anon., 1988, The Hachette Guide ToFrance (NY: Pantheon Books), page 111.

"The Dordogne River twisted in loops like a brown snake in the valley it had cut hundreds of thousands of years before." Michael Crichton, 1999, Timeline (Ballantine Books November 2000 Paperback), page 43.

"In 1856, at the very time Charles Darwin was writing TheOrigin of Species [published in 1859!],which wouldpopularize the revolutionary concept of evolution worldwide, thefossilized remains of a stocky, powerful, human-like creature werediscovered in a German valley called Neander Tal." Erik Trinkaus andPat Shipman, 1993, The Neanderthals: Changing The Image ofMankind . 

"Fighting in China following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 resulted in a paleoanthropological disaster. The largest and most complete collection of human fossil remains--unearthed at Zhoukoudian, near Beijing--vanished after being entrusted to a platoon of U.S. Marines on its way to the harbor of Tianjin." Jean-Jacques Hublin, 1999, The Quest For Adam. Archaeology, July/August, pages 26-35, page 26.

Charles F. Hockett, 1973, Man's Place in Nature, page 387[CSUChico GN/31/H6] ="range" of cranial capacity: ModernMan [Homo sapiens] 850 to 1700+ cubiccentimeters; Neanderthal 1200 to 1640 cc.; Homoerectus 775 to 1225 cc.; Australopithecus 435to 700 cc.; Gorillas 340 to 752 cc.; and Chimpanzees320 to 420 cc.

PLEASE NOTE:

"Evolution does not make predictions....We do have the capacity to make the future a long and fruitful one, if only we will take the time to learn who we are and how we fit into the natural world [stress added]. (Donald C. Johanson, 1993, from the "Forward" to Ian Tattersall's 1993, The Human Odyssey: Four Million Years of Human Evolution (Prentice Hall), page xiii.

"Our solid American citizen awakens in a bed built on a patternwhich originated in the Near East but which was modified in NorthernEurope before it was transmitted to America. He [or she]throws back covers made from cotton, domesticated in India, or linen,domesticated in the Near East, or wool from sheep, also domesticatedin the Near East, or silk, the use of which was discovered in China.All of these materials have been spun and woven by processes inventedin the Near East. He slips into his moccasins, invented by theIndians of the eastern woodlands, and goes to the bathroom, whosefixtures are a mixture of European and American inventions, both ofrecent date. He takes off his pajamas, a garment invented in India,and washes with soap invented by the ancient Gauls. He then shaves, amasochistic rite which seems to have been derived from either Sumeror ancient Egypt.

Returning to the bedroom, he removes his clothes from a chair ofsouthern European type and proceeds to dress. He puts on garmentswhose form originally derived from the skin clothing of the nomads ofthe Asiatic steppes, puts on shoes made from skins tanned by aprocess invented in ancient Egypt and cut to a pattern derived fromthe classical civilizations of the Mediterranean, and ties around hisneck a strip of bright-colored cloth which is a vestigial survival ofthe shoulder shawls worn by the seventeenth-century Croatians. Beforegoing out for breakfast he glances through the windows, made of glassinvented in Egypt, and if it is raining puts on overshoes made ofrubber discovered by the Central American Indians and takes anumbrella, invented in southeastern Asia. Upon his head he puts a hatmade of felt, a material invented in the Asiatic steppes.

On his way to breakfast he stops to buy a paper, paying for itwith coins, an ancient Lydian invention. At the restaurant a wholenew series of borrowed elements confronts him. His plate is made of aform of pottery invented in China. His knife is of steel, an alloyfirst made in southern India, his fork a medieval Italian invention,and his spoon a derivative of a Roman original. He begins breakfastwith an orange, from the eastern Mediterranean, a cantaloupe fromPersia, or perhaps a piece of African watermelon. With this he hascoffee, an Abyssinian plant, with cream and sugar. Both thedomestication of cows and the idea of milking them originated in theNear East, while sugar was first made in India. After his fruit andfirst coffee he goes on to waffles, cakes made by a Scandinaviantechnique from wheat domesticated in Asia Minor. Over these he poursmaple syrup, invented by the Indians of the eastern Woodlands. As aside dish he may have the eggs of a species of bird domesticated inIndo-China, or thin strips of the flesh of an animal domesticated inEastern Asia which have been salted and smoked by a process developedin northern Europe.

When our friend has finished eating he settles back to smoke, anAmerican Indian habit, consuming a plant domesticated in Brazil ineither a pipe, derived from the Indians of Virginia, or a cigarette,derived from Mexico. If he is hardy enough he may even attempt acigar, transmitted to us from the Antilles by way of Spain. Whilesmoking, he reads the news of the day, imprinted in charactersinvented by the ancient Semites upon a material invented in China bya process invented in Germany. As he absorbs the accounts of foreigntroubles, if he is a good conservative citizen, thank a Hebrew deityin an Indo-European language that he is 100 percent American."[This selection is ~625 words.]

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WEEK 3: BEGINNING Monday September 8,2008

I. CULTURE & ETHNOGRAPHY (CONTINUED) & Monkeys, Apes,and Man Video (see the Wisconsin Primate research site athttp://www.primate.wisc.edu/pin/)or the University of California, Davis at http://www.crprc.ucdavis.edu/crprc/homepage.html,and http://www.gorilla.org/index.html[The Gorilla Foundation], or http://www.selu.com/~bio/PrimateGallery/main.html[The Primate Gallery], andhttp://www.janegoodall.org/ [Jane Goodall]; andhave a look at Professor Turhon Murad, CSU, Chico, and his "SkullModule" located at http://www.csuchico.edu/anth/Module/skull.html).

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, Conformity AndConflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Culture Change and Applied Anthropology" [Overview],pages 386-390
"Lessons from the Field" by George Gmelch, pages 46-57.
"Baseball Magic" by George Gmelch, pages 306-315.

III. PRIMATES
A. MODERN HUMANS and Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778).

"Often Gary's [Larson] cartoons help us to see things with a new perspective, above all to realize that we humans, after all, are just one species among many, just one small part of the wondrous animal kingdom. ... Crazy. Absurd. Yet it all helps to put us humans in our place. And we desperately need putting in our place [stress added]." Jane Goodall. 1995, Foreward. The Far Side Gallery 5 (Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel), no page number [pages 5-8, pages 6-7].

B. NATURAL SELECTION: "The process of differentialsurvival and reproduction that results in changes in gene frequenciesand in the characteristics that the genes encode." Paul W. Ewald,1994, Evolution of Infectious Disease, page 220.

From The San Francisco Chronicle of February 21, 2003: "The serious outbreak of staphylococcus infections resistant to antibiotic treatment.... The more an antibiotic is used, the more quickly bacteria mutate and develop resistance to the antibiotic [EVOLUTION!]. This resistance crisis is growing because of the overuse of antibiotics both in human medicine (the largest single cause of antibiotic resisance) and in animal agriculture (a lesser known but significant cause as well) [stress added]. Stephan E. Follansbee, 2003, Weak Links in the Food Chain: Antibiotic alert. The San Francisco Chronicle, February 21, 2003, page A25.

"About 70% of the antibiotics produced in the USA each year- nearly 25 million pounds in all - are fed to healthy pigs, chickensand cattle to prevent disease or speed growth, says a report releasedMonday [January 8, 2001]. Such 'excessive' use of antibioticsin livestock is contributing ...[to] many of the microbesthat plague humans....[stress added]." Anita Manning,2001, Healthy Livestock Given More Antibiotics Than Ever. USAToday, January 9, 2001, page 8D

"Roughly 20 million pounds of antibiotics are given each year to U.S. cattle, pigs, and chickens [stress added]." Sirley Leung, 2003, McDonald's Wants Suppliers Of Meat to limit Antibiotic Use. The Wall Street Journal, June 20, 2003, page B2. 

C. CONTROVERSY: The "Scopes Trial" of July 1925 inDayton, Tennessee:

From: The World's Most Famous Court Trial: Tennessee Evolution Case (1925) (1990 Reprint Edition published by Bryan College, Dayton, Tennessee), page 87; the court transcript points out that Clarence Darrow said: "If today you can take a thing like evolution and make it a crime to teach it in the public school, tomorrow you can make it a crime to teach it in the private schools, and the next year you can make it a crime to teach it to the hustings or in the church. At the next session you may ban books and the newspapers. Soon you may set Catholic against Protestant and Protestant against Protestant, and try to foist your own religion upon the minds of men. If you can do one you can do the other. Ignorance and fanaticism is ever busy and needs feeding. Always it is feeding and gloating for more. Today it is the public school teachers, tomorrow the preachers and the lecturers, the magazines, the books, the newspapers. After while, your honor, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until with flying banners and beating drums we are marching backward to the glorious ages of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted fagots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind [stress added]."

"An agnostic is a doubter. The word is generally applied tothose who doubt the verity of accepted religious creeds or faiths.Everyone is an agnostic as to the beliefs or creeds they do notaccept. Catholics are agnostic to the Protestant creeds, and theProtestants are agnostic to the Catholic creed. Anyne who thinksis an agnostic about something, otherwise he [or she!] mustbelieve that he is possessed of all knowledge. And the proper placefor such a person is in the madhouse or the home for thefeeble-minded. In a popular way, in the Western world, anagnostic is one who doubts or disbelieves the main tenets of theChristian faith [stress added]." Clarence Darrow[1857-1938], 1994, Why I Am an Agnostic and OtherEssays (NY: Prometheus Books), page 11.

IV. ON TRAVEL AND THE GROWTH OF ANTHROPOLOGY and Darwin Cont.(1809-1882).

V. REMINDER:
A. EXAM I (20%) IS ON FRIDAYSEPTEMBER 26, 2008.
B. A web-based Self-Test will be available by September 19,2008.

"The scene is rugged. ... Jogokudani [Yamanouchi, Japan] is as far north as it gets for monkeys. No primate, with the exception of humans, is known to live in a colder climate." Eric Talmadge, 2002, World's northernmost wild monkeys enjoy hot springs heaven. The Chico Enterprise-Record, June 23, 2002, page E1 + E2, page E1. (AND SEE: http://www.outdoorjapan.com/features/ojfeature-jigokudani.html [The Monkeys of Jigokudani])

WHY STUDY PRIMATES? = PRIMATES = taxonomic termwhich is always capitalized and is a fixed plural. "A decade-longbaboon study indicates that lecithin, a soybean extract used in manyprocessed foods, can delay and perhaps even prevent alcohol cirrhosisof the liver." R. Cowen, Science News, December 1, 1990:340.

"Harry Harlow [1905-1981] is probably the most famous psychologist you've never heard of. Back in the 1960s, his work was widely covered in the press--and with good reason. Through a series of briliiant experiments, Harlow proved that love, despite what most of his colleagues believed, plays a crucial role in mental well-being. The idea that such a thing needed proving in the fcirst place seems bizarre today ... Harlow's descent into obscurity had a lot to do with the man himself. ... But it was the way he treated [rhesus] monkeys that hurt his reputation. Harlow went on to study what happened when monkeys were deprived of love, kept in solitary confinement and emotioally tormented [stress added]." Michael Lemonick, Book Review of Deborah Blum's 2002 Love at Goon Park. Time, November 18, 2002. And if interested, please see: http://pubpages.unh.edu/~jel/Harlow.html

"An experimental vaccine against the monkey form of AIDSsharply reduced but did not eliminate the amount of virus in theanimals' blood. ... In the experiment, 10 macaques that had beeninfected.... [stress added]." Robert Cooke,1999, Better to Hug Than Sulk, Apes Find. The San FranciscoChronicle, December 23, 2002, page A5.

WHAT DO YOU THINK OF THE FOLLOWING?: "The kind of man's face a woman finds attractive varies with her menstrual cycle, according to a study that underscores the hold biology still has on us, no matter how highly evolved we like to think we are. When a woman is ovulating, or ready to conceive, she is likely to prefer men with more masculine features. When she is menstruating, or least likely to get pregnant, she is apt to prefer softer, more feminine looks. That's according to a study conducted by Scottish and Japanese researchers and published in today's issue of the journal Nature. The researchers beleive this is not a matter of fashion or a 20th-century standard of beauty, but something that is inborn, or instilled by evolution for sound biological reasons: In the animal kingdom, masculine looks denote virility, and thus the ability to produce healthy offspring." Alex Dominguez, 1999, Biology Is Destiny, At Least In Sex Appeal. The Sacramento Bee, June 24, 1999, page B8.

"The United Nations' latest forecast of the world's populationin 2050 [42 years from fall 2008!]....are down from 9.4billion to 8.9 billion [stress added]." Elizabeth Weise,World population to level off. USA Today, December 9,2003.

NOTE: There are more than 6 billion people on the planet and population is increasing by approximately 78,000,000 people per year; given that 1 year = 365.25 days = 8,766 hours = 525,960 minutes, therefore 78,000,000/525,960 = means that the population of the planet is increasing by approximately 148 people a minute. For this 50 minute class, please note that this means that the world will have had a NET INCREASE (births-minus-deaths) of ~7,400 individuals (roughly speaking).

PLEASE NOTE: According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census,the resident population of the United States (as thisGuidebook was being prepared), projected to July 18,2008 at 10:17am [Pacific Standard Time] was304,632,720 [http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/popclock].This means there is one birth every 7 seconds, one death every13 seconds, one international migrant (net) every 30seconds, for a net gain of one person every 10 seconds. WHAT ISTHE NUMBER WHEN YOU ARE READING THIS PAGE: What has been the netincrease since that date?

CHICO: "The city's general plan targets an urban-area population of approximately 134,000 by the year 2012 [stress added]." Dan Nguyen-Tan, 2002, Growth: Land is our most valuable and limited resource. The Chico Enterprise-Record, February 26, 2002, Section AA, page 3AA. [NOTE: Urbanowicz would also add that time can also be considered to be the most valuable and limited resource.]"

Alvin D. Sokolow, How Much State Farmland Is Disappearing? AlvinD. Sokolow, The Sacramento Been, June 24, 2001, pages L1 and L6:Some 49,700 acres of California farmland is disappearing eachyear! Incidentally, the CSU, Chico campus (excluding theUniversity farm, is approximately 119 acres (so approximately 417Chico State campuses disappear every year in California!).

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER: What will the population of the USA or California or Chico be by 2058? Or 2033? or next year?! What is the "carrying capacity" of any given environment? What changes have to be made in any given environment? What will be the impact of an increasingly older American population on this country? On you? INCIDENTALLY, a fascinating (and useful site) is http://www.xist.org/index.php [GeoHive: Global Statistics]. Have a look!

"You're telling some not only inconvenient truths but hard truths, and it can be scary as hell. You're not going to get people to go with you if you paralyze them with fear [stress added]." Al Gore, Time. May 28, 2007, page 37.

Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834): "English economist[and cleric!]. His Essay on the Principle ofPopulation 1798 (revised 1803) argued for population control,since populations increase in geometric ratio and foodsupply only in arithmetic ratio, and influenced CharlesDarwin's thinking on natural selection as the drivingforce of evolution. Malthus saw war, famine, anddisease as necessary checks on population growth"[stress added]." Sarah Jenkins Jones (Editor), 1996,Random House Webster's Dictionary of Scientists, page317. 

"In the complex history of modern biology, only Darwin's theoryof evolution has so shocked the mind as to raise serious questionsabout man's place in the universe. Darwin forced men to considerthat they are animals, and that the designs of creation are playedout on a much wider stage than was imagined. From the point ofview of the theory of evolution, mankind is only one species amongthousands which have their place within the field of organic lifeon earth. The fact that people took the theory of evolution as anenemy of religion only shows how rigidly they understood the idea ofGod [stress added]." Jacob Needleman, 1975, A Sense ofthe Cosmos: The Encounter of Modern Science and Ancient Truth(NY: Doubleday & Co., Inc.), page 64.

"The [1937] Hungarian Nobel Prize winner [in Physiology/Medicine], Szent-Györgyi [von Nagyrapolt], once said that a scientist should see what everybody else has seen and then think what nobody has thought. Nobody did this better than Charles Darwin, who first realized that the evolution of life took place by Natural Selection. Darwin taught us all to see more clearly what everyone had seen, and Darwin also taught us to think, along with him, what no one else had thought. No branch of science is more dominated by a single theory, by a single great idea, than is the whole of biology by the idea of evolution by Natural Selection [stress added]." J. Livingston and L. Sinclair, 1967, Darwin and the Galapagos.

FROM: USA Today, January 4, 1999: "The ideawas simple. Sit around and pick the 1,000 most important people ofthe millenium. ... [#1] Johannes Gutenberg(1394?-1468) Inventor of printing.... [#5] WilliamShakespeare (1564-1616) 'Mirror of the millennium's soul'....[#6] Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Laws of motion helpedpropel the Age of Reason.... [#7] Charles Darwin(1809-1882) Theory of Evolution [stressadded]." From the book by Barbara and Brent Bowers & AgnesHooper Gottlieb and Henry Gottlieb, 1998, 1,000 People: RankingThe Men And Women Who Shaped The Millennium.

The concept of CHANGE is definitely vital to an understanding of Darwin, whether you are reading Darwin himself, reading about him, or discussing him. In 1859 Darwin published On The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Please note the changes Darwin made in the SIX editions of the same volume during his lifetime (as calculated by Morse Peckham [Editor], 1959, The Origin Of Species By Charles Darwin: A Variorum Text):

In the 5th edition of 1869, Darwin used (for the firsttime) the famous phrase (borrowed from Herbert Spencer[1820-1903]): "Survival of the Fittest." In the 6thedition of 1872, "On" was dropped from the title. In the 1stedition of 1859, Darwin only had the following phraseabout human beings: "In the distant future I see open fields for farmore important researches. Psychology will be based on a newfoundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental powerand capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of manand his history." In the 2nd edition of 1860 Darwin wrote thefollowing:

"Thus, from the war of nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator [stress added] into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved."

INCIDENTALLY, in his 1839 publication TheVoyage Of The Beagle, Darwin wrote the following:

"Among the scenes which are deeply impressed on my mind, none exceed in subliminity the primeval forests undefaced by the hand of man; whether those of Brazil, where the powers of Life are predominant, or those of Tierra del Fuego, where Death and Decay prevail. Both are temples filled with the varied productions of the God of Nature:--no one can stand in these solitudes unmoved, and not feel that there is more in man than the mere breath of his body [STRESS added]" 1839, page 436.

"The great value of Darwinism, it seems to me, was that itjolted modern men into questioning various sentimental beliefs aboutnature and man's place in it. In this, Darwin's influence closelyparallels that of Galileo [1564-1642]. Just as the firstmodern astronomers and physicists destroyed a naive geocentrism,so Darwin and his successors overwhelmingly displaced what may becalled homocentrism, the belief that nature exists for thesake of man [stress added]." Jacob Needleman,1975, A Sense of the Cosmos: The Encounter of Modern Science andAncient Truth (NY: Doubleday & Co., Inc.), page 72.

AND PLEASE CONSIDER the words of the Pulitzer Prize Winner (1940) and Nobel Prize Winner (1962) John Steinbeck (1902-1968) on Charles R. Darwin: "In a way, ours is the older method, somewhat like that of Darwin on the Beagle. He was called a 'naturalist'. He wanted to see everything, rocks and flora and fauna; marine and terrestrial. We came to envy this Darwin on his sailing ship. He had so much room and so much time. ... This is the proper pace for a naturalist. Faced with all things he [or she] cannot hurry. We must have time to think and to look and to consider [stress added]." John Steinbeck, 1951, The Log From The Sea of Cortez [1967 printing: Pan Books: London], page 123.

"Biologists do not accept the truth of evolution on the basisof Darwin's authority but on the basis of the evidence.Evolutionary theory has been out of Darwin's hands from the momentThe Origin of Species appeared in 1859. Once Darwinpublished his evolutionary hypotheses and the evidence upon whichthey were based, these entered the public domain of knowledge,and others took the ball and ran with it. Scientific knowledge is not'owned' by any individual so no individual, even the discoverer, can'take back' a theory [stress added]. Robert T.Pennock, 1999, Tower of Babel: The Evidence Against the NewCreationism (MIT Press), page 71.

"Biology also became historical after the publication in 1859 of Charles Darwin's [1809-1882] theory of evolution by natural selection. He argued that all species were descended from earlier ones, and that all creatures were locked in a struggle for existence which selected for the traits most advantageous for surival at a given time and place. Darwin's ideas were the most revolutionary and powerful scientific propositions of modern times, and posed a direct challenge to religious accounts of the origins of life and humankind. For this reason his views attracted vigorous opposition, especially from those who took the Bible as the literal word of God. ... gradually Darwin's views became--with modifications--universally accepted among the world's scientifically educated [stress added]." J.R. McNeill & William H. McNeill, 2003, The Human Web: A Bird's-Eye View of World History (NY: W.W. Norton & Co.), page 176.

http://darwin.ws/day/[Darwin Day Home Page]
http://www.galapagos.org/cdf.htm[Charles Darwin Foundation, Inc.]
http://www.aboutdarwin.com/[About Darwin.com]
http://www.gruts.demon.co.uk/darwin/index.htm[The Friends of Charles Darwin Home Page]
wysiwyg://5/http://www.iexplore.com/multimedia/galapagos.jhtml[The Galápagos Islands!]
http://www.natcenscied.org[The National Center for Science Education]
http://www.darwinawards.com/[Official Darwin Awards} "...showing us just how uncommon commonsense can be." Wendy Northcutt, 2000, The Darwin Awards: Evolutionin Action (Dutton).

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WEEK 4: BEGINNING Monday September 15,2008

I. RESEARCH & ECOLOGY & INTO LANGUAGE

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, Conformity AndConflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Ecology and Subsistence" [Overview], pages102-106.
"Language and Communication" [Overview], pages58-62.
"How to Ask for a Drink" by Spradley & Mann, pages 76-84.
"Conversation Style: Talking on the Job" by Debra Tannen, pages93-101.
"Life Without Chiefs" by Marvin Harris, pages 284-293.

III. APPROPRIATE VISUALS:
A. VIDEO: MYSTERIES OF MANKIND

"My intention is not, however, to [simply] impart information, but to throw the burden of study upon you. If I succeed in teaching you to observe, my aim will be attained." Louis Aggasiz [1807-1873], Swiss-American Scientist.

B.VIDEO: NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION [andsee http://www.careersonline.com.au/easyway/int/nvcomm.html].

"Communication begins with self and with others. The way we have learned about ourselves as women or as men affects how we communicate with others. This, in turn, affects others' perceptions of us and communication with us. How others see and communicate with us spirals back and influences our self-concept." Judy Cornelia Pearson et. al, 1991, Gender & Communication [2nd edition]), page 74.

"'You should write a book,' Ron told Hermione as he cut up hispotatoes, 'translating mad things girls do so boys can understandthem.'" J. K. Rowling, 2003, Harry Potter And the Order of ThePhoenix (NY: Scholastic Press), page 573

"Body language is innate. Worldwide, all people who pout adopt the same expression. None other than Charles Darwin [1809-1882] recorded that observation." The San Francisco Chronicle, March 1, 1998, page 8.

"Scientists have for the first time identified a gene thatplays a critical role in human language and speech. The finding shedsslight on what scientists suspect in one of several inheritedelements of language ability, which in combination with keysocial and environmental cues have allowed the human species to talk,gab, gossip and schmooze its way to global dominance[stress added]." Rick Weiss, Gense says much aboutlanguage. The Sacramento Bee, October 4, 2001, page A8.

IV. EVER SEE, OR REMEMBER?:

V. A STRATEGY OF ADAPTATION: CULTURAL EVOLUTION
A. Importance of Terminology
B. Strategies On Foraging, Gathering, Hunting, Pastoralism,and....
C. Cyberspace below (and allaround us!).

VI. REMINDERS:
A. EXAM I (20%) on FRIDAY SEPTEMBER 26, 2008 (Map,Multiple Choice, & True/False)
B. Potential EXAM I Questions belowin this Guidebook
C. Map for Exam 1 (below)
D. See: http://www.lizardpoint.com/fun/geoquiz/samericaquiz.html
http://www.lizardpoint.com/fun/geoquiz/afrquiz.htmlas well as http://www.ilike2learn.com/ilike2learn/geography.asp

VII: AND ON FRIDAY OCTOBER 3, 2008, RICHARD LEAKEY WILL BESPEAKING ON CAMPUS:

"A global thinker, influential environmentalist, and the world's best-known paleoanthropologist, Richard Leakey has been making international headlines for more than 30 years. As former director of the National Museum of Kenya and the Kenya Wildlife Service, Leakey has used his leadership skills and influence to raise money for wildlife preservation. Now a visiting professor of anthropology at Stony Brook University, Leakey, one of the foremost authorities on wildlife and nature conservation, continues to educate others about the dangers of environmental degradation. Dr. Leakey will be speaking as part of the annual President's Lecture Series, and is also a part of the On the Creek Lecture Series at Chico State. His visit is co-sponsored by the Museum of Anthropology and the Department of Anthropology at Chico State."

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment ofjobs to people.

ECOLOGY: The study of the way organisms interact with eachother within an environment.

ECONOMIC SYSTEM: The provision of goods and services tomeet biological and social needs.

ETHNOCENTRISM: A mixture of belief and feeling that one'sown way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

ETHNOGRAPHY: The task of discovering and describing aparticular culture.

HUNTING & GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involvingthe foraging of wild, naturally occurring foods.

INDUSTRIALISM: A subsistence strategy marked by intensive,mechanized food production and elaborate distribution networks.

LANGUAGE: The system of cultural knowledge used to generateand interpret speech.

PASTORALISM: a subsistence strategy based on themaintenance and use of large herds of animals.

SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES: Strategies used by groups of peopleto exploit their environment for material necessities. Hunting andgathering, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, and industrialismare subsistence strategies.

FROM THE VIDEO = "Lucy" discovered = "...a small female australopithecine who lived three million years ago, beside a lake in what is now Ethiopia. With forty percent of her skeleton recovered, she is the most complete specimen of an early hominid ever found. The shape of the pelvic bone shows that she was female, while the leg bones indicate that she walked upright. Her teeth suggest that she was about twenty years old when she died." Richard E. Leakey, 1981, The Making of Mankind, page 67.

FROM THE VIDEO = Richard Leakey, son of the Drs. Louis andMary Leakey, as the "organizing genius of modern paleontology. ...Homo erectus - the first human species to leave Africa. ...Tools as a reflection of the user." Pat Schifman = "Theproblem for us today is to tease out of the past - to coax out ofthe evidence - ... And once we know when we started and how westarted and what was important, then we may have a very differentidea of what it means to be human; videos also deals with DNAresearch and the hypothesis of a single woman in Africaapproximately 200,000 years ago = "the more closely alike the DNA,the more closely related the individuals are." "New technologieswill add other new pieces to the expanding puzzle, but that isall we can expect--random puzzle pieces--never can the entire picturebe known. For scientists, the excitement of the quest neverdiminishes [stress added]." For More, seeScientific American of April 1992 for article by Wilson &Cann entitled "The Recent African Genesis of Humans" and an opposingarticle by Thorne & Wolpoff entitled "The Multiregional Evolutionof Humans" where they state that "The reasoning behind a molecularclock is flawed" and see Discovery September 1995 (pages70-81) for some of the latest work by Ofer Bar-Yosef at Kebara.

"One of the greatest lessons that can be learned from the history of science is one of humility. Science may indeed be steadily learning more about the structure of the world, but surely what is known is exceedingly small in relation to what is unknown. There is no scientific theory today, not even a law, that may not be modified or discarded tomorrow [stress added]." Martin Gardner, 1990, The New Ambidextrous Universe: Symmetry and Asymmetry From Mirror Reflections to Superstrings, 3rd edition, page 335.

"The first treatment to show any promise against the deadlyEbola virus has cured one-third of the monkeys on which it was tested- raising hoped that a lifesaving therapy for people may be on thehorizon. ... In this study, researchers injected 12 monkeyswith a high dose of the Zaire strain of the Ebola virus, which is100 percent fatal in monkeys. Then, starting either 10 minutes afterthe lethal injection or 24 hours later, the scientists gave nine ofthe monkeys daily shots of the anticoagulation protein for 14 days.The other three monkeys got fake injections. ... Three of the ninemonkeys treated, or 33 percent, lived. All the monkeys who receivedthe fake treatment died [stress added]."Anon., 2003, Protein shows promise against Ebola in monkeys.The Sacramento Bee, December 12, 2003, page A21.

"In his perceptive little book Technopoly, Neil Postman argues that all disciplines ought to be taught as if they were history. That way, students 'can begin to understand, as they now do not, that knowledge is not a fixed thing but a stage in human development, with a past and a future.' I wish I'd said that first. If all knowledge has a past--and computer technology is surely a special kind of knowledge--then all knowledge is contingent [stress added]." Paul de Palma, 1999, http://www.when_is_enough_enough?.com. The American Scholar, Winter, reprinted in David Quammen [Editor], 2000, The Best American Science And Nature Writing 2000, pages 34-47 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.), page 36.

"The transition from hunting to agriculture had profoundconsequences. Nomadic groups had relatively little capacity toalter the environment. Sedentary populations, on the other hand,transformed the location in many ways. As archaeological excavationsdemonstrate, humans cleared the land, built drainage and watersystems, and kept domesticated animals. As the food supply becamemore dependable, populations began to grow in both size anddensity. Humans increasingly lived in villages, towns, andsubsequently cities, where more crowded conditions prevailed.Additional contatcs between groups followed the inevitable rise oftrade and commerce [stress added]." Gerald N. Grob,2002, The Deadly Truth: A History of Disease in America(Harvard university Press), page 10.

SOME QUESTIONS asked of Richard Leakey: "What do you think is the biggest problem facing the world today? Global warming. ... Which historical figure would you most like to invite to a dinner party? Charles Darwin, so that I could tell him of what we now know and re-assure him that he has made some of the most significant contributions ever in terms of placing us within context on this planet [stress added]." Discover, May 1999, pages 18-19.

"Long after I became involved in fossil hunting, but while myfather and I were still cleaning antlers, I came across a manuscriptof a lecture he had given, in California, I think. One sentencearrested my attention: 'The past is the key to our future.' Ifelt as if I were reading something I had written; it expressed myown conviction completely [stress added]." RichardLeakey & Roger Lewin, 1992, Origins Reconsidered: In Search OfWhat Makes Us Human, page xv.

"A growing understanding of human genetics is prompting fresh consideration of how much control people have over who they are and how they act. The recent discoveries include genes that seem to influence whether an individual is fat, has a gift for dance or will be addicted to cigarettes. Pronouncements about the power of genes seem to be in the news almost daily, and are changing the way some Americans feel about themselves, their flaws and their talents, as well as the decisions they make [stress added]." Amy Harmon, 2006, That Wild Streak? Maybe It Runs in the Family. The New York Times, June 15, 2006, pages A1 + A19, page A1.

"Scientists said evidence is mounting that climate change hasled to genetic modifications in a range of creatures, includingbirds, squirrels and mosquitoes. Writing in the journalScience, Professor William Bradshaw and researcher ChristineHolzapfel of the University of Oregon attribute the evolution toglobal warming, producing longer growing seasons while simultaneouslyalleviating winter cold stress without imposing summer heat stress.Animal species have responded with heritable, genetic changesas they have extended their range toward the poles while developingor reproducing earlier, according to the report [stressadded]." Steve Newman, 2006, Warmng Evolution. The SanFrancisco Chronicle, June 17, 2006, page C8.

"Three scientists, two of them Roman Catholic biologists, have asked Pope Benedict XVI to clarify the church's position on evolution in light of recent statements by Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, an influential theologian, that the modern theory of evolution may be incompatible with Catholic faith [stress added]." Cornelia Dean, 2005, Scientists Ask pope For Clarification On Evolution Stance. The New York Times, July 13, 2005, page A18. 

NOTE: "Nonverbal communication functions in severalimportant ways in regulating human interactions. It is an effectiveway of (1) sending messages about our attitudes and feelings,(2) elaborating on our verbal messages, and (3) governingthe timing and turn taking between communicators[stress added]." Gary P. Ferraro, 1990, TheCultural Dimensions Of International Business, page 69.

FROM THE VIDEO: "The world of people is a world of words....[but]." "Just as a bird watcher watches birds, so a man-watcher [or a people watcher] watches people. But he [or she] is a student of human behavior, not a voyeur. To him [or her], the way an elderly gentleman waves to a friend is quite as exciting as the way a young girl crosses her legs. He [or she] is a field-observer of human actions, and his [or her] field is everywhere--at the bus-stop, the supermarket, the airport, the street corner, the dinner party and the football match. Wherever people behave, there the man-watcher [or people watcher] has something to learn--about his [or her] fellow-men and ultimately about himself." [Desmond Morris, 1977, Manwatching: A Field Guide to Human Behavior, page 8]

FROM THE VIDEO: The human face, one of the most expressive"tools." ... How do "we" know that it is the face and not theknowledge about the feeling behind the face? ... "Proxemics" or thestudy of interpersonal space in human beings. Females are moresensitive to non-verbal cues than men. Important for survival in theenvironment. ... Deliberate ambiguity of non-verbal communication[NVC]. ... NVC as an instrument of self-presentation; used toqualify remarks; synchronize communications; and express a thought orfeeling we may wish to take back. If some NVC are learned, some arealso traced to our biological heritage.

NOTE: Zones: Intimate, Personal, Social, and Public. (See Peter Marsh, 1988, Eye To Eye: How People Interact, page 42); "Culture is communication and communication is culture....Culture is not one thing, but many....Culture is concerned more with messages...." (E. T. Hall, The Silent Language, 1959: 169).

NOTE: "According to anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell, in anyhuman conversation, no more than thirty-five percent of the socialmeaning is communicated in words. All the rest isnonverbal [stress added]." (Flora Davis,Eloquent Animals: A Study in Animal Communication, 1978:183)

NOTE: "Why do men and women communicate so differently?It may be something in our genes. A new study has found evidenceof a gene that may explain why women tend to be more adept in socialsituations than men - contradicting the popular notion that culturaldifferences cause the male-female social gap. 'This suggests thatthere is a genetic basis for female intuition ... the ability toread social situations that are not obvious,' says David Skuse, leadauthor of the report in this week's issue of Nature. 'Womenare born with that facility and men have to learn it.' ... No wordyet on finding a gene for people who are just plain boring[stress added]." Robert Langreth, The Wall StreetJournal, June 12, 1997, page B1.

PLEASE NOTE: "Contrary to established theory, men and women use radically different methods for coping with stress, a new study has concluded. ... Recent observations, the researchers say, indicate that women, and females of numerous other species, typically employ a different response, which the psychologists term 'tend and befriend.' When stress mounts, women are more prone to protect and nurture their children ('tend') and turn to social networks of supportive females ('befriend'). That behavior became prevalent over millenia of human evolution, the researchers speculate, because succesful tenders and befrienders would be more likely to have their offspring survive and pass on their mothers' traits [stress added]." Stress Management A Gender Issue? Curt Suplee, The San Francisco Chronicle, May 19, 2000, page A3.

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ANTHROPOLOGY & CYBERSPACE (FALL2008 )

"In the summer of 1994 [and how old were you then?] theInternet was still mainly an academic plaything. The company thatbecame Netscape Communications had not yet released its web browser.Many computers still ran MS-DOS. Intel's new Pentium chip was aluxury, and a 1-gigabyte hard drive was considered huge." StephenH. Wildstrom, Lessons from a Dizzying Decade in Tech. BusinessWeek, June 14, 2004, page 25.

CYBERSPACE: A term used William Gibson inNeuromancer (1984) to describe interactions in a world ofcomputers and human beings. Cyberspace can be viewed asanother location to be explored and interpreted byanthropologists. Urbanowicz believes that the "World Wide Web" isvery similar to the period known as "The Enlightenment" in France(which, combined with the industrial revolution that began inapproximately the 1760's, created the world that we know today). Forsome of the reasons that Urbanowicz does what he does, see: http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/K12Visuals98.htm. Ifyou "surf" the web (and I do), please surf carefully and evaluatewisely.

How does one "evaluate" and "use" the wide range of informationon the Web? One does it just as Darwin did, carefully, patiently, andslowly, for as Darwin wrote:

"False facts are highly injurious to the progress of science, for they often endure long; but false views, if supported by some evidence, do little harm, for every one takes a salutary pleasure in proving their falseness: and when this is done, one path towards error is closed and the road to truth is often at the same time opened." Charles R. Darwin, 1871, The Descent of Man And Selection in Relation to Sex[1981 Princeton University Press edition, with Introduction by John T. Bonner and Robert M. May], Chapter 21, page 385.

"Though Darwin died more than a century before the advent ofthe World Wide Web, his unforgiving survival theory applied as muchto outdoors-oriented sites as to the species. The fittest are stillwith us...." Michael Shapiro, 2002, Returning to nature easierafter trekking through Net. San Francisco Chronicle, June 2,2002,Section C8, page 8.

"The driving force in the semiconductor industry has been the theorem known as Moore's Law. First posited by Intel Corp. co-founder Gordin Moore in the 1960s, Moore's Law states that the number of transistors that fit on a chip will double every 18 months. ... Moore's Law has held true so far, with Intel's latest Pentium cramming 8 million transistors on a tiny sliver of silicon. The industry is confident that it can achieve even more astounding figures, such as 100 million transistors on a chip [stress added]." San Francisco Chronicle, August 10, 1998, page E1.

"The great thing about crummy software is the amount ofemployment it generates. If Moore's law is upheld for another 20or 30 years, there will not only be a vast amount of computationgoing on planet Earth, but the maintenance of that computationwill consume the efforts of almost every living person. We're talkingabout a planet of help desks [stress added]."Jaron Lanier, 2000, One-Half of a Manifesto: Why stupid software willsave the future from neo-Darwinian machines. Wired, December2000, 8.12, pages 158-179, page 174.

"'It's the information age, and librarians are the information specialists,' said Kevin Starr, state librarian for California. ... I think information service is the profession for the millennium [said Cora Iezza]." Beyond the Dewey Decimal. Julie N. Lynem, July 14, 2002, The San Francisco Chronicle, page B1.

"When this circuit learns your job, what are you going to do?" InMarshall McLuhan & Quentin Fiore (1967), The Medium Is TheMassage, page 20.

"Clyde Presowitz says he had a revelation in 2003 when his oldest son, a software developer living on Lake Tahoe in California, asked him to co-invest in a snow-removal company. Why, wondered Prestowitz, would his high-tech offspring go into a business 'as mundane as snow removal?' Explained the son: "Dad, they can't move the snow to India [stress added].'" Paul Magnusson, 2005, Why Asia Will Eat Our Lunch [book review of]: Three Billion New Capitalists: The Great Shift of Wealth and Power to the East (2005) by Clyde Prestowitz, Business Week, June 20, 2005, page 22. 

"Career advice for the 21st century: Stay away from any jobthat can be done online.... profiting from the Darwinian laboreconomics of the Internet [stress added]." Maniand Me: Hearing 'Mister,' I work Cheap' From Across The Globe. LeeGomes, June 3, 2002, The Wall Street Journal, page B.

"'We used to educate farmers to be farmers, factory workers to be factory workers, teachers to be teachers, men to be men, women to be women.' The future demands 'renaissance people. You can't be productive in the information age if you don't know how to talk to a diverse population, use a computer, understand a world view instead of a parochial view, write, speak [stress added].'" In Byrd L. Jones and Robert W. Maloy, 1996, Schools For An Information Age: Reconstructing Foundations For learning And Teaching, page 15.

"Google--or any search engine--isn't just another website;it's the lens through which we see that information, and itaffects what we see and don't see. At the risk of waxingOrwellian, how we search affects what we find and by extension,how we learn what we know [stress added]. LevGrossman, 2003, Search And Destroy. Time, December 22, 2003,pages 46-50, page 50.

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POSSIBLE QUESTIONS FOR EXAM I (20%)ON FRIDAY SEPTEMBER 26, 2008

1. Anthropology provides ______ basis for dealing with thecrucial dilemmas of today's world. (a) an historical; (b) ascientific; (c) a computerized; (d) a romantic

2. Among the Yanomamo, the following took place: (a)alliances; (b) trading; (c) feasts; (d) all-of-the-above.

3. Someone has written that "You may not believe inevolution, and that is all right. How we humans came to be the way weare is far less important than...": (a) how we should act now to getout of the mess we have made for ourselves; (b) how will we createrules of descent; (c) where the next fossil finds will be found; (d)all-of-the-above.

4. Recent scientific studies continue to warn thathumanity's demands on natural resources: (a) have yet to be reached;(b) are in balance with nature; (c) are reaching, or have alreadyhit, unsustainable levels; (d) sorry: never mentioned!

5. TRUE FALSE The "Abstract" for Harris (in S&M)pointed out that there were no societies in the world that lackedformal political structure.

6. TRUE FALSE For various anthropologists, "evidence" canbe tools, bones, or genes.

7. TRUE FALSE Bohannan (in S&M) discussed translationproblems of Hamlet for the Tiv of Mexico.

8. TRUE FALSE The 'Toumaï' skull is the earliest knownrecord of the human family, between 6 and 7 million years old.

9. TRUE FALSE The concept of "silent language" consists ofspeaking distances, gestures, as well as smiles (and a "host of othertacit signs").

10. TRUE FALSE According to this Guidebook andlectures, there have been studies which state that "prayer" canheal.

ALSO PLEASE REMEMBER: "Examinations are formidable even tothe best prepared; for the greatest fool may ask more than the wisestman [or individual!] can answer." (Charles Colton,1780-1832).

A "sample" self-paced exam should be available at:http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SelfTesting/ANTH113FA2008TESTOne.htmby FRIDAY September 19, 2008, to assist you in the examination.(Incidentally, I am well aware that "older" versions of myANTH 113 Exams exist "out there" - I return them to you so youcan learn from any mistakes; by all means, if you have access to"old" exams, do look at them; but r.e.m.e.m.b.e.r to read andstudy for EXAM I (and eventually EXAM II and EXAMIII) as if you might be faced with BRAND NEWEXAMINATION QUESTIONS - which could well be the case!)!

"Getting a good night's sleep before a big exam might be betterthan pulling an all-nighter. A study found that sleep apparentlyrestores memories that were lost during a hectic day. It's not just amatter of sleep recharging the body physically. Research say sleepcan rescue memories in a biological process of storing andconsolidating them deep in the brain's complex circuitry. The findingis one of several conclusions made in a pair of studies in today'sissue of the journal Nature that look at how sleep affectsmemory [stress added]." Rick Callahan,2003,Sleep helps people learn, study finds. The San FranciscoChronicle, October 8, 2003, page A8.

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WEEK 5: BEGINNING Monday September 22,2008

I. LANGUAGE, COMMUNICATION & REVIEW AND EXAM I (20%) onFRIDAY SEPTEMBER 26, 2008

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, Conformity AndConflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Eating Christmas in the Kalahari" by Richard Borshay Lee,pages 15-22.
"Shakespeare in the Bush" by Laura Bohannan, pages 23-32.

III. LANGUAGE, THOUGHT, AND CULTURE
A. Sapir-Whorf [Who were they? who cares?!]: Pleaseread page 63 in S&M.
B. Culture is Communication is Culture!

"Culture is communication. In physics, so far as we know, the galaxies that one studies are all controlled by the same laws. This is not entirely true of the worlds created by humans. Each cultural world operates according to its own principles, and its own laws--written and unwritten. Even time and space are unique to each culture. There are, however, some common threads that run through all cultures. It is possible to say that the world of communication can be divided into three parts: words, material things, and behavior." Edward & Mildred Hall, 1990, Understanding Cultural Differences, page 3.

"People and their languages are always on the move. Evenbefore the colonization of the past few centuries, many languageswere spoken far from their homelands, whether because of trade,war, or migration [stress added]." SteveOlson, 2002, Mapping Human History: Discovering the Past ThroughOur Genes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company), page 143.

"Encouraging students to trust themselves is one of the most important things a teacher can do. ... You can help the student know herself [or himself] by inspiring participation and promoting self-confidence. [stress added]." Judith Kahn, 1975, The Guide To Conscious Communication, page 4.

V. COMMENTS AND REVIEW
A. VIDEO: LANGUAGE
B. EXAM I (20%) ON FRIDAYSEPTEMBER 26, 2008.
C. Review all Spradley & McCurdy pages &Guidebook pages to date.
D. Map} Central and South America and Africa.
E. Map, Multiple Choice, and True/False.

V. REMINDER: READINGS, TERMS, AND VIDEO FOR THIS WEEK AREINCLUDED ON THE EXAM THIS FRIDAY SEPTEMBER 26, 2008.

VI. INCIDENTALLY, PLEASE CONSIDER THE HISTORICALSIGNIFICANCE OFAN EVENT WHICH OCCURED FIFTY-ONE YEARS AGO THIS WEEK ON SEPTEMBER 25,1957:

Little Rock Central High School wasdesegragated. [See:http://www.centralhigh57.org/as well as: http://www.nps.gov/chsc/= Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site.

GRAMMAR: The categories and rules for combining vocalsymbols.

LANGUAGE: The system of cultural knowledge used to generateand interpret speech.

MORPHEME: The smallest meaningful category in anylanguage.

NONLINGUISTIC SYMBOLS: Any symbol that exists outside thesystem of language and speech; for example, visual symbols.

PHONEME: The minimal category of speech sounds that signalsa difference in meaning.

PHONOLOGY: The categories and rules for forming vocalsymbols.

SEMANTICS: The categories and rules for relating vocalsymbols to their referents.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC RULES: Rules specifying the nature of thespeech community, the particular speech situations within acommunity, and the speech acts that members use to convey theirmessages.

SPEECH: The behavior that produces meaningful vocalsounds.

SYMBOL: Anything that humans can sense that is given anarbitrary relationship to its referent.

TACIT CULTURE: The shared knowledge of which people usuallyare unaware and do not communicate verbally.

"Humanity? Maybe It's in the Wiring: Neuroscientists have given up looking for the seat of the soul, but they are still seeking what may be special about human brains, what it is that provides the basis for a level of self-awareness and complex emotions unlike those of other animals. Most recently they have been investigsating circuitry rather than specific locations, looking at the pathways and connections.... There are specailized neurons at work.... The only other animals to have such cells are the great apes. ... The body, it turns out, is as important as the brain. Dr. Antonio Damasio, a neurologist at the University of Iowa Medical Center and author of the book Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow and the Feeling Brain.... [stress added]." Sandra Blakesleee, The New York Times, December 9, 2003, page D1 + D4, page D1.

"Dr. Paul Bloom, a professor of psychology at Yale....suggested that 'humans have a dedicated language ability from thestart.' Language capacity may be built into the human brain....This view accords with the theory proposed by the linguist NoamChomsky [1928->] that humans are born with the ability touse language [stress added]." Mary Duenwald, 2002,Babbies' babbling speaks volumes. The San Francisco Chronicle,November 10, 2002, page E11.

"Babies babble, starting at about seven months, not only with their mouths but also with their hands in a natural form of sign language, researchers have found. A study published in the journal Nature suggests that babies are born with sensitivity to highly specific rhythmic patterns naturally found in languages. The findings idicate that a baby's perception of such patterns is a key mechanism that launches the process of acquiring human language." Lee Bowman, 2001, C'mon, talk to me, baby. The San Francisco Chronicle, September 16, 2001, page C7.

"Human language: All in the genes? A comparison of the geneticmaps of people and chimpanzees supports the idea that language is akey factor that makes us human, according to a team ofresearchers at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y., and CeleraGenomics. In Friday's issue of the journal Science, theresearchers noted differences in genes believed to be involved in thedevelopment of speech and hearing. 'We speculate that understandingspoken language may have required tuning of hearing acuity,' theywrote. The team also found differences in genes involved in the senseof human smell. Scientists think chimps and humans diverged from acommon ancestor 5 million years ago. Humans and chimps share morethan 99% of their genes, and scientists are eager to find out howtiny diferences can be som important [stress added]."Anon., 2003, USA Today, November 15, 2003, page 6D.

FROM THE VIDEO: "If language is built into us as a species, where in the evolutionary record did this miracle first occur? Why did language evolve in man alone of all living creatures? Clues to the origin of language come to us from fossil records. Dr. Philip Lieberman, of the Department of Linguistics at Brown University, has examined Neanderthal and hominoid skulls in his laboratory. ... [You] observe how the muscles attach to the bones of the living animal, then put together the fossil. Now once you have that, you can also tell a fair amount about the brain and how the brain could control anatomy. ... Modern speech is very efficient. We don't think about it because we do it all the time. So it's perfectly natural. But it turns out that it's almost ten times faster than any other sound, such as sound that chimpanzees make. ... It's really impossible to conceive of human culture without language. Language enters into everything. You can't have human culture without human language. Further, language facilitates thought. I think it's impossible to conceive of human thought without human language. ... "In fact, language is so central to the human mind that it emerges in everyone with normal human abilities, even when hearing is absent at birth." ... Pidgin language develops into Creole as a result of the children. "So it may be the very structure of language is programmed into the brain [stress added]."

NOTE: "Derek Bickerton...believes that creoles provideevidence for an innate language program. Creoles--more than a hundredare known--generally appeared when the slave trade and Europeancolonialism forced great numbers of people who spoke differentlanguages to work together." (Ann Finkbeiner, 1988, in The DayThat Lightning Chased The Housewife ...And Other Mysteries ofSciences, edited by Julia Leigh and David Savold, page 12).

"Part of our moral behavior is grounded...in a specific part of our brains." Dr. Antonio Damasio, Denise Gellene, 2007, Study suggests moral behavior is hard-wired. The Sacramento Bee, March 22, 2007, page A9..

"Going the polygraph one better, scientists say they havespotted a telltale pattern of brain activity that can reveal whensomeone is lying. ... Using a type of brain scan calledfunctional magnetic resonance imaging, scientists found certain brainregions...were more active in test subjects when they were not beingtruthful [stress added]." Carl T. Hall, 2001, FibDetector. The San Francisco Chronicle, November 26, 2001, pageA10.

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WEEK 6: BEGINNING Monday September 29,2008.

I. ECOLOGY & SUBSISTENCE (CONTINUED) AND REMEMBER ON FRIDAYOCTOBER 3, 2008 RICHARD LEAKEY IS SPEAKING ON CAMPUS:

"A global thinker, influential environmentalist, and the world's best-known paleoanthropologist, Richard Leakey has been making international headlines for more than 30 years. As former director of the National Museum of Kenya and the Kenya Wildlife Service, Leakey has used his leadership skills and influence to raise money for wildlife preservation. Now a visiting professor of anthropology at Stony Brook University, Leakey, one of the foremost authorities on wildlife and nature conservation, continues to educate others about the dangers of environmental degradation. Dr. Leakey will be speaking as part of the annual President's Lecture Series, and is also a part of the On the Creek Lecture Series at Chico State. His visit is co-sponsored by the Museum of Anthropology and the Department of Anthropology at Chico State."

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, Conformity AndConflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Ecology and Subsistence" [Overview][repeat], pages 102-106.
"Kinship and Family" [Overview], pages 178-181.
"The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari" by Richard BorshayLee, pages 107-121.
"Adaptive Failure: Easter's End" by Jared Diamond, pages 122-131.
"A Woman's Curse?" by Meredith F. Small, pages 240-248.

III. A STRATEGY OF ADAPTATION: CULTURAL EVOLUTION
A. Importance of Terminology
B. Strategies on Gathering, Hunting, Pastoralism, and....

And remember from Week I: "The palest ink is better than the best memory." (Chinese proverb) and "The ear is a less trustworthy witness than the eye." (Herodotus [c.485-426 B.C.], The Histories of Herodotus, Book 1, Chapter 8) and it was said of Leonardo Da Vinci (1352-1519): "...he also learned to carry a notebook with him at all times and to use it, so that whatever went in through the eye came out through his hand [stress added]." Holland Cotter, 2002,Leonardo: The Eye, The Hand, The Mind." The New York Times, January 24, 2003, pages B35 + B37, page B37.

"Don't spend a lot of time worrying about your failures. I've learned a whole lot more from my mistakes than from all of my successes [stress added]. Statement by Ann Richards. In Alan Ross [Editor], 2001, Speaking of Graduating: Excerpts From Timeless Graduation Speeches (Nashville, TN: Walnut Grove Press), page 79.

C. VIDEO: PRIMITIVE PEOPLE[CFU: Horrible title but semi-reasonablevideo!]
D. BUSHMEN OF THE KALAHARI = [the!Kung]

"The barbarous heathen are nothing more strange to us than we areto them.... Human reason is a tincture in like weight and measureinfused into all our opinions and customs, what form soever they be,infinite in matter, infinite in diversity." (Michel Eyquem deMontaigne [1533-1592], Essays, page 53 [1959paperback publication of a translation from 1603].

"Lord Voldemort's gift for spreading discord and enmity is very great. We can fight it only by showing an equally strong bond of fiendship and trust. Differences of habit and language are nothing at all if our aims are identical and our hearts open" [stress added]." Albus Dumbledore, In Harry Potter And The Goblet of Fire, 2000, by Joanne K. Rowling, page 723.

G. ESSAY: Body Ritual Among the Nacirema [pleasesee below in thisGuidebook].

"When one comes to think of it, it is pretty obvious that Woman, not Man was the innovator who laid the foundations of our civilization. While the men went hunting, the Woman was the guardian of the fire and, pretty certainly, the first maker of pottery. It was she who went picking the wild berries and nuts and seeds and who went poking with sticks to unearth the edible roots. In the mother-to-daughter tradition, the knowledge of plants born of long observation led women to experiment in cultivation. Biologically Woman was more observant than Man, because the recurring phases of the moon coincided with the rhythm of her fertile life and she could observe the period of gestation not only in herself but in the animals and in the seasonal reappearance of the plants. So she had a sense of Time, and the measurement of Time was one of the earliest manifestations of constructive and systematic thinking [stress added]." Sir Ritchie Calder, 1961, After The Seventh Day: The World Man Created, page 69.

IV. REMEMBER, WRITINGASSIGNMENT (10%) DUE FRIDAY October 17, 2008.

Isaac Asimov (1920-1992)} "What one needs is thinking time, and that can't be rushed. You have to think up your plots and your complications and your resolutions, so that most of your time is going to be spent thinking and not typing." Janet Jeppson Asimov, 2002, Isaac Asimov: It's Been a Good Life (NY: Prometheus Books), page 108.

V. INCIDENTALLY, PLEASE CONSIDER THE HISTORICALSIGNIFICANCE OFAN EVENT WHICH OCCURED FIFTY-ONE YEARS AGO THIS SATURDAY ON OCTOBER4, 1957:

"History changed on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball, weighed only 183 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. That launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments. While the Sputnik launch was a single event, it marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race." [From: http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/]

CULTURAL ECOLOGY: The study of the way people use theirculture to adapt to particular environments, the effects they have ontheir natural surrounding, and the impact of the environment on theshape of culture, including its long-term evolution.

CULTURE: The knowledge that is learned, shared, and used bypeople to interpret experience and generate behavior.

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment ofjobs to people.

ECONOMIC SYSTEM: The provision of goods and services tomeet biological and social wants.

ETHNOGRAPHY: The task of discovering and describing aparticular culture.

FAMILY: A residential group composed of at least onemarried couple and their children.

HUNTING AND GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involvingthe foraging of wild, naturally occuring foods.

HORTICULTURE: A kind of subsistence strategy involvingsemi-intensive, usually shifting, agricultural practices.Slash-and-burn farming is a common example of horticulture.

MAGIC: Strategies people use to control supernatural powerto achieve particular results.

RITE OF PASSAGE: A series of rituals that move individualsfrom one social state or status to another.

SUPERNATURAL: Things that are beyond the natural.Anthropologists usually recognize a belief in such things asgoddesses, gods, spirits, ghosts, and mana to be signs ofsupernatural belief.

WORLDVIEW: The way people characteristically look out onthe universe.

"Since the late 1960s, use of the term 'Koori' (or Koorie) to refer to [Australian] Aborigines has become widespread. The word means 'people' in a number of languages from southeastern Australia and is one of a number of such terms used to distinguish the indigenous people of specific regions. A Koori is an indigeneous person from NSW or Victoria, just as a Murri is from Queensland, a Nunga is from South Australia and a Nyungar from Western Australia [stress added]." Paul Smitz [Coordinating Author] et al., 2004, Australia 12th Edition (Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd) , page 35.

The Commonwealthof Australia [2,967,909 square miles] has an estimatedpopulation of 20,434,176. The World Almanac And Book of Facts2008, page 748.]

Captain James Cook [1728-1779] on Australian Aborigines: "They may appear to some to be the most wretched people upon Earth, but in reality they are far more happier than we Europeans: being wholy unacquainted not only with the superfluous but the necessary Conveniences so much sought after in Europe, they are happy in not knowing the use of them. They live in a tranquility which is not disturb'd by the Inequality of Condition: The Earth and the sea of their own accord furnishes them with all things necessary for life.... They seem'd to set no Value upon anything we gave them, nor would they ever part with any thing of their own for any one article we could offer the; this is my opinion argues that they think themselves provided with all the necessarys of Life [stress added]." Tony Horwitz, 2002, Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before (NY: Henry Holt and Company), pages 177-178.

"Aboriginal Australia was divided into some three hundredtribes, each associated with a separate area. Tribal unity wasbased on common language and common mythology, but notusually upon group action. For the individual native, membership in alocal group or horde was much more important than tribal membership.Each horde was identified with a subdivision of the tribal area andconsisted of a number of families related to one another throughvarious kinship ties. Males usually dwelt throughout their livesin the territory where they were born; wives were selected from otherparts of the tribe and moved to their husbands' place at marriage.But although residence was more commonly based upon fatherrelationships, ties with the mother were also emphasized throughimportant totemic means. Yet more important than either of thesesocial groupings was the biological family unit. ... The family unithas been aptly called the group of orientation. For, in Australia asin most other primitive [sic.] cultures, an individual'sfamily relationships determined the kinship terms and behavior heused toward every other person in his social universe[stress added]." Douglas L. Oliver, The PacificIslands, 1961, pp. 31-32.

See San Francisco Chronicle of 29 May 1997: "Australia ruled out any compensation yesterday for 100,000 Aboriginal children forcibly taken from their families by the government for more than a half a century until the early 1970s. ... Under state laws starting in 1910, the government removed Aboriginal children from their families because the white majority considered it as in their best interest. ... Australia's 303,000 Aborigines make up 1 percent of its population. They have long complained of discrimination, and they lag behind other Australians in access to jobs, education and health services [stress added]." (page A10).

"It spotlights a shameful recent chapter of Australian history,when racist kidnappings were part of that country's officialpolicy, yet 'Rabbit-Proof Fence' turns this dubious pastinto a breathtaking story of defiance and triumph that has to beconsidered one of the year's most sublime films. Direcotr PhillipNoyce based his movie on the lives of three Aboriginal girls who,in 1931, escaped from their captors into a shaky freedom thatrequired them to traverse more than 1,000 miles.... Between 1910and 1970, the Australian government targeted mixed-race Aboriginalchildren in the outback and took themn to reorientation centers.There they were forced to speak English, attend Church and learn'skills' they would use as servants and laborers for white people.One hundred thousand Aboriginal children were taken this way fromtheir parents, according to an Australian government reportreleased in 1997 [stress added]." Jonathan Curiel,2002, Following the fence to freedom: Aboriginal girls' escape makesfor gripping drama. The San Francisco Chronicle, December 25,2002, pages D1 + D9.

FROM THE VIDEO: John Marshall & Kerewele Ledimo seekthe village of !Kadi and ask the question "Do the people still pursuetheir ancient way of life and freedom of the Kalahari? ... The peopleI lived with in the Western Kalahari called themselves zhutwa si [the harmless people; they also call all strangerszhu dole or dangerous people]." ... "Beyond satisfyinghunger, hunting confirmed kinship ties ... drawing them together. ...Kinship has always been the key to Bushmen survival."

"The Kalahari is never well watered, so the !Kung are used to long dry spells, during which they fall back on the most reliable water holes and eat a far wider range of plant foods. ... Each family creates ties with others in a system of mutual reciprocity called hxaro. Hxaro involves a balanced, continual exchange of gifts between individuals that gives both parties access to each other's resources in times of need. Hxaro relationships create strong ties of friendship and commitment. Hxaro distributes risk by giving each party an alternative residence, sometimes up to fifty to two hundred kilometers away. Each family has options when famine threatens." Brian Fagan, 1999, Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Niño and the Fate of Civilizations, page 78.

FROM THE VIDEO: Mentions John Marshall's sister ElizabethMarshall (who wrote a 1958 book entitled The Harmless People."Most respected for scientific work would be Lorna Marshall, John'smother.

NOTE: John Marshall wrote that "from ÇToma (1911-1988), I learned as much about observing as I did about hunting and gathering. ÇToma taught me how to watch, listen and suspend judgement. ... ÇToma stressed the importance of telling the truth and being specific. For obvious reasons, Ju/'hoansi could not rely on magic and belief to survive in the Kalahari where rain is local and erratic, bushfoods are hard to find and the game is hard to track; arriving where water had been mistakenly reported could be fatal. Knowledge had to be extensive, objective and accurate [STRESS added]." The Cinema of John Marshall, 1993 (Edited by Jay Ruby) pp. 34-35.

From: The Harmless People: the Bushmen knows "everybush and stone, every convolution of the ground, and have usuallynamed every place in it where a certain kind of valid food may be.... If all their knowledge about their land and its resources wererecorded and published, it would make up a library of thousands ofvolumes. Such knowledge was as essential to early man as it is tothese people. ... They have no chiefs or kings, only headmen whoin function are virtually indistinguishable from the people theylead, and sometimes a band will not even have a headman. Aleader is not really necessary, however, because the Bushmen roamabout together in small family bands rarely numbering more thantwenty people. ... Their culture insists that they share with eachother, and it has never happened that a Bushmen failed to shareobjects, food, or water with the other members of his band, forwithout very rigid co-operation Bushmen could not survive the faminesand droughts that the Kalahari offers them. ... Trust, peace, andcooperation form the spine of Bushmen life. ... By maintainingthese three virtues, Bushmen live where otherwise people might not[stress added]."

"Peaceful cooperation, that's the key." (Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington - also known as Nearly Headless Nick} J. K. Rowling, 2003, Harry Potter And the Order of The Phoenix (NY: Scholastic Press), page 209.

NOTE: John Marshall wrote that "In order to understand theproblems Ju'hoansi have faced in the last thirty years, and thechanges in their economy and society they have endured, it isimportant to know where they started from. But people do not startfrom scratch; the invisible reality of history shapes their presentand future [STRESS added]." The Cinema of JohnMarshall, 1993 (Edited by Jay Ruby), p. 64.

FROM THE VIDEO: "We discussed not the past but the new problems of life on the reservations. ... Their concern was with the future: I wondered how long their past would remain in living history."

FROM THE VIDEO: On Bushmen rock paintings} points out that"theory says such handprints are signatures or magical signs." ..."They had so little except a great knowledge of their environment.... culture was intangible knowledge, tradition, values: his[musical] compositions were its living record--easily sweptaway." ... A Bushman states that "I left the desert long ago becauseof thirst. My father is dead, my people scattered. I am here becausethere was nowhere else to go. I don't remember my father's music: whyshould I?"

"With one of the highest concentrations of rock art in the world, Tsodilo has been called the "Louvre of the Desert". Over 4,500 paintings are preserved in an area of only 10 sq. km of the Kalahari Desert. The archaeological record of the area gives a chronological account of human activities and environmental changes over at least 100,000 years. Local communities in this hostile environment respect Tsodilo as a place of worship frequented by ancestral spirits [stress added]."http://whc.unesco.org/sites/1021.htm [Tsodilo} Botswana, 2001]

FROM THE VIDEO: "Their lives depended as they always had,on what women could gather." ... "..killing so efficiently[now] instead of an act of kinship...." "...the people weredependent on their future on an ancient engine and a four-inchpipe."

"The list of female inventors includes dancers, farmers, nuns, secretaries, actresses, shopkeepers, housewives, military officers, corporate executives, schoolteachers, writers, seamstresses, refugees, royalty, and little kids. All kinds of people can and do invent. The idea that one's gender somehow precludes the possibility of pursuing any technological endeavor is not only outdated but also dangerous. In the words of 1977 Nobel Prize winner [in Physiology/Medicine] Rosalyn Yallow: 'The world cannot afford the loss of the talents of half of its people if we are to solve the many problems which beset us [stress added].'" Ethlie Ann Vare and Greg Ptacek, 1987, Mothers of Invention: From the Bra to the Bomb, Forgotten Women and Their Unforgettable Ideas, page 17.

"Until about 10,000 years ago, everyone in the world survivedby hunting and gethering wild foods. They lived in intimateassociation with their natural environments and employed a complexvariety of strategies to forage for food and other necessities oflife [stress added]." [The Hunters: Scarce Resourcesin the Kalahari. Richard B. Lee, 1968, in Man The Hunter)

"...an unwitting or a deliberate bias in time perspective. The evaluations about which we hear most have been made by Western Europeans and their colonial descendants. The date is the present, when the star of the Occident is in its ascendancy and its followers have made themselves the masters and arbiters of the lifeways of the people with whom they compare themselves. It might, of course, be argued on the Darwinian principle of the survival of the fittest that this ascendancy is proof of racial superiority, except that it is a relatively recent phenomenon that is not correlated with any demonstrable change in the biological composition of Europeans a generation prior to A.D. 1492. The truth is that a European mastery of large parts of the globe has been due more to the possession of gunpowder and iron--both non-European inventions--than to racial superiority. Comparisons dating from the period just before the destructive effects of Western civilization made themselves felt would be more justifiable. Our historical records contain many illustrations of the fact that Europe then was not much in advance of many other parts of the world that were conquered by its representatives. When Cortez reached the Aztec city of Tenochtitlàn in 1519, he and his men were understandably astonished by the artistic, industrial, and governmental achievements of its builders [stress added]." H.G. Barnett, 1953, Innovation: The Basis of Cultural Change, page 30.

"Bushmen Squeeze Money From a Humble Cactus.... From adesert weed known as hoodia, one of the world's oldest and leastdeveloped peoples hopes to enjoy its first taste of prosperity. TheSan have suched on hoodia for generations, principally to raise theirenergy and fight hunger during long hunting trips. Now,Pfizer, the international pharmaceutical giant, has begun workon an appetite suppresant from the plant, and agreed to share theprofits. The deal, which includes the government, is considered alandmark in the field of inernational property rights [stressadded]." Ginger Thompson, 2003, The New York Times, April1, 2003, page A4.

"The anthropologist has become so familiar with the diversity ofways in which different peoples behave in similar situations that he[or she!] is not apt to be surprised by even the most exoticcustoms. In fact, if all of the logically possible combinations ofbehavior have not been found somewhere in the world, he is apt tosuspect that they must be present in some yet undescribed tribe. Thispoint, has, in fact been expressed with respect to clan organizationby Murdock [of HRAF interests]. In this light, the magicalbeliefs and practices of the Nacirema present such unusual aspectsthat it seems desirable to describe them as an example of theextremes to which human behavior can go.

Professor Linton first brought the ritual of the Nacirema to theattention of anthropologists twenty years ago, but the culture ofthis people is still very poorly understood. They are a NorthAmerican group living in the territory between the Canadian Cree, theYaqui and Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and Arawak of theAntilles. Little is known of their origin, although tradition statesthat they came from the east....

Nacirema culture is characterized by a highly developed marketeconomy which has evolved in a rich natural habitat. While much ofthe people's time is devoted to economic pursuits, a large part ofthe fruits of these labors and a considerable portion of the day arespent in ritual activity. The focus of this activity is the humanbody, the appearance and health of which loom as a dominant concernin the ethos of the people. While such a concern is certainly notunusual, its ceremonial aspects and associated philosophy areunique.

The fundamental belief underlying the whole system appears to bethat the human body is ugly and that its natural tendency is todebility and disease. Incarcerated in such a body, man's only hope isto avert these characteristics through the use of the powerfulinfluences of ritual and ceremony. Every household has one or moreshrines devoted to this purpose. The more powerful individuals in thesociety have several shrines in their houses and, in fact, theopulence of a house is often referred to in terms of the number ofsuch ritual centers it possesses. Most houses are of the wattle anddaub construction, but the shrine rooms of the more wealthy arewalled with stone. Poorer families imitate the rich by applyingpottery plaques to their shrine walls.

While each family has at least one such shrine, the ritualsassociated with it are not family ceremonies but are private andsecret. The rites are normally only discussed with children, and thenonly during the period when they are being initiated into thesemysteries. I was able, however, to establish sufficient rapport withthe natives to examine these shrines and to have the ritualsdescribed to me.

The focal point of the shrine is a box or chest which is builtinto the wall. In this chest are kept the many charms and magicalpotions without which no native believes he could live. Thesepreparations are secured from a variety of specialized practitioners.The most powerful of these are the medicine men, whose assistancemust be rewarded with substantial gifts. However, the medicine men donot provide the curative potions for their clients, but decide whatthe ingredients should be and then write them down in an ancient andsecret language. This writing is understood only by the medicine menand by the herbalists who, for another gift, provide the requiredcharm.

The charm is not disposed of after it has served its purpose, butis placed in the charmbox of the household shrine. As these magicalmaterials are specific for certain ills, and the real or imaginedmaladies of the people are many, the charm-box is usually full tooverflowing. The magical packets are so numerous that people forgetwhat their purposes were and get to use them again. While the nativesare very vague on this point, we can only assume that the idea inretaining all the old magical materials is their presence in thecharmbox, before which the body rituals are conducted, will in someway protect the worshipper.

Beneath the charmbox is a small font. Each day every member of thefamily, in succession, enters the shrine room, bows his head beforethe charm-box, mingles different sorts of holy water in the font, andproceeds with a brief rite of ablution. The holy waters are securedfrom the Water Temple of the community, where the priests conductelaborate ceremonies to make the liquid ritually pure.

In the hierarchy of magical practitioners, and below the medicinemen in prestige, are specialists whose designations is besttranslated 'holy-mouth-men.' The Nacirema have an almost pathologicalhorror of and fascination with the mouth, the condition of which isbelieved to have a supernatural influence on all socialrelationships. Were it not for the rituals of the mouth, they believethat their teeth would fall out, their gums bleed, their jaws shrink,their friends desert them, and their lovers reject them. They alsobelieve that a strong relationship exists between oral and moralcharacteristics. For example, there is a ritual ablution of the mouthfor children which is supposed to improve their moral fiber.

The daily body ritual performed by everyone includes a mouth-rite.Despite the fact that these people are so punctilious about care ofthe mouth, this rite involves a practice which strikes theuninitiated stranger as revolting. It was reported to me that theritual consists of inserting a small bundle of hog hairs into themouth, along with certain magical powders, and then moving the bundlein a highly formalized series of gestures.

In addition to the private mouth-rite, the people seek out aholy-mouth-man once or twice a year. These practitioners have animpressive set of paraphernalia, consisting of a variety of augers,awls, probes, and prods. The use of these objects in the exorcism ofthe evils of the mouth involves almost unbelievable ritual torture ofthe client. The holy-mouth-man opens the clients mouths and, usingthe above mentioned tools, enlarges any holes which decay may havecreated in the teeth. Magical materials are put into these holes. Ifthere are no naturally occurring holes in the teeth, large sectionsof one or more teeth are gouged out so that the supernaturalsubstance can be applied. In the client's view, the purpose of theseministrations is to arrest decay and to draw friends. The extremelysacred and traditional character of the rite is evident in the factthat the natives return to the holy-mouth-men year after year,despite the fact that their teeth continue to decay.

It is to be hoped that, when a thorough study of the Nacirema ismade, there will be careful inquiry into the personality structure ofthese people. One has but to watch the gleam in the eye of aholy-mouth-man, as he jabs an awl into an exposed nerve, to suspectthat a certain amount of sadism is involved. If this can beestablished, a very interesting pattern emerges, for most of thepopulation shows definite masochistic tendencies. It was to thesethat Professor Linton referred in discussing a distinctive part ofthe daily body ritual which is performed only by men. This part ofthe rite involves scraping and lacerating the surface of the facewith a sharp instrument. Special women's rites are performed onlyfour times during each lunar month, but what they lack in frequencyis made up in barbarity. As part of this ceremony, women bake theirheads in small ovens for about an hour. The theoretically interestingpoint is that what seems to be a preponderantly masochistic peoplehave developed sadistic specialists.

The medicine men have an imposing temple, or latipso, in everycommunity of any size. The more elaborate ceremonies required totreat very sick patients can only be performed at this temple. Theseceremonies involve not only the thaumaturge but a permanent group ofvestal maidens who move sedately about the temple chambers indistinctive costume and headdress.

The latipso ceremonies are so harsh that it is phenomenal that afair proportion of the really sick natives who enter the temple everrecover. Small children whose indoctrination is still incomplete havebeen known to resist attempts to take them to the temple because'that is where you go to die.' Despite this fact, sick adults are notonly willing but eager to undergo the protracted ritual purification,if they can afford to do so. No matter how ill the supplicant or howgrave the emergency, the guardians of many temples will not admit aclient if he cannot give a rich gift to the custodian. Even after onehas gained admission and survived the ceremonies, the guardians willnot permit the neophyte to leave until he makes still anothergift.

The supplicant entering the temple is first stripped of all his orher clothes. In everyday life the Nacirema avoids exposure of hisbody and its natural functions. Bathing and excretory acts areperformed only in the secrecy of the household shrine, where they areritualized as part of the body-rites. Psychological shock resultsfrom the fact that body secrecy is suddenly lost upon entry into thelatipso. A man, whose own wife has never seen him in an excretoryact, suddenly finds himself naked and assisted by a vestal maidenwhile he performs his natural functions into a sacred vessel. Thissort of ceremonial treatment is necessitated by the fact that theexcreta are used by a diviner to ascertain the course and nature ofthe client's sickness. Female clients, on the other hand, find theirnaked bodies are subjected to the scrutiny, manipulation and proddingof the medicine men.

Few supplicants in the temple are well enough to do anything butlie on their hard beds. The daily ceremonies, like the rites of theholy-mouth-men, involve discomfort and torture. With ritualprecision, the vestals awaken their miserable charges each dawn androll them about on their beds of pain while performing ablutions, inthe formal movements of which the maidens are highly trained. Atother times, they insert magic wand's in the supplicant's mouth orforce him to eat substances which are supposed to be healing. Fromtime to time the medicine men come to their clients and jab magicallytreated needles into their flesh. The fact that these templeceremonies may not cure, and may even kill the neophyte, in no waydecreases the people's faith in the medicine men.

There remains one other kind of practitioner, known as a'listener.' This witchdoctor has the power to exorcise the devilsthat lodge in the heads of people who have been bewitched. TheNacirema believe that parents bewitch their own children. Mothers areparticularly suspected of putting a curse on children while teachingthem the secret body rituals. The counter-magic of the witchdoctor isunusual in its lack of ritual. The patient simply tells the'listener' all his troubles and fears, beginning with the earliestdifficulties he can remember. The memory displayed by the Nacirema inthese exorcism sessions is truly remarkable. It is not uncommon forthe patient to bemoan the rejection he felt upon being weaned as ababe, and a few individuals even see their troubles going back to thetraumatic effects of their own birth.

In conclusion, mention must be made certain practices which havetheir base in native esthetics but which depend upon the pervasiveaversion to the natural body and its functions. There are ritualfasts to make fat people thin and ceremonial feasts to make thinpeople fat. Still other rites are used to make women's breast'slarger if they are small, and smaller if they are large. Generaldissatisfaction with breast shape is symbolized in the fact that theideal form is virtually outside the range of human variation. A fewwomen afflicted with almost inhuman hyper-mammary development are soidolized that they make a handsome living by simply going fromvillage to village and permitting the natives to stare at them for afee.

Reference has already been made to the fact that excretoryfunctions are ritualized, routinized, and relegated to secrecy.Natural reproductive functions are similarly distorted. Intercourseis taboo as a topic and scheduled as an act. Efforts are made toavoid pregnancy by the use of magical materials or by limitingintercourse to certain phases of the moon. Conception is actuallyvery infrequent. When pregnant, women dress so as to hide theircondition. Parturition takes place in secret without friends orrelatives to assist, and the majority of women do not nurse theirinfants.

Our review of the ritual life of the Nacirema has certainly shownthem to be a magic-ridden people. It is hard to understand how theyhave managed to exist so long under the burdens which they haveimposed upon themselves. But even such exotic customs as these takeon real meaning when they are viewed with the insight provided byMalinowski when he wrote:

'Looking from far and above, from our high places of safety in thedeveloped civilization, it is easy to see all the crudity andirrelevance of magic. But without its power and guidance early mancould not have mastered his practical difficulties as he has done,nor could man have advanced to the higher stages of civilization.'"[NOTE: The article also appears in The Nacirema:Readings on American Culture, 1975, edited by J. Spradley and M.Rynkiewich, pp. 10-13]

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (or only"some CURRENT INFORMATION" for Fall 2008):

"The difficulty is that modern human beings no longer directlyperceive the world they live in and whose conditions affect them."James Burke and Robert Ornstein, 1995, The Axemaker's Gift: ADouble-Edged History of Human Culture, page 280.

"You're telling some not only inconvenient truths but hard truths, and it can be scary as hell. You're not going to get people to go with you if you paralyze them with fear [stress added]." Al Gore, Time. May 28, 2007, page 37.

"Deaths from sooty smog in California may be more than twice ashigh as previously estimated....Currently, state officialsestimaye 9,000 Californians die annually [~24/day] fromdiseases caused or aggravated by air pollution, more than half ofthem in Southern California [stress added]." JanetWilson, Smog Toll May Soar: L.A. area's sooty-air deathsunderestimated, study indicates. The Sacramento Bee, March 26,2006, pages A3 + A4, page A3.

"Dozens of factories in Contra Costa County's industrial belt contain dangerous amounts of hazardous materials, but county officials said Wednesday that they have not determined how many have backup generators to avoid potential disaster when blackouts hit this summer. It is a major concern in the county with the highest amount of hazardous materials per capita in California...[stress added]." Joe Garofoli and Pia Sarkar, 2001, Chemical Leak Waves Red Flag in Contra Costa. The San Francisco Chronicle, May 4, 2001, page A19 and A21, page A19.

"...increased water consumption is healthy, doctors say. Butthe bottles aren't. Last year, more than 93 billion plastic watercontainers wound up in U.S. landfills. Laid end-to-end, that'senough bottles to: Reach the moon and back 38 times; Circle theequator 371 times; Stretch the lkength of the world's longest river,the Nile, 2,222 times; Line Interstate 80 from New York to SanFrancisco 3,196 times; Span the length of California 11,566 times[stress added]." Anon., 2003, Water bottlesbloat landfills. The San Francisco Chronicle, December 15,2003, page A21 + A25, page A21.

"The average person now changes jobs 8.6 times between the ages of 18 and 32, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such upheavals in the labor market have forced colleges to adapt....[stress added]." Emily Bazar, 1999, Number of Students Over 40 Soaring At College Campuses. The Sacramento Bee, August 24, 1999, pages 1 and page A10, page 1.

"Infections caused by germs that resist treatment withantibiotics kill more than 14,000 Americans each year[Urbanowicz Adds} approximately 38 people a day!],says a coalition of federal and private groups that met Tuesday[April 15, 2001] in Washington, D.C., to launch an educationcampaign called Save Antibiotic Strength. Pilot programs will beginin San Diego, Norfolk, Va., and the state of Connecticut to raiseawareness of the dangers of overprescription and misuse ofantibiotics, which can lead to drug resistance [Urbanowiczadds} as a result of "evolution"]. 'It is estimated that 50million antibiotic prescriptions for illnesses such as cold or fluare given each year [or ~136,986/day!], and are of nobenefit in treating such conditions,' says Richard Roberts,president of the American Academy of Family Physicians[stress added]." Michelle Healy, 2001, A Better Life.USA Today, April 18, 2001, page 6D.

"Scientific evidence is mounting that...music may be as powerful a food for the brain as for the soul. Not only does it pluck at emotional heart strings, but scientists say that it also turns on brain circuits that aid recognition of patterns and structures critical to development of mathematics skills, logic, perception and memory [stress added]." Bill Henrrick, 1996, Parents, Studies Say Music Lends An Ear To Learning. San Francisco Chronicle, July 6, 1996, page A7.

"For women diagnosed with moderately serious breast cancer, alarge network of supportive friends and relatives cuts the riskof recurrence and death by 60% over seven years, a researcher reportstoday [stress added]." Marilyn Elias, 2001, FriendsMay Make Breast Cancer More Survivable. USA Today, March 8,2001, page D1.

"'Intriguiging' Study Says Prayer Can Heal. Prayer may not only warm the heart--it may improve its health as well, according to a preliminary study by Duke University. The study found that angioplasty patients with acute heart ailments who were prayed for by seven religious groups did 50 to 100 percent better during their hospital stays than patients who received no prayers [stress added]." Scott Mooneyham [Associated Press Writer], 1998, The Chico Enterprise-Record, page 6A.

"Scientists are far from understanding everything about colds. Buta growing pool of evidence suggests that personality, stress andsocial life all can influence healthy adults' vulnerability to coldsymptoms. ... Happy, relaxed people are more resistant to illnessthan those who tend to be unhappy or tense [stressadded]." Marilyn Elias, 2003, In the war on colds, personalitycounts. USA Today, December 2, 2003, page 5D.

"A virulent strain of tuberculosis resistant to most available drugs is surfacing around the globe, raising fears of a pandemic that could devastate efforts to contain TB and prove deadly to people with immune-deficiency diseases suc as HIV-AIDS." Peter Finn, 2007, Drug-resistant TB poses pandemic risk. The San Francisco Chronicle, May 4, 2007, page A12.

"There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than aredreamt of in your philosophy." William Shakespeare (1564-1616),Hamlet, Act I, Scene V.

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WRITING ASSIGNMENTINSTRUCTIONS FOR "CREATING A CULTURE" DUE FRIDAY October 17,2008.

For this assignment, you are to write an essay of approximately1,500 words on a "culture" that you create! The "100%American" essay that you read in Week Two above wasapproximately 625 words. As you create the culture ofyour choice, you must include at least tenanthropological terms and use them properly in your brief essay. Inaddition, your essay MUST BE DIVIDED INTO THREE sections:THE INTRODUCTION (~200 words?), THE CULTURE (~1,000words?), and CONCLUSIONS (~300 words?). In this assignment,YOU are not only the individual who is CREATING the culture but YOUare also the anthropologist who is DESCRIBING the culture. Havefun!

Your writing assignment will be evaluated (#1) for the use ofthe anthropological terms, (#2) whether you tell a coherent story,and (#3) grammar, spelling, punctuations, etc. A writingassignment not turned in on time will automatically lose 10 points(out of the 50 for the assignment).

TO CONTRAST IDEAS according to; but; yet; nevertheless; however; still converseley; on the other hand; instead of; neither of these; (to)(on)the contrary; rather than; no matter what; in contrast; otherwise; on the other hand; in the (first)(second) place; nor. TO COMPARE IDEAS just as; like; similar; this.

TO SHOW TIME as of today; as of now; immediately; presently; nearly a...later; meantime; meanwhile; afterward; next; this year, however; a little later; then; last year; next week; tomorrow; finally. TO SHOW RESULTS as a result; therefore; thus; consequently; hence.

TO ADD IDEAS additionally; also; another; besides' first, second, next, last, etc., in addition, moreover, furthermore, clear, too, is; the answer does not only lie; to all that; more than anything else; here are some...facts; now, of course, there are; now, however; what's more.

TO RELATE THOUGHTS anyway; anyhow; indeed; eslewhere; nearby; above all; even these; beyond; in other words; for instance; of course; in short; in sum; yet; in reality; that is; by consequence; notwithstanding; nonetheless; as a general rule; understandably; traditionally; the reason, of course; the lesson here is; from all information; at best; naturally; in the broader sense; to this end; in fact.

Important PS Statements: (#1} Do Not Plagiarize:please create your own culture. Remember: you are not only theindividual who is CREATING the culture but YOU are also theanthropologist who is DESCRIBING the culture. Have fun! (#2} itis always an good idea to keep a copy of any work submitted for anyclass--accidents happen; (#3} please consider using aword-processor, with spell-check [if possible] (and doublespaced); (#4} please consider some good (and relativelyinexpensive) reference books (including a dictionary) such as TheWorld Almanac and Book of Facts: 2006 and E.B. White's TheElements of Style (2000, 4th Edition).

"Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his [or her!] sentences short, or that he [or she] avoid all detail and treat his [and her] subjects only in outline, but that every word tell."

"There you have a short, valuable essay on the nature and beauty of brevity--fifty-nine words [not counting those in the brackets added by Urbanowicz] that could change the world." E.B. White, commenting on the original words of William Strunk Jr. in The Elements of Style, 4th edition, 2000, pages xv-xvi.

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Some additional words on writing are as follows:

The minimal definition of "Writing Proficiency" encompasses allthree of the levels described below. It is expected that anyone whoreceives a grade of "C-" or better in this class has achievedthese levels of writing proficiency.

Level #1: Minimally, writing proficiency begins with theability to construct meaningful sentences that follow theconventional rules of grammar, punctuation, and spelling; exhibitappropriate choice of words; and utilize sentence structures thatclearly, efficiently, and precisely convey the writer's ideas andrelevant information to readers who observe the same conventions ofwriting.

Level #2: At the next level, writing proficiency entailsthe constructing and arranging of sentences into paragraphs that:

a. Develop arguments logically.
b. Present a body of information systematically.
c. Express an idea effectively.
d. Provide a coherent answer to a question.
e. Describe a given phenomenon effectively.
f. Summarize a larger body of information or abstract its essence accurately.
g. And/or otherwise achieve a specific objective efficiently and effectively.

Level #3: Writing proficiency at the third level requiresthe construction and arrangement of paragraphs in a such a mannerthat the reader is led successively through the intent or theobjective of the paper, the implementation of the objective, and theconclusion which summarizes and meaningfully relates the body of thepaper to its objective.

A Dictionary of Anthropology Ref GN 11 D38 1972(Definitions of words in anthropology arranged alphabetically.Includes some drawings and plates).

Dictionary of Anthropology Ref GN 11 D48 1986 (Definitionsare arranged alphabetically with cross references and bibliographicalreferences).

International Dictionary of Anthropologists Ref GN 20 I51991 (International coverage of Anthropologists born before 1920 inorder to present those whose careers could be seen as whole. Lastnames are arranged alphabetically and includes an index).

Encyclopedia of Anthropology Ref GN 11 E52 (Arrangedalphabetically and contains approximately 1,400 articles with Seealso references. At the end of all but the shortest articles, is abibliography listing important books and articles on thesubject).

Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory Ref GN 281E53 1988 (Topics are alphabetically arranged with crossreferences).

Encyclopedia of Evolution Ref GN 281 M53 1990 (Topics arealphabetically arranged with See and See also and citations forfurther information).

Encyclopedia of World Cultures Ref GN 307 E53 (Comprisesten volumes, ordered by geographical regions of the world. Volumes 1through 9 contain summaries along with maps, glossaries, and indexesof alternate names for the cultural groups. Volume 10 containscumulative lists of the cultures of the world, their alternate names,and a bibliography of selected publications pertaining to thosegroups).

The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World Ref GN 495.4E53 1993 (Includes only contemporary peoples and ethnic groups.Arranged alphabetically by common names. Indigenous names are usedwhen appropriate. Also included are population figures, maps and aselected bibliography).

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WEEK 7: BEGINNING Monday October 6,2008.

I. ECONOMICS & KINSHIP & FAMILY & MAGIC &RELIGION & ...

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, Conformity AndConflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Kinship and Family" [Overview][repeat], pages 178-181.
"Religion, Magic, and Worldview [Overview], pages294-298.
"Taraka's Ghost" by Stanley & Ruth Freed, pages 299-305.

III. DESCENT & MARRIAGE & GENDER & ENDOGAMY /EXOGAMY &....

IV. SOME SPECIFIC ETHNOGRAPHIC EXAMPLES
A. Various Research(ers)
B. VIDEO: DEAD BIRDS

V. AND PLEASE REMEMBER, YOUR WRITING ASSIGNMENT (10%) is DUE onFriday October 19, 2008

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment ofjobs to people.

ECONOMIC SYSTEM: The provision of goods and services tomeet biological and social wants.

ENDOGAMY: Marriage within a designated social unit.

EXOGAMY: Marriage outside any designated group.

EXTENDED FAMILY: A family that includes two or more marriedcouples.

FAMILY: A residential group composed of at least onemarried couple and their children.

HORTICULTURE: A kind of subsistence strategy involvingsemi-intensive, usually shifting, agricultural practices.Slash-and-burn farming is a common example of horticulture.

MAGIC: Strategies people use to control supernatural powerto achieve particular results.

POLYGAMY: A marriage form in which a person has two or morespouses at one time. Polygyny and polyandry are both forms ofpolygamy.

POLYGYNY: A form of polygamy in which a man is married totwo or more wives at one time.

RELIGION: The cultural knowledge of the supernatural thatpeople use to cope with the ultimate problems of human existence.

RITE OF PASSAGE: A series of rituals that move individualsfrom one social state or status to another.

ROLE: The culturally generated behavior associated withparticular statuses.

SORCERY: The malevolent practice of magic.

SUPERNATURAL: Things that are beyond the natural.Anthropologists usually recognize a belief in such things asgoddesses, gods, spirits, ghosts, and mana to be signs ofsupernatural belief.

WITCHCRAFT: The reputed activity of people who inheritsupernatural force and use it for evil purposes.

FROM THE VIDEO: "There is a fable told by the mountainpeople living in the ancient Highlands of New Guinea about a racebetween a snake and a bird. It tells of a contest which decided ifmen would be like birds and die, or be like snakes which shed theirskins and have eternal life. The bird won and from that time, allmen, like birds, must die."

FROM THE VIDEO: "The ghosts, which more than anything else, rule the lives of these people, are known to be most active in the dark. ... The enemy came this morning to kill, to avenge the ghost of their warrior slain by Wejak's group more than two weeks before. Until they do, they live in a state of spiritual decline. Both sides believe that each man has a soul, to which they attribute the shape of seeds. These seeds at birth are planted in the solar plexus. They call them edai-egen, or seeds of singing. Until a child is able to walk and talk, his edai-egen are only rudimentary. As he or she grows older, the edai-egen also grow. One's soul, or seeds, are especially sensitive to the death of a friend or a member of the family. By contrast, causing the death of an enemy is tonic for the soul and lifts the spirit."

"Sociopolitical Organization. [of the Dani. It is]Kinship based. patrilineal sibs and moieties are cross-cut byterritorial confederations and alliances. The alliances are thelargest social groups and have up to 5,000 people[stress added]." Karl Heider, 1997, SeeingAnthropology: Cultural Anthropology Through Film (Boston: Allyn& Bacon), page 59.

FROM THE VIDEO: "A little boy is dying by the Aikhe [River]....Each life that's taken is celebrated by both sides. The ones that lose a life prepare a chair, the only furniture that they know, to lift the corpse for ghosts to see while they cry and have their funeral....The bones are all together--the end of all the work and love it took to make a boy."

FROM THE VIDEO: "Soon both men and birds will surrender tothe night. They'll rest for the life and death of days to come. Foreach, both awaits; but with the difference that men, havingforeknowledge of their doom, bring a special passion to their life.They will not simply wait for death nor will they bear it lightlywhen it comes--instead they'll try with measured violence to fashionfate themselves. They kill to save their souls and, perhaps to easethe burden of knowing what birds will never know and when they asmen, who have forever killed each other, cannot forget...."

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WEEK 8: BEGINNING Monday October 13, 2008.

I. ROLES & INEQUALITY & ECONOMICS & CHANGE

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, Conformity AndConflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Identity, Roles, and Groups" [Overview],pages 218-222.
Society and Sex Roles" by Ernestine Friedl, pages 231-239.
"Mother's Love: Death Without Weeping" by Nancy Scheper-Hughes, pages183-192.
"Cargo Beliefs and Religious Experience" by Stephen C. Leavitt, pages330-339.

III. REMEMBER
A. EXAM II (30%) on Friday November 7, 2008.
B. WORDS / THOUGHTS ON "TRADITION ("CULTURE")

"A fiddler on the roof. Sounds crazy, no? But in our little village of Anatevka, you might say that every one of us is a fiddler on the roof, trying to scratch out a pleasant, simple tune without breaking his neck. It isn't easy. You may ask, why do we stay up here if it's so dangerous. We stay because Anatevka is our home. And how do we keep our balance? That I can tell you in a word--tradition!" Hoseph p. Swain, 2002, The Broadway Musical: A Critical and Musical Survey (Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.), page 281 (citing Joseph Stein, 1964, Fiddler on the Roof (NY: Crown), page 1.

IV.THE EMERGENCE OF THE GLOBAL CULTURE: WORLD WAR II ASCULTURAL PHENOMENA! (and see http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/ww2time.htmas well as http://www.msstate.edu/Archives/History/USA/WWII/ww2.htmland http://quaboag.k12.ma.us/worwar.htmland http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/amex/)and http://www.yadvashem.org.il and http://www.vwc.edu/WWWpages/dgraf/holocaus.htmand finally: http://www.ushmm.org.

"To anyone born after 1980, World War Two must seem as distantas the Civil War was to our parents." The character "Dirk Pitt" inAtlantis Found, 1999, by Clive Cussler [2001 Berkleypaperback], page 503.

"To mark the arrival of the year 2000, a panel of Chronicle editors and reporters gathered recently for a series of discussions about the top news events of the past 100 years." The "Top World Event" was World War II. "In short, this war changed everything--the way the world looked, and the way people looked at the world." The San Francisco Chronicle, December 27, 1999, page 1.

"Put the world in perspective. After Sept. 11 [2001],we're far less worried by little annoyances. ... So many things seemless significant now than before Sept. 11. ... Many of us have had achange of perspective...." Karen S. Peterson, USA Today,November 13, 2001, page 1.

TO REPEAT: "Lisa, get away from that jazzman! Nothingpersonal. I just fear the unfamiliar [stressadded]." Marge Simpson, February 11, 1990, Moaning Lisa.Matt Groening et al., 1997, The Simpsons: A Complete GuideTo Our Favorite Family (NY: HarperCollins), page 22.

V. REVOLUTIONS
A. Industrial (Continued)
B. Information/Knowledge
C. Cyberspace Again!
D. SeeThe United States Holocaust Museum: http://www.ushmm.org/

VI. EXAMPLES and various Pacific Islands: MARAGRETMEAD'S NEW GUINEA JOURNAL

VII. REMEMBER, YOUR WRITING ASSIGNMENT (10%) is DUE on FridayOctober 17, 2008.

ACCULTURATION: The process that takes place when groups ofindividuals having different cultures come into first-hand contact,which results in change to the individual cultural patterns of bothgrou

CASTE: A form of stratification defined by unequal accessto economic resources and prestige, which is acquired at birth anddoes not permit individuals to alter their ranks.

CULTURE CONTACT: The situation that occurs when twosocieties with different cultures somehow come into contact with eachother.

CULTURE SHOCK: A form of anxiety that results from aninability to predict the behavior of others or act appropriately incross-cultural situations.

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment ofjobs to people.

INDUSTRIALISM: A subsistence strategy marked by intensive,mechanized food production and elaborate distribution networks.

MANA: An impersonal supernatural force inherent in natureand in people. Mana is somewhat like the concept of 'luck' inAmerican culture.

MARRIAGE: The socially recognized union between a man and awoman that accords legitimate birth status rights to theirchildren.

RAMAGE: A cognatic (bilateral) descent group that islocalized and holds corporate responsibility.

RANK SOCIETIES: Societies stratified on the basis ofprestige only.

REDISTRIBUTION: The transfer of goods and services betweena group of people and a central collecting service based on roleobligation. The U.S. income tax is a good example.

RELIGI0N: The cultural knowledge of the supernatural thatpeople use to cope with the ultimate problems of human existence.

REVITALIZATION MOVEMENT: A deliberate, conscious effort bymembers of a society to construct a more satisfying culture.

ROLE: The culturally generated behavior associated withparticular statuses.

STATUS: A culturally defined position associated with aparticular social structure.

SUBSTANTIVE LAW: The legal statutes that define right andwrong for members of a society.

SUPERNATURAL: Things that are beyond the natural.Anthropologists usually recognize a belief in such things asgoddesses, gods, spirits, ghosts, and mana to be signs ofsupernatural belief.

TACIT CULTURE: The shared knowledge of which people areusually unaware and do not communicate verbally.

WITCHCRAFT: The reputed activity of people who inheritsupernatural force and use it for evil purposes.

WORLD VIEW: The way people characteristically look out onthe universe.

HISTORICAL NOTE: "America's foremost woman anthropologist,Margaret Mead authored scientific studies...that made anthropologymeaningful to an unprecedented number of American readers. Comingof Age in Samoa [1928] and Growing Up In NewGuinea [1930] both ranked as national best sellers; theseand other studies introduced Americans to cultures where male andfemale roles differed markedly from those in Western society.... Overthe years Margaret Mead became a national institution; she wrote overthirty books and lectured widely. Of her profession she concluded (inher autobiography): 'There is hope, I believe, in seeing the humanadventure as a whole and in the shared trust that knowledge aboutmankind, sought in reverence for life, can bring life [1972,Blackberry Winter]." Vincent Wilson, Jr., 1992,The Book of Distinguished American Women, page 68.

"Margaret Mead arrived at the American Museum of Natural History in 1926. Having just completed her first significant ethnographic research in Samoa, she was wappointed assistant curator in the Department of Anthropology. ... Over the course of her fifty-two year association with the Museum, Margaret Mead was a scientist, curator, teacher, author, social activist, and media celebrity. The success of her first book, Coming of Age in Samoa, published in 1928, had thrust her into the mdia spotlight" [stress added]." Nancy C. Lutkehaus, 2001-2002, American Icon. Natural History, 12/01 - 1/02, pages 14 & 15, page 14.

"Although the earliest recorded European contact with the mainpart of Manus [Island] was probably by Menezes in1517....substantial impact did not take place until the1870s, when the area became a commercial source of pearlshell,tortoise shell, and beche-de-mer. By the time of German annexation in1884, most of the Manus were familiar with European goods, ifnot with Europeans themselves. ... By the early 1920s almostthe entire region had come under full Australian control. ... Thefundamental change was in the Manus economy. As a result ofcolonization, Manus ceased to be an independent system ofinterdependent villages tied by a complex arrangement of productionand circulation. Instead it became a dependent outlier of the mainPapua New Guinean economy.... [stress added]." JamesG. Carrier and Achsah H. Carrier, 1985, A Manus Centenary:Production, Kinship, and Exchange in the Admiralty Islands.American Ethnologist, Vol, 12, No. 3, pages 505-522, pages510-511.

FROM THE VIDEO: In 1928, there was an endless effort torepay debts to one another in the islands; marriage was purely afinancial arrangement. Copra was the main export of the territoryand Manus Islanders "were in the European world but not of it." Intraditional times, as hard as life was for men it was harder forwomen: surrounded by various taboos.

FROM THE VIDEO: In 1944, on the 2nd of March, American armed forces attacked the Japanese bases in the Admiralty Islands and eventually the islands were secured for the Allies and a huge American base was established for the continuation of the war in the Pacific against the Japanese.

CARGO CULTS [http://www.altnews.com.au/cargocult/jonfrum/]= "These revitalization movements (also designated as revivalist,nativistic, or millenarian) received their name from movements inMelanesia early in this century that were and are characterized bythe belief that the millennium will be ushered in by the arrival ofgreat ships loaded with European trade goods (cargo). The goods willbe brought by the ancestral spirits and will be distributed to thenatives who have acted in accordance to the dictates of the cults.Sometimes the cult leaders call for the expulsion of all alienelements, the renunciation of all things European on the part of thecult followers, and a return to the traditional way of life. Incontrast, other cult leaders promise a future ideal life if followersabandon their traditional ceremonies and way of life in favor ofcopying European customs. Cargo cults, like other revitalizationmovements, develop in situations where there is extreme material andother inequality between societies in contact. Cargo cults attempt toexplain and erase the differences in material wealth between nativesand Europeans." D.E. Hunter & P. Whitten, Encyclopedia ofAnthropology, 1976: 67.

"MARGARET MEAD. The century's foremost woman anthropologist, Margaret Mead [1901-1978] was an American icon. On dozens of field trips to study the ways of primitive [sic] societies, she found evidence to support her strong belief that cultural conditioning, not genetics, molded human behavior. That theme was struck most forcefully in Mead's 1928 classic, Coming of Age in Samoa. It described an idyllic pre-industrial society, free of sexual restraint and devoid of violence, guilt and anger. Her portrait of free-loving primitives [sic!] shocked contemporaries and inspired generations of college students--especially during the 1960s sexual revolution. But it may have been too good to be true. While few question Mead's brilliance or integrity, subsequent research showed that Samoan society is no more or less uptight than any other. It seems Mead accepted as fact tribal gossip embellished by adolescent Samoan girls happy to tell the visiting scientist what she wanted to hear [stress added]." Leon Jaroff, Time, March 29, 1999, page 183.

"Any account of Mead's work on Samoa [or perhapsall of her work?] must consider the controversysurrounding its accuracy. In 1983, several years after her death,Derek Freeman published his detailed refutation of her work. Morerecently, Freeman has continued his attack with attempts to provethat Mead built her description of adolescent sexuality on scantyinformation gleaned from a hoax perpetrated by her informants. He hasalso argued that she was young and credulous, that she had a poorgrasp of the language, that she did not carry out her investigationsproperly, that Coming of Age in Samoa [1928] islittered with errors, that she twisted the facts to suit her (andBoas's and Benedict's) preconceptions, and that she wasentirely wrong in her portrayal of Samoa [stressadded]." Hilary Lapsley, 1999, Margaret Mead And RuthBenedict: The Kinship of Women (Amherst: U Mass Press), pages142-143.

For the 2006-2007 Academic Year, a total of 699individuals received the Ph.D. in Anthropology: there were409 females [58.5%] and 290 males[41.5%]; note, this includes degrees from Australia(22), Canada (96),Finland (5), Mexico(3), and the United Kingdom (49). Source: The2007-2008 American Anthropological Association Guide, pages654-656.

"The single most important discovery for women explorers may be the freedom that lies at the heart of the very act of exploration." Reeve Lindberg, 2000, Introduction. Living With Cannibals And Other Women's Adventures, by Michele Slung (Washington, D.C., National Geographic Society), pages 1-7, page 2.

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WEEK 9: BEGINNING MONDAY October 20, 2008 

I. WEEK #8 TOPICS CONTINUED & CULTURE CHANGE

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, Conformity AndConflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Family and Kinship in Village India" by David W. McCurdy,pages 193-200.
"Uterine Families and the Women's Community" by Margery Wolf, pages210-217.

III. APPROPRIATE VISUALS:
A. VIDEO: CULTURE AND PERSONALITY
B. VIDEO: HUNTERS OF THE SEAL
C. Technology:

"In 1978, after three years of lobbying, a political organization called the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada won access to a government communications satellite and was given money to establish an experimental Inuit network." Igloos and Boob Tubes" by Mary Williams Walsh, 1992, The San Francscio Chronicle & Examiner, This World, December 27, 1992, page 3.

"The names Americans use for many American Indian tribes arederogatory. European Americans often learned what to call onetribe from a neighboring rival tribe. Throughout the world, naminghas been a prerogative of power. With colonialism on the wane,calling natives by the name they use for themselves is graduallybecoming accepted practice [stress added]." James W.Loewen, 1999, Lies Across America: What Our Historic Sites GetWrong (NY: The New Press), pages 99-102.

AFFINITY: A fundamental principle of relationship linkingkin through marriage.

COSMOLOGY: A set of beliefs that defines the nature of theuniverse or cosmos.

CULTURAL CONTACT: The situation that occurs when twosocieties with different cultures somehow come into contact with eachother.

CULTURAL ECOLOGY: The study of the way people use theirculture to adapt to particular environments, the effects they have ontheir natural surroundings, and the impact of the environment on theshape of culture, including its long-term evolution.

CULTURE SHOCK: A form of anxiety that results from aninability to predict the behavior of others or act appropriately incross-cultural situations.

INCEST TABOO: The cultural rule that prohibits sexualintercourse and marriage between specified classes of relatives.

MYTHOLOGY: Stories that reveal the religious knowledge ofhow things have come into being.

PASTORALISM: A subsistence strategy based on themaintenance and use of large herds of animals.

PRIEST: A full-time religious specialist who intervenesbetween people and the supernatural, and who often leads acongregation at regular cyclical rites.

RELIGION: The cultural knowledge of the supernatural thatpeople use to cope with the ultimate problems of human existence.

WORLD VIEW: The way people characteristically look out onthe universe.

PLEASE NOTE the words of Derek Freeman: "In my book of 1983 evidence was amassed to demonstrate that Margaret Mead's conclusion of Coming of Age in Samoa, because it is at odds with the relevant facts, cannot possibly have been correct. It had become apparent that the young Margaret Mead had, somehow or other, made an egregious mistake. ... The making of mistakes by humans, in science as in all other forms of human activity, is altogether commonplace." Derek Freeman, 1996, Margaret Mead And The Heretic: The Making And Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth, pages vi and xii-xiii.

"Indeed, Margaret Mead has been criticized, most notably by theAustralian anthropologist Derek Freeman [1916-2001], forminimizing the biological aspects of childrearing. According toFreeman, Mead was so eager to demonstrate the definitive role ofculture in human society that she was insensitive to fundamentalhuman drives and motives, while overly accepting accounts thatsuggested the singularity of a culture. From today's vantagepoint, we might conclude that Mead was attempting to demonstrate theimportance of cultural factors to a biologically oriented socialscience community, while Freeman was reacting to a cultural concensisthat Mead and her colleagues had succeeded in establishing atmid-century [stress added]." Howard Gardner, 2001,Introduction to the Perrenial Classics Edition. Growing Up in NewGuinea, 1930 (by Margaret Mead), page xxi.

FROM THE VIDEO: Impact of World War II on National Character research. ... "We can only learn to respect how precious and unique our separate cultures and personalities are to cherish that being we call a person."

FROM} The San Francisco Chronicle, March 30, 2001}"He climbed into his Mitsubishi Zero airplane, flew away easttowards the rising sun, south towards Okinawa and the American enemy.He was a kamikaze pilot, it was May 11, 1945, and it wassuicide. He dived straight down on the carrier Bunker Hill, dropped asingle bomb, never pulled out of the dive, crashed into the ship.He died instantly, every bone in his body was broken. Theattack set off huge fires and explosions. Four hundred andninety-six Americans died with him. The Bunker Hill, badlydamaged, was knocked out of the war. His name was Kiyoshi Ogawa.To Americans, he was a fanatic. To his countrymen, he was ahero. He was 22 years old [stress added]." CarlNolte, 2001, Doing His Duty. The San Francisco Chronicle,March 30, 2001, pages A1 and A23, page A23.

"Especially toward the desperate final stages of World War II, Japan used its men as if they were mere amunition, dispatching countless numbers on suicide missions. 'Duty is heavier than a mountain, while death is lighter than a feather,' went the imperial rescript to soldiers [stress added]." Norimitsu Onoshi. 2003, Japan Heads to Iraq, Haunted By Taboo Bred in Another War. The New York Times, November 19, 2003, pages A1 + A4, page A1.

"After years of controversy, Tokyo now has a national museumchronicling the events of World War II. But it is a portraitcleansed of Pearl Harbor, Hiroshima, Japanese atrocities and almostany direct reference to the front lines. The transformation ofthe Showa Hall Museum, which opened in March [1999], from awar memorial into a bland exhibition of wartime life shows howdifficult it still is for Japan to reckon with its past. Half acentury after Japan's surrender, debate stillrages....[stress added]." Yuri Kageyama, 1999, Japan'sWar Museum Has Spotty Memory. The San Francisco Chronicle,July 1, 1999, page A14.

"We either hunt together or we die." ... In traditional times, the Netsilik had a preoccupation with "survival" in their environment. ..."The hunter must remain on good terms with the animal he hunts." "[Today] The Netsilik are at the mercy of an outside world they cannot control."

"Northbound weather patterns carry U.S.-generated pollution to Canada's Nunavut territory, where it accumulates in the local ecosystem. ... For example, the cotton crops pesticide toxaphene, which was banned in North America in 1982, is still found in Arctic wildlife, thousands of miles from where the checmical was once widely used. Once in the Arctic, the cold, dry climate impedes the breakdown of these hitchhiking contaminants causing them to build up and magnify as they move up the food chain. Ultimately the pollution reaches Inuit people whose diet is rich in fatty meat where the chemicals tend to be most concentrated." K.L. Capozza, 2001, Spoiled Tundra. The San Francisco Chronicle, June 11, 2001, page A4.

In traditional times: "The nuclear family, consisting ofthe father, mother, and children, was the most important social unitamong the Netsilik Eskimos. It was characterized by continuousco-residence, sexual division of labor between the spouses in varioustechnological activities, sexual intimacy between husband and wife,and child rearing. The nuclear family [however] was notcompletely independent in the accomplishment of many of theseimportant functions, but had to align itself continuously with otherfamilies, closely or distantly related, to become part of largergroupings. Sometimes such wider alignments were determined by theinexorable necessity of collaboration in hunting. ... Under nocircumstance could the Netsilik nuclear family survive for prolongedperiods isolated by itself among the rigors of the Arctic wilderness.... The nuclear family was always part of a larger kinshipgroup....called the extended family. ... In addition to kinship, thenecessity to collaborate in subsistence activities and fooddistribution was an important binding force in Netsilik society... Collaboration is not only an objective necessity related to thetechnology and strategy of hunting or fishing but a recognizedbehavioral norm [stress added]." [AsenBalicki, The Netsilik Eskimo, 1970: 101-130]

"The simplcity [!] of the Netsilik material culture, and the small scale of the social system, made this case study idea for teacing young children about the nature of human society. Each adult man and woman possesses the knowledge necessary for carrying out his or her role successfully in this demanding environment. A married couple living and working together, perhaps accompanied by a few friends or relatives, constitute a self-sufficient economic unit in the summertime when stone weir fishing is the primary susbsistence activity. The fall caribou hunt requires a more extensice collaboration between hunters and beaters, and here we find larger family groups living together. But it is in winter, the harshest time of year, when we see the culture in its most elaborated form and experience its power to sustain human life. Winter presents the greatest challenge, since food is scarce, darkness prevails, and snow, wind, and bitter cold are a constant danger. Survival depends almost entirely on mutual support and the success of the seal hunt. Here kin and nonkin collaborate to pursue this highly intelligent and elusive creature upon which their lives depend, which lives in a world concealed beneath the sea ice, occasionally surfacing for aur at one of fifteen or twenty widely separated breathing holes. To locate and harpoon a seal through one of these hidden breathing places requires enormous patience and skill, and anyone who has witnessed it in Balikci's films comes away with a deeper appreciation of the enormous ingenuity that has made human life possible under these extreme conditions. The successful hunter ritually shares his catch with the rest of the camp according to patterns established by ancient custom, thus ensuring that, if one hunter triumphs, no one will starve during this brutally difficult time of year [stress added]." Peter B. Dow, 1991, Schoolhouse Politics: Lessons from the Sputnik Era (Harvard University Press), page 123.

FROM THE VIDEO: In traditional times, the Netsilik hadtheir Holy Men = "Shamans who knew how to manipulate the spirits oftheir old world." ... "Until the mid-1960's Zachary Itimagnac and hisfamily lived the nomadic life of the Eskimo hunter in the Pelly Bayregion of the Arctic. Then the Canadian Government introducedmeasures to provide heated dwellings, a school, a hospital, medicalcare, a cooperative, air transportation." See CSUChico FILM #12688/89entitled Yesterday/Today: The Netsilik Eskimos] ...

FROM THE VIDEO: "Today the kids don't get a chance to see the traditional ways of doing things. .. With the introduction of the permanent houses in Pelly Bay, the Netsilik could begin to accumulate possessions for the first time." Balicki states that "school" has the "most profound influence on these people."

FROM THE VIDEO: In The Late 1970s: "Following amultiplicity of factors, gradually the nuclear family emerges as thebasic economic unit. ...The nuclear family appears increasingly todayas economically autonomous." .. The income of the Eskimo ismostly derived from stone carvings, family allowances, and old agepensions. Their houses are owned by the government which alsosupplies heat and electricity. The tenant pays rent which ispro-rated to his income. Zachary Itimagnac, whose income is under$1200/year, pays $15 a month in rent. Most of Zachary's income goesfor up-keep on his snowmobile, and for the purchase of clothing, tea,and tobacco."

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WEEK 10: BEGINNING Monday October 27,2008. 

I. CULTURE CHANGE, APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY, ANDTECHNOLOGY.

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, Conformity AndConflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Globalization" [Overview], pages 340-343.
"Culture Change and Applied Anthropology" [Overview],pages 386-390.
"Cocaine and the Economic Deterioration of Bolivia" by JackWeatherford, pages 154-164.
"Using Anthropology" [Overview] by David W. McCurdy,pages 422-435.

III. VIDEOS: GOING INTERNATIONAL Series (1- 4).

IV. VIDEOS: FIRST CONTACT and then ANTHROPOLOGY ONTRIAL

V. WORKING FOR A LIVING and HRAF: Human Relations AreaFiles

"If the success of the international businessperson is to be maximized, there is no substitute for an intimate acquaintance with both the language and the culture of those with whom one is conducting business. In fact, because of the close relationship between language and culture, it will be virtually impossible not to learn about one while studying the other [stress added]." Gary P. Ferraro, 1990, The Cultural Dimensions Of International Business, page 46.

"Join a Business, Travel the Globe, Eat a Sheep's Eye: Iwant to tell you about eating a sheep's eye in Saudi Arabia. I wasthe guest of honor.... Everybody was watching. I think it was anunspoken test to see if I would respect their culture. It tastedlike a round, firm gooey oyster [stress added]." NicholasRatur & Francine Parnes, 2003, The New York Times,December 9, 2003, page C9.

"American business executives beware: One cultural blunder can cost you the foreign contract." Anthony Breznican, The Sacramento Bee, December 4, 2000, page D4.

FROM THE VIDEO: "We Americans tend to see ourselves asseparate from nature. We talk about 'harnessing the forces ofnature'; we talk about 'mastering our environment.' Most of thepeople in the world see themselves as a part of nature, very muchsubject to the same forces that affect, for example, a tree."

FROM THE VIDEO: "We are all creatures of culture, andculture is learned. We may have to unlearn many attitudes andbehaviors to do well overseas. ... To succeed we must learn therules, but that is not enough. We must ask questions, watch, andlisten. Wherever we go we are ourselves, but we must respect the hostculture. We are the guests in their country."

Stereotype: "A process of making metal printing plates bytaking a mold of composed type or the like inpapier-mâché or other material and then taking from thismold a cast in type metal. ... a standardized conception or imageinvested with special meaning and [thought to be] held incommon by members of a group." (The Random House College Disctionary,1975, page 1288.)

Culture shock: A form of anxiety that results from aninability to predict the behavior of others or act appropriately incross-cultural situations.

Ethnocentrism: A mixture of belief and feeling that one'sown way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

NOTE: "For countries, corporations and individuals who wantto get ahead, the question isn't whether to embrace diversity, buthow. This is a surprising statement for those who live inmonocultural nations or who work in homogeneous organizations. It mayalso surprise people who advocate 'multiculturalism' on the basis offiarness or morality. The truth is that being diverse pays. ...Youmix, you win. You resist diversity, you lose. ...Cultural mixingspurs creativity and innovation. Money follows the money[stress added]." The Wall Street Journal June29, 2000, page A22.

"The Coca-Cola name in China was first read as 'Ke-kou-ke-la,' meaning 'Bite the wax tadpole' or 'female horse stuffed with wax,' depending on the dialect. Coke then researched 40,000 characters to find a phonetic equivalent, 'ko-kou-ko-le,' translating 'happiness in the mouth.'" Thomas L. Friedman, 1999, The Lexus And the Olive Tree (NY: Farrar Strauss Giroux), page 219.

"He likes multicultural candidates, and he demandsmulticultural savvy-people who have worked for companies basedin different countrues, even if they themselves have never leftBrazil. Says Puritz: 'If people don't have that intellectualdexterity of understanding how other cultures work, they won'tsucceed in this business.' That's a sentiment chanted over andover again by other executives at international firms: 'You need toborrow the know-how of local culture and local law,' saysCendant's Pfeiffer. 'It's important that you not project anyarrogance [stress added].'" Amanda Ripley, 2001, InControl,10 Times Zones Away. Time, April 9, 2001, pagesG8-G11, page G11. 

GOING INTERNATIONAL (#2):Managing The Overseas Assignment = "...portrayscommunication problems anyone can experience in foreign situations.... U.S. travelers in countries as diverse as Japan, Saudi Arabia,England, India and Mexico illustrate how cultural taboos andaccepted standards of behavior differ around the world. Nationals ofthe featured countries and cross-cultural experts explain howtravelers can adapt their communication skills and personal conductto be more effective abroad."

FROM THE VIDEO: "Working abroad usually means expanded responsibility and authority for those traveling or relocating. Being in charge can be rewarding, but it can also be stressful. Under pressure, even people with the best intentions can behave in ways which are perfectly acceptable at home, but inappropriate to a foreign culture. None of the Americans in the five scenes is an 'ugly American.' Indeed, they all behave in ways which are rewarded in the USA. They are admirably restrained in expressing the frustration they feel. But in each scene, the American is ineffectual because of a failure to understand the essentials of doing business in the host country."

FROM THE VIDEO: "...to work effectively abroad, we mustrecognize that the cultural values of a country determine howbusiness is done there. One's own values, perceptions, andmanagement methods are not necessarily valued in other cultures. ...A demonstrated awareness of and respect for the host culture willmake a big difference to the success of social and businessinteractions."

REMEMBER: http://www.mexica-movement.org/frames.html [Mexica Movement} Arming Our People With Knowledge]} "'Do you know your true history and identity?' This is the epicenter of a little-known movement galvanizing pockets of Mexican and Central American communities in the United States: Indigenous people fighting to resurrect their Indian history and heritage amidst a society that labels them Hispanic or latino [stress added]." Pauline Arrillaga, 2000, New Mexican Movement Stresses Indian Identity. Enterprise-Record, December 31, 2000, page 3D. 

GOING INTERNATIONAL (#3): Beyond CultureShock ... "explain[s] the psychological phases of theadjustment process. U.S. and Canadian expatriate families describetheir experiences and suggest strattegies for overcoming cultureshock. ... practical suggestions for making living abroad anenriching adventure." = "Familes who go abroad with unrealisticexpectations will be disappointed, and may have a hard time adapting.They will face many sources of disorientation. ... We all dependon hundred of signs and cues to 'read' and function in ourenvironment, but in a new culture, many of these signs are gone,and we are conffronted with new ways of doing things, new ways ofthinking and valuing. This causes anxiety. It is the continuous,repeated occasions of disorientaition which precipitates 'cultureshock.' As one expatriate expresses it, 'It's like being in an exam,twenty-four hours a day" [stress added; and Urbanowicz adds,the film can be "viewed" on several levelssimultaneously.]

GOING INTERNATIONAL (#4):Welcome Home Stranger = "...focuses on the unexpectedproblems of returning home. Family members share how they overcamethe difficulties of 'reentry' into the workplace, community andschool environments. Reentry is often the hardest part of an overseasexperience and should not be ignored." = "Most returning familiesare not prepared for 'reentry shock' or 'reverse culture shock.'Memories and myths of home--how it is cleaner, better, cheaper, ormore efficient--are shattered. When people return home, they findlife is complex here too. They find that they miss what they becameaccustomed to overseas [or, perhaps, Urbanowicz adds: InChico, California.]."

FROM THE VIDEO: "It's no good pretending I went up there for the good of the natives, because I didn't. I went there for the good of James Leahy, and I didn't do too badly. ... The only reason we killed people was simply if we hadn't killed them, they would have killed us and our carriers." See San Francisco Chronicle of 8 September 1983 and the words of a New Guinea Native stated in the film: "That man from heaven has just excreted, he told us. As soon as the white man went away, everyone went to look. Their skin is different, we said, but their s--- smells just like ours."

"Of all the colonised people of the earth, New Guinea'shighlanders must surely rank among the most fortunate. Colonialdomination came late in the day and was short lived--a merehalf-century of foreign rule. The Australians arrived in 1930, andleft in 1975--not a long time in the scheme of things. Largelybecause of this, the highland people were spared many ofcolonialism's more manifest evils [page 9]." ... "This book[and the videotape] is based primarily on interviews withhighlanders and Australians who took part in the events described[1930's+] and on the diaries and other written records of theAustralians. The interviews were recorded in Papua New Guinea andAustralia between 1981 and 1985 [stress added] (page307)."

FROM THE VIDEO: "I think in the '80's we must stopanthropologists from coming into the country...[Anthropologyis] part and participle of the colonial forces. ... [some ofMead's work]: "half-truths or unrealistic. ... Margaret Meadwrote the story of Peri [not the "story" of the people ofManus]. ... I've stopped the film [Margaret Mead's NewGuinea Journal]. ... She [Margaret Mead] didn'tunderstand our customs."

REMEMBER THE WORDS of Derek Freeman: "In my book of 1983 evidence was amassed to demonstrate that Margaret Mead's conclusion of Coming of Age in Samoa, because it is at odds with the relevant facts, cannot possibly have been correct. It had become apparent that the young Margaret Mead had, somehow or other, made an egregious mistake. ... The making of mistakes by humans, in science as in all other forms of human activity, is altogether commonplace." Derek Freeman, 1996, Margaret Mead And The Heretic: The Making And Unmaking of an Anthropological Myth, pages vi and xii-xiii.

"Any account of Mead's work on Samoa [or perhapsall of her work?] must consider the controversysurrounding its accuracy. In 1983, several years after her death,Derek Freeman published his detailed refutation of her work. Morerecently, Freeman has continued his attack with attempts to provethat Mead built her description of adolescent sexuality on scantyinformation gleaned from a hoax perpetrated by her informants. He hasalso argued that she was young and credulous, that she had a poorgrasp of the language, that she did not carry out her investigationsproperly, that Coming of Age in Samoa [1929] islittered with errors, that she twisted the facts to suit her (andBoas's and Benedict's) preconceptions, and that she was entirelywrong in her portrayal of Samoa [stress added]."Hilary Lapsley, 1999, Margaret Mead And Ruth Benedict: The Kinshipof Women (Amherst: U Mass Press), pages 142-143.

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WORKING FOR A LIVING:

"I don't think being a son or daughter qualifies you to do whatyour parents do." (Leonard S. Riggio, born 1941: Chief Executive ofBarnes & Noble, Inc.)

"You've got to be passionate about something." Steve Jobs. Rama D. Jager & Rafael Ortiz, 1997, Steve Jobs: Apple Computer, NeXT Software, and Pixar--Only The Best--People, Product, Purpose. In The Company of Giants: Candid Conversations With The Visionaries of the Digital World (McGraw-Hill), pages 9-25, page 21.

"Despite their good intentions, the odds are that one of these newteachers will leave the profession. More than a third ofCalifornia teachers abandon their career within the first threeyears....Yet California cannot afford to lose them. In the nextdecade, the state must hire an estimated 250,000adults....[stress added]." Elizabeth Bell, 2000, NewTeachers' First Year. The San Francisco Chronicle, December28, 2000, pages A13 & A16, page A13.

"The future is something which everyone reaches at the rate of sixty minutes an hour, whatever he [or she] does, whoever he [or she!] is." C.S. Lewis (1898-1963)

"Our winning strategy for finding your perfect job comes fromSamantha H. in Jamaica, N.Y. 'First thing, let's not call it a jobbut your life's career. Job sounds so humdrum, put upon andboring. My mother gave me the best advice: 'Look for the thing thathas been with you all of your life. It has brought you through goodand bad times. Once you find it, then that is what you should bedoing [stress added].'" Bob Rosner, 2001, WorkingWounded. The San Francisco Chronicle, December 2, 2001, pageJ2.

"It's not just the work that has to be learned in each situation. Each job presents a self-contained social world, with its own personalities, hierarchy, customs, and standards. Sometimes I was given scraps of sociological data to work with, such as 'Watch out for so-and-so, he's a real asshole.' More commonly it was left to me to figure out such essentials as who was in charge, who was good to work with, who could take a joke. Here years of travel probably stood me in good stead, although in my normal life I usually enter new situations in some respected, even attention-getting role like 'guest lecturer' or 'workshop leader.' It's a lot harder, I found out, to sort out a human microsystem when you're looking up at it from the bottom, and, of course, a lot more necessary to do so" [stress added]." Barbara Ehrenreich, 2001, Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By In America (NY: Metropolitan Books), page 194.

"Knowledge is power: 5 rules to remember when negotiatingsalary. 1. Recognize your value....2. Beprepared.....3. Know what you can negotiate....4. Knowthat you are dealing with future coworkers.....5. Focus on thegoals, not winning." (USA Today May 22, 2000, page7A.)

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HRAF (HUMAN RELATIONS AREA FILES)

The Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) is a microform collection ofmostly primary source materials on a large sample of cultures,societies and ethnic groups representing all areas of the world. Itis a research tool making available descriptive data on manypredominantly non-western and non-literate world cultures. Once thebasic arrangement of the HRAF Microfiles is understood,the Files canbe used for making cross-cultural surveys, for studying a particularculture or cultural trait, for studying cultures in a specificgeographical area, and more. HRAF is also available in CD ROM.

ORGANIZATION OF THE HRAF

The Collection is organized into separate Cultural Files,which areindexed in a manual entitled the OUTLINE OF WORLD CULTURES (OWC). Theinformation within each Cultural File is then arranged according to aspecial subject classification system presented in another manualcalled the OUTLINE OF CULTURAL MATERIALS (OCM). Using these twomanuals, you will be able to find information in the HRAF Microfilesabout one specific characteristic of one particularculture or make across-cultural comparison or survey of two or more societies.

ASK A LIBRARIAN and please remember The eHRAF Collection ofEthnography available on the WWW.

ACCULTURATION: The process that takes place when groups ofindividuals having different cultures come into first-hand contact,which results in change to the cultural patterns of both groups.

ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES: The knowledge that people use toassign rights to the ownership and use of resources.

APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY: Any use of anthropologicalknowledge to influence social interaction, to maintain or changesocial institutions, or to direct the course of cultural change.

CULTURAL CONTACT: The situation that occurs when twosocieties with different cultures somehow come into contact with eachother.

CULTURE: The knowledge that is learned, shared, and used bypeople to interpret experience and generate behavior.

CULTURE SHOCK: A form of anxiety that results from aninability to predict the behavior of others or act appropriately incross-cultural situations.

ETHNOCENTRISM: A mixture of belief and feeling that one'sown way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

ETHNOGRAPHY: The task of discovering and describing aparticular culture.

INFORMANT: A person who teaches his or her culture to ananthropologist.

LAW: The cultural knowledge that people use to settledisputes by means of agents who have recognized authority.

MARKET ECONOMIES: Economies in which production andexchange are motivated by market factors: price, supply, and demand.Market economies are associated with large societies where impersonalexchange is common.

NAIVE REALISM: The notion that reality is much the same forall people everywhere.

ROLE: The culturally generated behavior associated withparticular statuses.

TACIT CULTURE: The shared knowledge of which people usuallyare unaware and do not communicate verbally.

TECHNOLOGY: The part of a culture that involves theknowledge that people use to make and use tools to extract and refineraw materials.

WORLDVIEW: The way people characteristically look out onthe universe.

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POSSIBLE EXAM II QUESTIONS FORFRIDAY November 7, 2008:

1. RThe video First Contact dealt with explorers in:(a) Mexico; (b) North America; (c) South America; (d) New Guinea.

2. According to the Guidebook, names that manyAmericans use for Native American Indians tribes are: (a) acceptable;(b) believable; (c) creative; (d) derogatory.

3. Anthropologists who do research in "culture andpersonality" are generally interested in: (a) modal personality; (b)basic personality structure; (c) cultural character; (d)all-of-the-above.

4. The term "dege" in the Dani Language of New Guineameant: (a) human being; (b) a "moiety" of the Dani people; (c) a termof contempt; (d) a digging stick or a spear.

5. The following has been described as forming the "spine"of Bushmen life: (a) trust; (b) peace; (c) cooperation; (d)all-of-the-above.

6. According to Barnett (in this Guidebook),European mastery of large parts of the globe was due to: (a) racialsuperiority; (b) possession of gunpowder; (c) possession of iron; (d)both b + c.

7. TRUE FALSE Polyandry is when a woman has two or morehusbands at the same time.

8. TRUE FALSEThe shared knowledge which people usually areunaware and do not communicate verbally is known as "TacitCulture."

9. TRUE FALSE The culturally generated behavior associatedwith particular statuses is known as the caste system.

10. TRUE FALSE Margaret Mead was the only femaleanthropologist to ever work in Melanesia.

11. TRUE FALSE Cosmology refers to a set of beliefs thatdefines the nature of the universe or cosmos.

12. TRUE FALSE Anomie refers a form of anxiety that resultsfrom an inability to predict the behavior of others or actappropriately in cross-cultural situations.

A "sample" self-paced exam should be available at:http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SelfTesting/ANTH113FA2008TESTTwo.htmby Friday October 31, 2008, to assist you in examination#2.

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WEEK 11: BEGINNING MONDAY November 3,2008.

I. CULTURE CHANGE CONTINUED, REVIEW ON WEDNESDAY NOVEMBER 5,2008, AND EXAM II (30%) ON FRIDAY NOVEMBER 7, 2008.

II. REMEMBER: ELECTION DAY ON TUESDAY NOVEMBER 4, 2008!

ON ELECTIONS IN GENERAL: "An overwhelming majority of a miniscule number of Chico State university students decided everybody on campus will be paying higher fees at least through 2009. By a margin of 749 to 42, students at Chico State approved a referendum calling for a $14-a-semester fee to fund campus athletics. The total voter turnout amounted to 4.9 percent of the 16,251 eligible students [stress added]." Roger H. Aylworth, 2002, minority Rules: Chico State Approves Sports Fee. Enterprise-Record, May 11, 2002, page 1.

III. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, ConformityAnd Conflict.
"Globalization" [Overview - repeat], pages340-343.
"Japanese Hip-Hop and the Globalization of Popular Culture" by IanCondry, pages 370-385.

IV. PLEASE THINK ABOUT THIS:

IS THIS TRUE?} "No two countries that both had McDonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald's." Thomas L. Friedman, 1999, The Lexus And The Olive Tree, (NY: Farrar Straus Giroux), page 195.

V. VIDEOS: GOING INTERNATIONAL Series (2& 3): Please go back to Film Notes for Week 10 above.

VI. PLEASE REMEMBER:
A. REVIEW on Wednesday November 5, 2008 & EXAMII (30%) on Friday November 7, 2008.
B. Potential EXAM II Test Questions below
C. Map}: Europe, Middle East, Asia & Pacific, MultipleChoice, and True/False.

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WEEK 12: BEGINNING MONDAY November10, 2008.

I. LAW & POLITICS & RELIGION, MAGIC & WORLD VIEWAND BACK TO THE PACIFIC!

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, Conformity AndConflict. Please begin reading Earth Abidesby George R. Stewart; and see immediately below the "film notes"for previous student comments about Earth Abides.)
"Law and Politics" [Overview - repeat],pages 260-263.
"Symbolizing Roles: Beyond The Veil" by Elizabeth & RobertFernea, pages 223-230.
"Cross-Cultural Law: The Case of the Gypsy Offender" by AnneSutherland, pages 265-273.

III. INFORMATION OR OIL?

"Railways [in 19th century England] changedeverything. People lived differently, worked differently, atedifferently, had holidays differently, did almost everythingdifferently, once railways came along. Suburbs were created becausepeople no longer needed to live on top of their work. Fresh fish andvegetables could be brought hundreds of miles. The Grand Tour wasopen to everyone who could afford the train fare. People were broughttogether and life was opened up. Even now, the direct and indirectresults of railways, apart from the obvious economic and socialadvantages, have scarcely been realized. Cars and planes,television and satellites have since reduced the world to oneelectric village, but trains were first [stressadded]." Hunter Davis, 1975, George Stephenson: The RemarkableLife of the Founder of the Railways (Middlesex, England: HamlynPaperbacks), pages xiii-xiv.

"[In the United States in the mid-19th century:] One of the main reasons for funding the transcontinental [rail]road, however, was national defense--a rationale that also brought about construction of the federal interstate highway system nearly a century later. The idea of a coast-to-coast link had been discussed in California for some time, but Congress did not approve funds for it until the Civil War [1861-1865] was underway. The railroad would be a means of not only hastening shipments to and from California and protecting it from possible attack, but of keeping in loyal to the Union [stress added]." Daniel Lindley, 1999, Ambrose Bierce Takes on the Railroad: The Journalist as Muckraker and Cynic (Westport & London: Praeger), page 63.

IV. PREVIOUS STUDENT COMMENTS ABOUT EARTHABIDES.

V. BACK TO THE PACIFIC: VIDEO} THE LAST TASMANIAN(and if you wish: http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Pacific/Tasmania.html.

"In the early years of this century the house of Sa'ud emerged from the desert to conquer the greatest part of the Arabian peninsula, and they called the empire they created after themselves: Sa'udi Arabia. They control the Kingdom to this day." Robert Lacey, 1981, The Kingdom: Arabia & The House of Sa'ud, page 13.

"Rising Poverty Is New Concern for Saudis. BoomingPopulation Forces The Oil-Rich Kingdom To Address Resentment. ... AsSaudi Arabia tries to address Riyadh's problems, it is coming toterms with a reality that hasn't registered with most Americansyet: This isn't a rich country anymore. Gross domestic product,per capita, has dwindled to one-fifth of the U.S's. The Saudipopulation is growing rapidly, but oil production remains roughly thesame every year and the country hasn't diversified much[stress added]." Daniel Pearl, 2000, The WallStreet Journal, 26 June 2000, page A26.

"Since 1980, the Saudi population has more than doubled, to 17.3 million, with nearly three-fourths under the age of 30. Despite all the oil billions, pockets of poverty have emerged, and debt has soared out of control. It stands at about $170 billion, matching the country's total annual outpoot of goods and services. Gross national product per capita fell from $15,800 in 1980 to $8,200 in 2001. Unemployment is estimated as high as 30%. Much of the population is poorly educated [stress added]." Donald L. bartless and James B. Steele, 2003, Iraq's Crude Awakening. Time, May 19, 2003, pages 49-52, page 52.

"In the Middle East, as elsewhere, geography andecology have been among the important architects of history"(Ismail I. Nawab et al., 1980, Aramco And Its World: Arabia AndThe Middle East, page 4).

FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM: Fasting, Declaration of Faith, Daily Prayers, Charity, and a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca.

FROM THE VIDEO: "The internal tensions of this kingdom intransition since the oil boom of the mid 1960's and the reforms ofKING FAISAL are probed in this overview of a country that is changingpractically day-to-day. Everywhere are images of the often bizarrecollisions between Muslim orthodoxy and the demands of modernization.In this, the world's richest oil-producing country, the majority ofthe people are land-poor fellahin; 92% of them are illiterate. Theytill the soil with crude implements unchanged for a thousand years.Some of their countrymen, however, train on the latest jet fighters,and cavalry men of the Saudi army churn up the desert on their worldfamous Arabian ponies while practising their traditionalsaber-wielding skills."

FROM THE VIDEO: Four faces of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia:Soil, Sea, City, & Wanderer. Before Muhammad[570-632], Arabia was divided among numerous warring tribesand small kingdoms until Muhammad [570-632] unified thetribes.

FROM THE VIDEO: Out in the desert, in a Bedouin (nomad) family's hovel, the master's several wives remain veiled and totally submissive. Elsewhere liberated women emulate the dress and habits of those in the West and attend schools and universities. Faisal encouraged the growth of these segregated schools for women, against the advice of many. ...Women in Saudi Arabia may take any job, as long as they are not seen. ...King Faisal, absolute ruler until his assassination in 1975, kneels in devout prayer five times a day like any of the Muslim faithful."

FILM: "Recently a growing political awareness, influenced by the global trend away from colonialism, has brought about political unrest. No one knows what to do about it. Micronesia constitutes a model of the problems primitive [sic.] people face when confronted with the 20th Century." Film "visits all districts including some outer islands and observes the cultural, social, economic, and political conflicts. The old culture, represented by dances, ceremonies, island architecture, and family life in a typical village, is contrasted to the often tawdry facade of the district center, the gleaming luxury hotels, the jet liners, and the local variety of Life in the United States. The old South Seas [sic.] romance comes to life during a trip on a government ship to the outer islands. Appearing in the film are former Secretary of State Dean Rusk [1909-1994]; Ambassador Haydn Williams; Senator Petrus Tun and Representative John Rugulmar of the Congress of Micronesia; Chief Ngirakebou; Chief Tagachilbe; the people of Ngchesar on Babeldup Island [Palau]; Trust Territory officials; and Micronesians from all walks of life."(from Annals of Tourism Research, Oct/Dec'77:73-4). 

NOTE: "The two aspects of the Micronesian environment thatseem to dominate Micronesian thought are the near-universal scarcityof land and the weather (depending on the location), either in theform of droughts or typhoons. Nearly all of the people of Micronesiahave had to adapt to these harsh facts of the envioronment." (W.A.Alkire, The Peoples and Cultures of Micronesia, 1972: 5). ..."Micronesian political systems fall into the type generally calledchiefdoms. All recognized distinctions of rank based largely ongenealogical seniority in a system of ranked matriclans segmentedinto lineages or other subunits. ... Everywhere, chiefs had someauthority over decision making about public labor and resources andcontrol over some kinds of conduct. Chiefly clans generally receivedsome kind of first fruits or other payment, most commonly in returnfor grants of land made generations ago to more recent immigrants."(James G. Peoples, 1993, "Political Evolution in Micronesia" inEthnology, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 17, pp. 4-5). Major islands inMicronesia (from West to East): Northern Marianas, Guam, Belau(Palau), Federated States of Micronesia (Yap, Chuk [Truk],Ponape, and Kosrae), Marshall Islands, Kiribiti (formerly GilbertIslands), Tuvalu (formerly Ellice Islands), and Nauru. 

"European treatment of Aborigines during the last 200 years has been grossly unjust, but it was in Tasmania during the first 30 years of European settlement that the Aboriginals' plight was the most tragic. European settlers fenced off all the best land for farms, and as they encrouched upon traditional hunting grounds, the Aboriginals began fighting back. In turn, the settlers hunted and shot down the Aboriginal men as they would animals, kidnapped native children to use as slave labor, and raped and tortured the women. In 1828 Governor Arthur proclaimed a law that gave police the right to shoot Aboriginals on sight. Within a couple of years the entire population had been flushed out from settled districts, and over the following five years the remaining stragglers, numbering less than 200, were transported to Flinders Island to be converted to Christians [stress added]." Marael Johnson et al., 1997, Australia Handbook (Chico: Moon Publications), page 598.

"Like all other forms of life, bacteria and viruses evolve overtime, and the complex ways in which they react with their humanhosts may give to variable virulence [stress added]."Gerald N. Grob, 2002, The Deadly Truth: A History of Disease inAmerica (Harvard university Press), page 207.

REMEMBER FROM WEEK TWO:

"Les Eyzies is the normal point of first entry for visitors to the land of prehistory. It has a national museum, the cave where Cro-Magnon man was discovered, and much else--all in the midst of spectacular scenery. ... The National Museum of Prehistory lies within Les Eyzies, in a structure built into the side of a cliff, with overhanging rock above, which was originally a thirteenth-century fortress. It houses a rich collection of prehistoric items, not only from the Dordogne but also from other French archaeological sites...." Charles Tanford & Jacqueline Reynolds, 1992, The Scientific Traveller: A Guide to the People, Places, and Institutions of Europe, page 205.

Les Eyzies-De-Tayax-Sireuil = "The science of prehistoryoriginated in this village....The first drawing of a mammoth wasdiscovered here along with the first skeleton of Cro-Magnon Man,30,000 years ago." Anon., 1988, The Hachette Guide ToFrance (NY: Pantheon Books), page 111.

"The Dordogne River twisted in loops like a brown snake in the valley it had cut hundreds of thousands of years before." Michael Crichton, 1999, Timeline (Ballantine Books November 2000 Paperback), page 43.

"In 1856, at the very time Charles Darwin was writing TheOrigin of Species [published in 1859!],which wouldpopularize the revolutionary concept of evolution worldwide, thefossilized remains of a stocky, powerful, human-like creature werediscovered in a German valley called Neander Tal." Erik Trinkaus andPat Shipman, 1993, The Neanderthals: Changing The Image ofMankind .

Tasmania is 26,200 square miles in size and is a State ofthe Commonwealthof Australia [2,941,300 square miles]. Tasmania had anestimated 2006 population of ~473,365. The 2006 estimatedpopulation of Australia is 20,434,176. The capital of Tasmania isHobart. The State of California is approximately 163,696Square Miles, the State of West Virginia is approximately 24,078square miles, and Costa Rica is approximately 19,730 square miles.[See page 748, The World Almanac And Book of Facts2008.]

The potential of British-French rivalry in Australia prompted the British in Australia (where they had established a convict colony in 1788) to send a ship to Tasmania. On December 14, 1802, while Frenchmen were already on Tasmania, the British raised their flag and took formal possession of Tasmania in the name of King George of England.

"When Tasmania was first colonised the natives were roughlyestimated by some at 7000 and by others at 20,000. Their numberwas soon greatly reduced, chiefly by fighting with the English andwith each other. After the famous hunt by all the colonists, when theremaining natives delivered themselves up to the government, theyconsisted only of 120 individuals,* who were in 1832 transported toFlinders Island. This island, situated between Tasmania andAustralia, is forty miles long, and from twelve to eighteen milesbroad: it seems healthy, and the natives were well treated.Nevertheless, they suffered greatly in health. In 1834 they consisted(Bonwick, p. 250) of forty-seven adult males, forty-eight adultfemales, and sixteen children, or in all of 111 souls. In 1835 onlyone hundred were left. As they continued rapidly to decrease, and asthey themselves thought that they should not perish so quicklyelsewhere, they were removed in 1847 to Oyster Cove in the southernpart of Tasmania. They then consisted (Dec. 20th, 1847) of fourteenmen, twenty-two women and ten children.*(2) But the change of sitedid no good. Disease and death still pursued them, and in 1864 oneman (who died in 1869), and three elderly women alone survived. Theinfertility of the women is even a more remarkable fact than theliability of all to ill-health and death. At the time when only ninewomen were left at Oyster Cove, they told Mr. Bonwick (p. 386), thatonly two had ever borne children: and these two had together producedonly three children! (* All the statements here given are taken fromThe Last of the Tasmanians, by J. Bonwick, 1870. * This is thestatement of the Governor of Tasmania, Sir W. Denison, Varieties ofVice-Regal Life, 1870, vol. 1, p.67.). [stressadded]." Charles Darwin (1871), TheDescent of Man)

"Wherever the European has trod, death seems to pursue the aboriginal. We may look to the wide extent of the Americas, Polynesia, the Cape of Good Hope, and Australia, and we find the same result. Nor is it the white man alone that acts as the destroyer; the Polynesian of Malay extraction has in parts of the East Indian archipelago, thus driven before him the dark-coloured native. The varieties of man seem to act on each other in the same way as different species of animals--the stronger always extirpating the weaker [stress added]." Charles R. Darwin [1809-1882], 1839, The Voyage of the Beagle (Chapter 19: "Australia"), 1972 Bantam paperback edition (with "Introduction" by Walter Sullivan), page 376.

October 17, 1995: "...the premier [of Tasmania],Ray Groom, announced that he would introduce legislation to transfer3800 hectares [~9390 acres] of land to the TasmanianAborigines. ... The Premier stressed that this was thegovernment's first and final transfer of land to the TasmanianAborigines [stress added]." Lyndall Ryan, 1996,The Aboriginal Tasmanians [2nd edition] (Australia:Allen & Unwin), page 310.

"The Tasmanian Aboriginal population was gradually wiped out with the arrival of Europeans in the 19th century, however more than 4,000 people [~.84% of the population] claim Aboriginality in Tasmania today. Evidence of their link with the landscape has survived in numerous cave paintings. Many Aboriginal sites remain sacred and closed to visitors, but a few, such as the cliffs around Woolnorth [in the extreme northwest of Tasmania], display this indigenous art for all to see [stress added]." Zoë Ross [Managing Editor], 1998, Australia (Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc.), page 445. 

ADDITIONAL NOTES: The term "genocide" was first used byRaphael Lemkin [1900-1949] in his 1944 publication entitledAxis Rule in Occupied Europe: "By genocide we mean thedestruction of a nation or of an ethnic group." Lemkin combined aGreek and Latin root to create the word. On the 1986 Nobel PeacePrize Winner Elie Wiesel: "But because of his telling, many who didnot care to believe have come to believe, and some who did not carehave come to care. He tells the story out of infinite pain, partly tohonor the dead, but also to warn the living--to warn the living thatit could happen again and that it must never happen again. Betterthat one heart be broken a thousand times in the retelling, he hasdecided, if it means that a thousand other hearts need not be brokenat all." Robert McAfee Brown, 1986, Night (NY: BantamEdition), page vi.

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V. PREVIOUS STUDENT COMMENTSABOUT EARTH ABIDES.

"This is the second time I read Earth Abides , yet it isstill gripping. The first time I read it from an environmentalist andscitific perspective and this time from the anthropologicalperspective. Earth Abides , without a doubt, had put eveythingin this class in perspective. From the environment, destruction of aculture, hope, attitude, the negative contact with outsiders...andmany more. It is a great book that fits for any time any decade orgeneration, with a little modification it could be settingtoday."   

"Earth Abides was immediately a book I knew I would put off or possibly not read at all....I had mentioned to my Grandmother that I had to read Earth Abides for an Anthropology course: she immediately instructed me to read it and return to her as soon as I was finished. We discussed it over dinner and most of the adults in my family had read the novel and loved it. I figured it couldn't be that bad. I began reading and by the end of the first day I was already 130 pages into the novel. It was not what I expected. I was surprised to find that I was kept interested and wanted to know more and more about....[Earth Abides] helped me grasp the concepts illustrated in the Anthro 113 course."

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WEEK 13: BEGINNING Monday November 17,2008

I. TASMANIA CONTINUED (AND REMEMBER: NO CLASS ON FRIDAYNOVEMBER 21, 2008!)!

II. AND OPENING, on November 21, 2008: Harry Potter and the Half-BloodPrince. [Now scheduled for a 2009release.]

"As Harry Potter begins his 6th year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, he discovers an old book marked mysteriously "This book is the property of the Half-Blood Prince" and begins to learn more about Lord Voldemort's dark past."

III. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, ConformityAnd Conflict, as well as below in this Guidebook.
"Identity, Roles, and Groups" [Overview -repeat], pages 218-222.

IV.PLEASE CONTINUE READING EARTH ABIDES BY GEORGE R.STEWART, and:

December 19, 2003: "Influenza has become widespread in 12 more states in the last week, bringing the total to 36, with sporadic cases in the remaining states...." Lawrence K. Altman & Denise Grady, 2003, Flu Becomes Widespread in 12 More States, for Total of 36. The New York Times, December 19, 2003, page A24.

"The headlines told him what was most essential. The UnitedStates from coast to coast was overwhelmed by the attack of some newand unknown disease of unparalleled rapidity of spread, and fatality.Estimates for various cities, admitterdly little more than guesses,indicated that between 25 percent and 35 percent of the populationhad already died. ... In its symptoms the disease was like a kindof super-measles. No one was sure in what part of the world it hadoriginated; aided by airplane travel, it had sprung up almostsimultaneously in every center of civilization, outrunning allattempts at quarantine [stress added]." George R.Stewart, 1949, Earth Abides (NY: Fawcett Crest), page 13.

"One of the more consequential human tendencies that we have explored in these pages is that towards pseudospeciation: falsely treating another member of our species as if he or she were member of a different species. It is this capacity that allows us to turn off our natural identification with other members of our species and so be able to kill them. Its power and consequence have been very evident in recent years in a variety of locales, from the Balkans to Rwanda. It is difficult to brutalize and kill human beings, but it is not so hard to commit atrocities against 'Gooks,' 'Niggers.' 'Honkies,' 'Spics,' 'Micks,' 'Nips,' 'Krauts,' or other creatures we have used language to dehumanize. Clearly this ability to engage in pseudospeciation is a major part of the basis for warfare [stress added]." Robert S. McElvaine, 2001, Eve's Seed: Biology, the Sexes, and the Course of History (NY: McGraw-Hill), pages 284-285

NATURAL SELECTION: "The process of differential survivaland reproduction that results in changes in gene frequencies and inthe characteristics that the genes encode."(Paul W. Ewald, 1994,Evolution of Infectious Disease, page 220.

"One Scary Bug: A New Virus from Asia raises a host of unnerving questions." ... "And as nature constantly reshuffles the genes in her microbial repertoire, new diseases or variations of old ones keep appearing in new places at an alarming rate. The 'Nipah' virus jumped from pigs to humans in Malaysia in 1998, for instance, killing 105 people before being stamped out. West Nile virus swepat across the U.S. last year, killing 277 people. 'It is the nature of these organisms to change [EVOLUTION!] in order to survive,' explains Dr. John B. Bruss, Pharmacia Corp's clinical director for infectious disease research in Kalamazoo, mich. 'As they change [or EVOLVE!], they can become more pathogenic to humans.' And a global urbanization and travel continue to increase, 'this type of worldwide outbreak will be more prevalent,' says Dr. Neil O. Fishman, director of health-care epidemiology and infection control and the university of Pennsylvania Medical Center [stress added]." John Carey et. al, 2003, One Scary Bug: A New Virus from Asia raises a host of unnerving questions. Business Week, April 14, 2003, pages 56-57, page 56.

ACCULTURATION: The process that takes place when groups ofindividuals having different cultures come into first-hand contact,which results in change to the cultural patterns of both groups.

CULTURAL CONTACT: The situation that occurs when twosocieties with different cultures somehow come into contact with eachother.

CULTURAL ECOLOGY: The study of the way people use theirculture to adapt to particular environments, the effects they have ontheir natural surrounding, and the impact of the environment on theshape of culture, including its long-term evolution.

CULTURE: The knowledge that is learned, shared, and used bypeople to interpret experience and generate behavior.

CULTURE SHOCK: A form of anxiety that results from aninability to predict the behavior of others or act appropriately incross-cultural situations.

ETHNOCENTRISM: A mixture of belief and feeling that one'sown way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

ETHNOGRAPHY: The task of discovering and describing aparticular culture.

HUNTING AND GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involvingthe foraging of wild, naturally occuring foods.

LANGUAGE: The system of cultural knowledge used to generateand interpret speech.

NAIVE REALISM: The notion that reality is much the same forall people everywhere.

PASTORALISM: A subsistence strategy based on themaintenance and use of large herds of animals.

TACIT CULTURE: The shared knowledge of which people usuallyare unaware and do not communicate verbally.

TECHNOLOGY: The part of a culture that involves theknowledge that people use to make and use tools to extract and refineraw materials.

WORLDVIEW: The way people characteristically look out onthe universe.

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WEEK 14: THANKSGIVING BREAK: MONDAY,NOVEMBER 24, 2008 - > FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 2008!

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WEEK 15: BEGINNING Monday December 1,2008.

I. ALMOST OVER & WINDING DOWN!! (AND PLEASE RETURN TO GOINGINTERNATIONAL #4 FILM NOTES ABOVE [IN WEEK 10]).

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, Conformity AndConflict, as well as below in this Guidebook (andyou are supposed to be reading Earth Abides by George R.Stewart!
"Law and Politics" [Overview - repeat] by S&M,pages 260-263.
"Notes from an Expert Witness" by Barbara Joans, pages 274-283..

III. CHANGE AS THE NATURAL / CULTURAL ORDER OF THINGS
A. Remember some words from the first Week?

"In a way, looking back at the past 20 years is like going to your high school reunion: Everyone there looks somewhat the same, but everything has completely changed. Twenty years ago, only doctors had pagers, there were no cell phones, no personal computers, no ATM machines, no Internet, no Starbucks. San Francisco looked like a smaller Manhattan, and San Jose looked like a smaller Los Angeles." San Francisco Chronicle, May 30, 1999, page 1.

B. Exploration/Exploitation:

"No one has ever doubted that Columbus attained SouthAmerica (although not until 1498), and he did trace along CentralAmerica in 1502. But no scholar of history has ever claimed that hedid discover North America. His real contribution was to prove thereliability of the Atlantic trade winds, which had beendiscovered in previous decades by the Portuguese and others exploringfor islands [stress added]." James R. Enterline, 2002,Erikson, Eskimos & Columbus: Medieval European Knowledge ofAmerica (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press), page215.

"When Columbus set sail from Spain in 1492, he speculated that his fastest route to the gold and spices of the Orient was west by sea. After 33 days of sailing, Columbus was within sight of land and assumed he was approaching Asia. He had no idea that the Carribean island before him was the doorstep to two 'unknown' continents. Neither Columbus nor the islands inhabitants who greeted him could have predicted the global consequences of the encounter that began that day. Seeds of Change [video and 1991 book] commemorates the 500th anniversary of Columbus's voyage by focusing on the exchange of plants, animals, and peoples that resulted. Five 'seeds'--corn, potatoes, diseases, horses, and sugar--form the core of this exhibition which tells the story of 500 years of encounter and exchange" [stress added] (1991 Smithsonian Institution brochure).

"The slave trade was responsible for one of the largest humanmigrations the world has ever seen. Even before Europeans beganshipping African slaves to the New World, millions were sent toEurope, the Middle East, and as far away as China. ... The flow ofAfricans to the New World eventually exceeded that to the Old.Between the early 1500s, when the first slaves were transporteddirectly from Africa to the Americas, and 1870, when the lastverified shipment of African slaves made landfall in Cuba,approximately 12 million enslaved Africans traveled across theAtlantic. Africans quickly became a major portion of thepopulation in the Americas, especially as indigenous poplations weredecimated by Old World diseases. As late as 1800, several times asmany Africans as Europeans lives in the New World [stress added]." Steve Olson, 2002, Mapping HumanHistory: Discovering the Past Through Our Genes (Boston: HoughtonMifflin Company), page 57.

C. Native Americans and Continuous Culture Change andCahokia,Illinois.

"People create their own pasts by acknowledging what they choose to acknowledge. In the 1960 U.S. census -- the first that allowed people to classify themselves by racial category -- just over 500,000 people identified themselves as Native Americans. By the 1980 census more than 1.4 million said they were Native Americans. And in the 2000 census, which for the first time allowed people to identify themselves as belonging to one race, more than 4 million Americans marked 'Native American' on their census forms [stress added]." Steve Olson, 2002, Mapping Human History: Discovering The Past Through Our Genes (Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.), page 206.

"Why Was Cahokia Abandoned? No other issue in scholarlycircles is thornier than the question of Cahokia's abandonment.Why did the Mississippians leave this splendid constellationof mounds, buildings, plazas, council houses, lodges, palisades, andwoodhenges behind them? Why does the site show no signs ofhuman habitation from 1400 to about 1650, when Illini Indiansmoved into the area? Did circumstances foce the Mississippians toleave, or did they choose to take advantage of better resources inanother place? Until new evidence is uncovered, we might contentourselves with a simple answer: we do not know why Cahokia wasabandoned. But .... Climactic changes and environmental stress? ...Deforestation and an unintended suicide? ... Nutritional stress? ...Health and sanitation problems? ... Conflict? [stressadded]." Sally A. Kitt Chappel, 2002, Cahokia: Mirror of theCosmos (University of Chicago Press), pages 71-74.

D. And please consider California and the local Native Americanstory:

"Had we been able to visit the coast of California between 5000 and 400 years ago we would have seen a remarkable sight. We could have wandered into large, permanent villages, some perhaps consisting of a thousand or more people. There we would have found a ruling elite, a working class, ritual specialists and skilled craftsmen and women, as well as extensive evidence of trade. While this kind of society may seem familiar, the thing that made the Californias special was that nowhere around these towns would you have seen fields or pasture. All of this social complexity was generated in the absence of agriculture [stress added]." Tim Flannery, 2001, The Eternal Frontier: An Ecological History of North America And Its People (NY: Atlantic Monthly Press), pages 239-240.

"The Maidu people who shared the Sacramento Valley with other tribes built small villages along the rivers, collected acorns and vegetables and wove intricate baskets. But their lives were disrupted by the arrival of European settlers, ushering in a violent era of massacres and treachery....Two years after California became a state in 1850, government agents and Native American peoples signed 18 treaties that set aside pieces of land for tribes. The Maidu were promised thousands of acres of land in the Chico-Oroville area. But Congress never ratified the treaties, and the Maidu never received the promised land.... in 1863, the Maidu were rounded up in Chico and marched 100 miles west to the Round Valley Reservation in Covelo. Only about half of the 461 native people who started the journey reached the destination. Some were killed, many died and a few escaped. Patsy Seek, chairwoman of the Konkow Valley Band of Maidu, heard stories from her grandfather who survived the march. She remembers hearing that U.S. soldiers rounded up a group of Native Americans and forced them into a circle. Then they were shot [stress added]." Jennifer MacDonald, 2008, Maidu history of upheaval: European settlers of Butte County brought disease and death to Native Americans. Chico News & Review, June 19, 2008.

IV. EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE AND THE FUTURE

"...organisms, and their microbial cousins, have an influence on life that is wholly disproportionate to their dimensions and invisibility. First, consider the difference in size between some of the very tiniest and the very largest creatures on earth. A small bacterium weighs as little as 0.000000000001 grams. A blue whale weighs about 100,000,000 grams. Yet a bacterium can kill a whale." Bernard Dixon, 1994, Power Unseen: How Microbes Rule The World, page xvii.

V.REMEMBER:
A. EXAM III for ANTH 113-01 is on MONDAY December 15, 2008 from 10->11:50am.
B. Potential EXAM III Test Questionsbelow
C. Map for EXAM III below: EXAMIII (35% of your final grade) will consist of a World Map,Multiple-Choice, and True/False questions.

ACCULTURATION: The process that takes place when groups ofindividuals having different cultures come into first-hand contact,which results in change to the cultural patterns of both groups.

CULTURAL CONTACT: The situation that occurs when twosocieties with different cultures somehow come into contact with eachother.

CULTURAL ECOLOGY: The study of the way people use theirculture to adapt to particular environments, the effects they have ontheir natural surrounding, and the impact of the environment on theshape of culture, including its long-term evolution.

CULTURE: The knowledge that is learned, shared, and used bypeople to interpret experience and generate behavior.

ETHNOCENTRISM: A mixture of belief and feeling that one'sown way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

POLITICAL SYSTEM: The organization and process of makingand carrying out public policy according to cultural categories andrules.

PRIEST: A full-time religious specialist who intervenesbetween people and the supernatural, and who often leads acongregation at regularl cyclical rites.

REDISTRIBUTION: The transfer of goods and services betweena group of people and a central collecting service based on roleobligation. The U.S. income tax is a good example.

SLASH-AND-BURN AGRICULTURE: A form of horticulture in whichwild land is cleared and burned over, farmed, then permitted to liefallow and revert to its wild state.

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: The ranking of people or groups ofbased on their unequal access to valued economic resources andprestige.

SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES: Strategies that are used by groupsof people to exploit their environment for material necessities.Hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, andiindustrialism are subsistence strategies.

TECHNOLOGY: The part of a culture that involves theknowledge that people use to make and use tools to extract and refineraw materials.

WORLDVIEW: The way people characteristically look out onthe universe.

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NOTES ON NATIVE AMERICANS ANDCONTINUOUS CULTURE CHANGE

REMEMBER FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE COURSE?: "A people who may have been ancestors of the first Americans lived in Arctic Siberia, enduring one of the most unforgiving environments on Earth at the height of the Ice Age, according to researchers who discovered the oldest evidence yet of humans living near the frigid gateway to the New World. Russian scientists uncovered a 30,000-year-old site where ancient hunters lived on the Yana River in Siberia, some 300 miles north of the Arctic Circle and not far from the Bering land bridge that then connected Asia with North America. ... The researchers found stone tools, ivory weapons and the butchered bones of mammoths, bison, bear, lion and hare, all animals that would have been available to hunters during that Ice Age period. Using a dating technique that measures the ratios of carbon, the researchers determined the artifacts were deposited at the site about 30,000 years before the present. That would be about twice as old as Monte Verde in Chile, the most ancient human life known in the American continents [stress added]." Paul Recer, 2004, Ice Age hunters' camp found in Siberia: Possible link to ancestors of 1st Americans. The San Francisco Chronicle, January 2, 2004, page A5.

"The English mistook the Indians' war chants for songs ofwelcome, while the Indians mistook the red wine the settlersoffed them for blood. When Powhatan, the powerful Chesapeake chief,offered food to the Jamestown settlers, it was to signal thevisitors' dependent status, allies who required his protection. Tohis delighted guests, however, the gesture had anothermeaning: proof of willing subordination. The Indians, theEnglish agreed with relief, would become the docile subjects of KingJames. So went some of the culture clashes in the New World asEuropeans and Native Americans encountered each other for the firsttime [stress added]." Emily Eakin, Think Tank: HistoryYou Can See, Hear, Smell, Touch and Taste. The New York Times,December 20, 2003, page A21.

"We need to understand that the encounter of European Americans with the geography and native peoples of America forms a decisive element in who we are now and need to become [stress added]." Jacob Needleman, 2002, The American Soul: Rediscovering the Wisdom of the Founders (NY: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam), page 40.

"Columbus changed forever the history of the planet. But he didso by connecting two worlds of equal maturity, not by 'discovering' anew one. Knowing this, some find it easy to dismiss Europeaninsistence on calling America the New World as nothing more thanEurocentric arrogance. Convinced that Europe was synonymous withcivilization, colonizing Europeans failed to see anything of valuein Indian civilizations. They regarded Indian people as'primitive' and viewed the land as virgin wilderness. Like otherhuman beings, they were blind to much of what lay before them andinstead took in what they wanted to. In a very real sense, however,America did exists as a new world for Europeans. America was morethan just a place; it was a second opportunity for humanity--achance, after the bloodlettings and the pogroms, the plagues and thefamines, the political and religious wars, the social and economicupheavals, for Europeans to get it right this time. In thebeginning, the American dream was a European dream, and it exertedemotional and motivational power for generations"[stress added]." Colin G. Galloway, 1997, NewWorlds For All: Indians, Europeans, and the Remaking of EarlyAmerica, page 10.

"In 1589 the Jesuit scholar José de Acosta, who lived and traveled widely in South America, proposed that native Americans were descended from people who had migrated from Siberia. More than four hundred years later, Acosta's idea has held up pretty well. Perhaps 75 million people were living in North and South America when Columbus reached the New World in 1492. Most, perhaps all, of their ancestors have been shown to be people from Asia who made their way across what is today the bering Strait. The questions--and the controversies--lie entirely in the details. The single most contentious question concerns the dates of these migrations [stress added]." Steve Olson, 2002, Mapping Human History: Discovering The Past Through Our Genes (Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.), page 195-196.  

"People create their own pasts by acknowledging what theychoose to acknowledge. In the 1960 U.S. census -- thefirst that allowed people to classify themselves by racial category-- just over 500,000 people identified themselves as NativeAmericans. By the 1980 census more than 1.4 million said theywere Native Americans. And in the 2000 census, which for thefirst time allowed people to identify themselves as belonging to onerace, more than 4 million Americans marked 'Native American' on theircensus forms [stress added]." Steve Olson, 2002,Mapping Human History: Discovering The Past Through Our Genes(Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.), page 206.

On the Mashantucker Pequot: "The Pequot War of 1636-37 paved the way for the establishment of English hegemony in southern New England." Alfred A. Cave, 1996, The Pequot War (U Mass press), page 1.

"The Spanish and French who first saw these hillocks found itdifficult to believe them to be the deliberate creations of mankind.They were so much larger than any work of architecture known tothem. The entire facade of the Palace of the Louvre, in Paris,can fit easily within the space surrounded by the D-shaped earthenrings at Povery Point, Louisiana, built at the same time asStonehenge. The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in Rome, complete withits plaza and gardens, could be placed within the circularembankement at Watson Brake [Louisiana], which is probably atleast a thousand years older than Poverty Point [stressadded]." Roger G. Kennedy, 1996, Hidden Cities: The DiscoveryAnd Loss of Ancient North American Civilization , page 8.

"The pucará [fortress] of Sascahuamán [in Perú, South America] is not only one of the greatest single structures ever built in preliterate America, but it is also unlike its counterparts in that we know the identity of its architects, who gave their names to the three gateways to the fortress. …'The first and principal one was Huallpu Rimanchi Inca, who designed the general plan…. [citing Garcilasco de la Vega, born in Cuzco, Perú, in 1535]. … The fortress was built into a limestone outcrop 1,800 feet long, and formed of three tiers of walls rising to fifty feet high. … The precise Inca records, as revealed in their quipus, state that '20,000 labourers, in continuous relays', worked for sixty-eight years to build Sascahuamán [stress added]." Victor Wolfgang von Hagen, 1976, The Royal Road of the Inca (London: Gordon Cremonesi Ltd), page 93.

"The truth about California Indians isn't pleasant. Drivenfrom the land that sustained them, decimated by unfamiliar diseases,they were hunted to near-extinction during the Gold Rush. Onceestimated at 300,000, only 15,000 remained by the 1900 census.Almost 95 percent of the original population had vanished." Anon.,July 7, 2002, Native California still determined to set historicalrecord straight [stress added]." The ChicoEnterprise-Record, page 1D.

"Ishi is in the news again, and again his story is a poignant reflection of our society. Ishi's saga begins in the 1860s. White settlers in this area had either enslaved, murdered, or expelled the Maidu [Native Americans] from the valley, but had not yet subdued the Yahi, who were protected by the remote and tortuous terrain of Deer and Mill Creek canyons, and could survive on the limited resources of that area supplemented with goods gathered on occasional raids of the settlers' ranches. These raids were met with retaliatory attacks, and violence escalated. In 1862, three white children were killed, and in response the settlers resolved to destroy the entire native population. The genocide of the Yahi was ferocious and absolute. ... By 1870 the Yahi population, once in the hundreds, was five. For the next 41 years this small group hid themselves along Dear Creek. In 1911, the last survivor [subsequently named], Ishi, reappeared in the white man's world, ironically at a slaughterhouse [stress added]." Tim Bousquet, The Chico News & Review, June 12, 1997, Vol. 20, No. 46, page 8. And please see: Theodora Kroeber, 1961, Ishi In Two Worlds: A Biography of the Last Wild Indian in North America (Berkeley: UC Press).

"...the bloody years of Yana history: 1850-1872. It was inthe early 'sixties that the whole white population of the SacramentoValley was in an uproar of rage and fear over the murder of fivewhite children by hill Indians--probably Yahi. But the soberlyestimated numbers of kidnappings of Indian children by whites inCalifornia to be sold as slaves or kept as cheap help was, betweenthe years 1852 and 1867, from three to four thousand; evey Indianwoman, girl, and girl-child was potentially and in thousands of casesactually subject to repeated rape, to kidnapping, and toprostitution. Prostitution was unknown to aboriginal California,as were the venereal diseases which accounted for from forty to ashigh as eighty per cent of Indian deaths during the first twentyyears following the gold rush [stress added]."Theodora Kroeber, 1961, Ishi In Two Worlds: A Biography of theLast Wild Indian in North America (Berkeley: UC Press), page46.

STATEMENT about ISHI from Dr. Saxton Pope: "[Ishi] looked upon us as sophisticated children--smart, but not wise. We knew many things, and much that is false. He knew nature, which is always true. His were the qualities of character that last forever. He was kind; he had courage and self-restraint, and though all had been taken from him, there was no bitterness in his heart. His soul was that of a child, his mind that of a philosopher [stress added]." From: James Freeman, 1992, Ishi's Journey: From The Center to the Edge of the World (Happy Camp, CA: Naturegraph), back cover.

NOTE ELSEWHERE / ELSEWHEN: "There are various estimated andseveral arguments about the social, cultural, and physical damagecaused by the 1838 [Cherokee] removal. The main portions ofall five tribes were uprooted and the people became sociallydisoriented, their town and clan organizations disrupted. ... Howmany Cherokees and their slaves died? The answer is a mystery,enhanced, complicated by decades. In the detention camps, from threehundred to two thousand died, depending on the authority accepted; onthe trail, from five hundred to two thousand. In other words, theanswer is a combined total of between eight hundred and fourthousand." John Ehle, 1988, Trail of Tears: The Rise And Fall OfThe Cherokee Nation (NY: Anchor), page 390.

"What do the Indian nations of Arizona, California, Connecticut, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington and several other states have now that they did not have 15 years ago? The answer is political clout. ... According to Bill Eadington, a specialist in gambling economics at the University of Nevada-Reno, by the end of the decade the Indian casinos in California will be raking in $5.1 billion to $10.3 billion a year in gambling revenues. He said about half of this will be profits. The $5.1 billion figure is still higher than the income generated by the entire Las Vegas strip casinos [stress added]." Tim Giago, 2000, Jury Still Out On Indian Gaming's Impact. The San Francisco Chronicle, July 30, 2000, page 5.

NOTE on the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe: "The tinyMashantucket Pequot tribe--grown wealthy by casino profits--isputting the finishing touches on a $135 million museum thatresurrects a nearly forgotten past. TheMashantucket Pequot Museum and Research Center, which celebratesthe lives of American Indians of southeastern Connecticut, open Aug.11 [1998]. The 308,000-square-foot complex is set onthe tribe's reservation, also home to the Foxwoods ResortCasino. ... The money to build the museum comes from the tribe'scasino.... The Pequot tribe, which has about 400 members, gotassistance from about 50 other tribes, from helping to reproduceartifacts to sharing oral histories and providing original artwork[stress added]." Anon., 1998, The WashingtonPost, August 4, 1998, page C10.

"Foxwoods Resort Casino reported to the State Division of Special Revenue a net slot win of $57.5 million for the month of February [2008], a $4.3 million or 7 percent decrease from February 2007. The casino's owners, the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation, also reported a $14.4 million contribution to the State of Connecticut for February 2008, increasing to $2.620 billion the amount given to the State since January 1993, when slot machines were introduced at Foxwoods. [stress added]." Anon., 2008, The Pequot Times, April 2008.

"Imagine a California with 40 or more Foxwood-sized gamingfacilities, many lining the thoroughfares leading from SouthernCalifornia to the Nevada border, each aggressively wooing themillions of customers from the population centers of Anaheim and SanDiego to the gambling meccas of Las Vegas, Reno, Stateline, andLaughlin. That's the doomsday prediction of some gamingobservers watching the action in California.... [stressadded]" (Matt Connor, 1998, "Nevada's Bad California Dream" inInternational Gaming & Wagering Business, July 1998, page1, pages 26-31, page 1 and 26).

"Although Indian casinos are not required to make public their revenues, the fact that Thunder Valley is operated by a publicly traded company, Station Casinos Inc., does afford some grounds for educated guesses. Station, which collects 24 percent of the casino's net revenues in exchange for handling the day-to-day management, recently told its stockholders it expects to make from $65 million to $75 million in annual fees at Thunder Valley. That would mean total net annual revenues for the tribe of around $270 million to $300 million per year, figures that tribal officials do not dispuite with any vigor.... Even at $270 million a year, that projects to at least $200 million for the 240-member tribe by next July. And, that, just for perspective, projects to about $739,726 a day, $30,840 an hour or $514 a minute [stress added]." Steve Wiegand, 2003, Cautious Optimism, The Sacramento Bee, November 24, 2003, page A1 + A15.

"California Indian Country has 107 independent, sovereignnations from the Mexican border to the Oregon state line. Theyrange from tribes of just a few members to those with severalthousand. Each is ruled by a chairman or woman elected by thetribe, and they form a diverse collection of leaders that includesformer welfare moms, college professors, recovering alcoholics,activists and novelists. In the 57 tribes staewide powered byCasino revenue, the new chiefs wield tremendous politicalinfluence, often controlling millions of dollars. Some can beruthless, dispensing with political opponents by firing them, cuttingoff their share of casino money and tribal benefits, or kicking themout of the tribe altogether. Tribal leaders can make their ownlaws and are rarely subject to state or federal intevention--unless acrime is committed. That's how the[Priscilla] Hunter regimein Coyote Valley [Shodakai Casino, Redwood Valley, MendocinoCounty] became notorious. Theirs is the first Indian nation inCalifornia history to have its entire tribal council taken out by acorruption probe [stress added]. Stephen Magagnini, 2007,The New Chiefs: A tribe in upheaval. The SacramentoBee, April 8, 2007, pages A1 + A12.

FOR THUNDER VALLEY, May 2004: "An average daily attendance of 8,000 to 10,000 people.... A total amount gambled, incluing money that is won and then re-bet, of well-over $5 billion - or a dozen times large than the operating budget fir Sacramento County, Total net profits to the 240-member tribe and Station Casinos, the Las Vegas-based company that operates the casino for the tribe, of more than $300 million." Steve Wiegand, 2004, Thunder Valley deals mostly a winning hand. The Sacramento Bee, May 30, 2004, pages A1-A3.

"...[A May 2006] report provides a snapshot of afast-growing [gambling] industry in transition--abusiness that's generating at least $13 billion in annual revenue butalso contributing to a variety of social ills, including gamblingaddiction and increased crime....As of 2004, Indiancasinos accounted for almost half of all gambling revenue inCalifornia--an estimated $5.78 billion....Sixty-six ofCalifornia's 108 federally recognized Indian tribes have compacts torun casinos, and 61 are already operating gambling centers[stress added]." David Lazarus, 2006, State's gamblingin dustry yields astounding data. The San Francisco Chronicle,June 4, 2006, pages F1-F2. [For the complete 176-pagereport by Charlene Wear Simmons entitled Gambling in the GoldenState: 1998 Forward, prepared for California Attorneygeneral Bill Lockyer, see: http://www.library.ca.gov/html/statseg2a.cfm.]

"Indian gambling pulled in $25 billion in 2006, 11 percent more than the year before as the industry's explosive growth outpaced Las Vegas. Federal figures announced Monday [June 4, 2007], compiled from 387 tribal facilities in 28 states, show Indian gambling revenue has nearly doubled in five years. Indian casinos brought in $12.8 billion in 2005 and $25.1 billion in 2006, according to the National Gaming Commission. 'The continued growth is eye-opening considering the tribal gaming industry is still relatively young,' said commission Chairman Phil Hogen. Most of the growth has come since 1988 when Congress passed a law creating the legal framework for Indian gambling. The law let Indian tribes, with the consent of a state's governor, run slot machines and other profitable games on their reservations not allowed elsewhere in the state. Indian gambling revenue in 2006 was far richer than the $12.62 billion gambling take in Nevada in 2006. But Nevada casinos make a lot of money with restaurants, hotels and other entertainment, so their total 2006 revenue was $24.08 billion. Indian casinos aren't required to report their profits, and most don't disclose that information, so it's not possible to know the tribes' net income. Nevada's major hotel-casinos posted their highest net-income ever in fiscal 2006--a combined $2.1 billion [stress added]." Anon., 2007, Indian casinos post record $25 billion. The Chico Enterprise-Record, June 5, 2007, page 5A.

JULY 6, 2008, from the Sacramento Bee: "Red HawkCasino opens a temporary employment and training center Monday inEl Dorado Hills to begin processing applications for some1,750 jobs, everything from dishwashers to dealers, cashiersto maintenance workers. The massive, 270,000-foot gambling facilityis set to open sometime in the fourth quarter of 2008. Theregion's latest Indian casino will offer 2,000 slot machines and75 table games, initially. Under a state compact approved on Monday,the number of slots could grow to as many as 5,000. Red Hawk isexpected to attract thousands of patrons and will be the biggestprivate employer in El Dorado County [stress added]."

July 15, 2008 Media Advisory: "Thunder Valley Casino and the United Auburn Indian Community will hold a groundbreaking ceremony on Wednesday, July 16 at 11:00a.m. to honor the commencement of Thunder Valley's expansion. The ceremony will take place on the South Entrance Parking Lot of Thunder Valley Casino. The United Auburn Indian Community, owners of Thunder Valley Casino, plan to construct a five-star level hotel, a performing arts center, a parking structure, spa, ballrooms, exhibit space, additional gaming space, new restaurants and a tribal cultural exhibit area. The expansion is expected to create 1,000 construction jobs and 1,200 new permanent jobs. The completion date is approximately 24 months. Upon completion, Thunder Valley Casino's expansion is projected to generate $10.2 million in property tax, $900,000 in food and beverage tax and $1 million in occupancy tax for Placer County. The Casino is also expected to spend $70 million with local vendors. Thunder Valley Casino will continue to pay Placer County approximately $1.3 million dollars annually for fire protection services and $1.2 million to the Placer County Sheriff's Office for safety and protective services. Thunder Valley Casino is currently an approximately 200,000 square foot entertainment facility that includes a casino with 2,700 slot machines, 98 table games, a VIP gaming room and two private gaming salons.  The casino has numerous dining and entertainment amenities, including a center pit bar, a 500-seat buffet, a food court with five quick-service outlets, three full-service restaurants, six additional bars and parking for 3,000 vehicles [stress added]." 

---

WEEK 16: BEGINNING Monday December 8,2008.

I. CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND REVIEW!

II. READINGS in Spradley & McCurdy, 2006, Conformity AndConflict, as well as below in this Guidebook, andyou are supposed to be finishing Earth Abides by George R.Stewart!
"Using Anthropology" [repeat] by David W. McCurdy,pages 422-435.
"Career Advice for Anthropology Undergraduates" by John T. Omohundro,pages 436-446.

PLEASE RE-READ ALL FOUR ESSAYS AT THE END OF THIS Guidebook: A few exam questions will come from these four essays for EXAM III.

"But there's just so much in life that each of us takes forgranted. We wander through our days, we waste a lot of time. You haveto embrace your life, you know? Live every moment to the best of yourabilities. Live every day like it's gonna be your last. That's myadvice. And keep your sense of humor. Where would any of us bewithout it?" Jonathan Winters (1925 -> ). In Mike Sage, 2003, HeWho Laughs Last. AARP The Magazine, July & August2003,page 27-29, page 29.

"'The best thing for being sad,' replied Merlyn, beginning to puff and blow, 'is to learn something. That is the only thing that never fails. You may grow old and trembling in your anatomies, you may lie awake at night listening to the disorder of your veins, you may miss your only love, you may see the world about you devastated by evil lunatics, or know your honour trampled in the sewers of baser minds. There is only one thing for it then--to learn. Learn why the world wags and what wags it. That is the only thing which the mind can never exhaust, and never dream of regretting. Learning is the thing for you. Look at what a lot of things there are to learn--pure science, the only purity there is. You can learn astronomy in a lifetime, natural history in three, literature in six. And then, after you have exhausted a milliard lifetimes in biology and medicine and theocriticism and geography and history and economics--why, you can start to make a cartwheel out of the appropriate wood, or spend fifty years learning to begin to learn to beat your adversary at fencing. After that you can start again on mathematics, until it is time to learn to plough [stress added].'" E.B. White [1899-1985], 1939, The Once And Future King (1967 G.P. Putnam edition), page 183.

III. CULTURE CHANGE AND APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY
A. What is Change? and How does Change take place?
B. What is Creativity? and The Global Society (Continued)
C. You may also wish to read a brief essay on theGalápagos Islands by Urbanowicz, which may be viewed byclicking here: ESSAY #4,the final essay, at the end of this printed Guidebook.)

Isaac Asimov (1920-1992)} "What is lacking in a teenager is not intelligence or reasoning ability, but merely experience." Janet Jeppson Asimov, 2002, Isaac Asimov: It's Been a Good Life (NY: Prometheus Books), page 125.

IV. FOR INFORMATION
A. The Applied Anthropology Computer Network (http://www.acs.oakland.edu/~dow/anthap.html)
B. http://www.janegoodall.org/[Jane Goodall].
C. http://www.uacg.org/[United Anglers of Casa Grande, Petaluma, CA]

JANE GOODALL, born 1934} "The greatest danger to ourfuture is apathy. We cannot expect those living in poverty andignorance to worry about saving the world. For those of us able toread this magazine, it is different. We can do something topreserve our planet. You may be overcome, however, by feelings ofhelplessness. You are just one person in a world of 6 billion. Howcan your actions make a difference? Best, you say, to leave it todecision makers. And so you do nothing. Can we overcome apathy? Yes,but only if we have hope. One reason for hope lies in theextraordinary nature of human intellectual accomplishment[stress added]." [http://www.time.com/time/2002/greencentury/engoodall.html][See: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,1101020826,00.html[Special Report in Time magazine, August 26, 2002:"How To Save the Earth"]

On the hatchery at Adobe Creek, California: "The hatchery was dedicated on April 25, 1993, as students unfurled their banner: 'Together we will change the world' [from the United Anglers of Casa Grande high School, Petaluma, CA.] [stress added]." SEE: Malcolm McConnel, 1999, Miracle at Adobe Creek. The Reader's Digest, Vol. 154, No. 924, pages 78-84, page 84.

"Chimps in Peril. Famed naturalist Jane Goodall issued awarning that chimpanzees across central Africa are comingunder a grave threat due to commercial hunting, wars and increasedlogging in the region. She told reporters that new logging roadsallow the hunters to now go deep into the forest where they kill theprimates and shop their smoked meat off to be eaten in exoticrestaurrants. Goodall warned that the entire chimp populationacross 21 African nations has declined from about 2 million a centuryago to 220,000 today. 'Because they are very slow breeders andgive birth only at five-year intervals, the species could be on itsway to extinction if nothing is done to protect the animals and theirhabitat,' Goodall said [stress added]." Earthweek: ADiary of the Planet, by Steve Newman, The San FranciscoChronicle, July 7, 2001, page A4.

"When Goodall [born 1934 -> ] came to Gombe in the 1960s, about 150 chimpanzees inhaibted the area. Today about a hundred survive in the dwindling forest. 'When the first satellite images were taken of Gombe in 1972, there was little difference between what was inside the parl and what was outside,' says conservation biologist Lilian Pintea of the University of Minnesota .... Today Gombe, only eight miles wide, is surrounded by farms and people, including thousands of refugees fleeing violence in nearby countries [stress added]." In an article by] Jane Goodall, 2003, Update Lessons From Gombe, Tanzania. The National Geographic, April 2003, pages 76-89, pages 80-81.

"My reasons for hope are fourfold: (1) the human brain;(2) the resilience of nature; (3) the energy andenthusiasm that is found or can be found or can be kindled amongyoung people worldwide; and (4) the indomitable human spirit[stress added]." Jane Goodall [with PhillipBerman], 1999, Reason For Hope: A Spiritual Journey (NY:Warner Books), page 233.

V. REMEMBER
A. EXAM III (35%) based onSpradley & McCurdy readings since EXAM II and
B. George R. Stewart's Earth Abides and Guidebookreadings and
C. Four Essays in the Guidebook, and
D. Seventy-two Specific Terms(cumulative of all terms in previous chapters) below.
E. Map of the world: see below.

"At the end of your life, you will never regret not having passed one more test. not winning one more verdict or not closing one more deal. You will regret time not spent with a husband, a child, a friend or a parent [stress added]." Statement by Barbara Bush. In Alan Ross [Editor], 2001, Speaking of Graduating: Excerpts From Timeless Graduation Speeches (Nashville, TN: Walnut Grove Press), page 136.

VI. AND TO RETURN TO THE BEGINNING OF August 25, 2008:

Mumble, mumble, roar!
The lever.
Harry, do you realize you just invented the wheel?
I know, I know.

Bronze, Iron.
Halt.
All was in chaos 'til Euclid arose and made order.

What is the good life?
And how do you lead it?
Who shall rule the state?
The philosopher king.
The aristocrat.
The people.
You mean all the people? 

What is the nature of the good?
What is the nature of justice?
What is happiness? 

Hail Caesar!
Roman law is now in session.

Allah be praised, I've invented the zero.
What?
Nothing, nothing.

What is the shape of the earth?
Flat.
What happens when you get to the edge?
You fall off.
Does the earth move?
Never!

The earth moves.
The earth is round.
The blood circulates.
There are worlds smaller than ours.
There are worlds larger than ours. 

Hey, whatya doing?
I'ma paintin' the ceiling.
Whatya doing?
I'ma paintin' the floor.

Darwin says man is an animal.
Rot. Man is not an animal.
Animal.
Man.
Is.
Isn't. 

Hmmm. Shall we start from the beginning?

I'm a bug, I'm a germ.
Louie Pasteur!
I'm not a bug, I'm not a germ. 

Think it will work Alfred?
Let's give it a try.
Whatya think?
It worked.

All men are created equal....
Life, Liberty, and the pursuit....
Workers of the world....
Government of the people by the people....
The world must be made safe....
The war to end all wars....
A league of nations....
I see one third of a nation ill-housed....
One world....

Help!

VII. AND THE FINAL URBANOWICZ QUOTES FOR FALL2008:

"The most important word in the English language is attitude.Love and hate, work and play, hope and fear, our attitudinal responseto all these situations, impresses me as being the guide." HarlenAdams (1904-1997)

and finally

"The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ,
Moves on: nor all your Piety nor Wit
Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line,
Nor all your Tears wash out a Word of it."
From the 1859 publication of The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám [1048-1131] by
Edward Fitzgerald [1809-1883]

"I am an optimist. It does not seem too much use being anything else." Sir Winston Churchill [1874-1965].

"A teacher affects eternity;
he [or she!] can never tell
where his [or her] influence stops."
Henry Brooks Adams [1838-1918],
The Education of Henry Adams, chapter 20

ACCULTURATION: The process that takes place when groups ofindividuals having different cultures come into first-hand contact,which results in change to the cultural patterns of both groups.

AFFINITY: A fundamental principle of relationship linkingkin through marriage.

AGRICULTURE: A subsistence strategy involving intensivefarming of permanent fields through the use of such means as theplow, irrigation, and fertilizer.

APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY: Any use of anthropologicalknowledge to influence social interaction, to maintain or changesocial institutions, or to direct the course of cultural change.

BILATERAL (COGNATIC) DESCENT: A rule of descent relatingsomeone to a group of consanguine kin through both males andfemales.

CASTE: A form of stratification defined by unequal accessto economic resources and prestige, which is acquired at birth anddoes not permit individuals to alter their rank.

CLAN: A kinship group normally comprising several lineages;its members are related by a unilineal descent rule, but it is toolarge to enable members to trace actual biological links to all othermembers.

CLASS: A system of stratification defined by unequal accessto economic resources and prestige, but permitting individuals toalter their rank.

CONSANGUINITY: The principle of relationship linkingindividuals by shared ancestry (blood).

COSMOLOGY: A set of beliefs that defines the nature of theuniverse or cosmos.

CULTURAL CONTACT: The situation that occurs when twosocieties with different cultures somehow come into contact with eachother.

CULTURAL ECOLOGY: The study of the way people use theirculture to adapt to particular environments, the effects they have ontheir natural surrounding, and the impact of the environment on theshape of culture, including its long-term evolution.

CULTURE: The knowledge that is learned, shared, and used bypeople to interpret experience and generate behavior.

CULTURE SHOCK: A form of anxiety that results from aninability to predict the behavior of others or act appropriately incross-cultural situations.

DESCENT: A Rule of relationship that ties people togetheron the basis of a reputed common ancestry.

DIVISION OF LABOR: The rules that govern the assignment ofjobs to people.

ECOLOGY: The study of the way organisms interact with eachother within an environment.

ECONOMIC SYSTEM: The provision of goods and services tomeet biological and social wants.

ENDOGAMY: Marriage within a designated social unit.

ETHNOCENTRISM: A mixture of belief and feeling that one'sown way of life is desirable and actually superior to others.

ETHNOGRAPHY: The task of discovering and describing aparticular culture.

EXOGAMY: Marriage outside any designated group.

GRAMMAR: The categories and rules for combining vocalsymbols.

HORTICULTURE: A kind of subsistence strategy involvingsemi-intensive, usually shifting, agricultural practices.Slash-and-burn farming is a common example of horticulture.

HUNTING AND GATHERING: A subsistence strategy involvingthe foraging of wild, naturally occuring foods.

INCEST TABOO: The cultural rule that prohibits sexualintercourse and marriage between specified classes of relatives.

INDUSTRIALISM: A subsistence strategy marked by intensive,mechanized food production and elaborate distribution networks.

INFORMANT: A person who teaches his or her culture to ananthropologist.

INNOVATION: A recombination of concepts from two or moremental configurations into a new pattern that is qualitativelydifferent from existing forms.

KINSHIP: The complex system of social relations based onmarriage (affinity) and birth (consanguinity).

LANGUAGE: The system of cultural knowledge used to generateand interpret speech.

LAW: The cultural knowledge that people use to settledisputes by means of agents who have recognized authority.

LINEAGE: A kinship group based on a unilineal descent rulethat is localized, has some corporate powers, and whose members cantrace their actual relationships to each other.

MAGIC: Strategies people use to control supernatural powerto achieve particular results.

MANA: An impersonal supernatural force inherent in natureand in people. Mana is somewhat like the concept of 'luck' in U.S.Culture.

MARKET ECONOMIES: Economies in which production andexchange are motivated by market factors: price, supply, and demand.Market economies are associated with large societies where impersonalexchange is common.

MARRIAGE: The socially recognized union between a man and awoman that accords legitimate birth status rights to theirchildren.

MATRILINEAL DESCENT: A rule of descent relating a person toa group of consanguine kin on the basis of descent through femalesonly.

MORPHEME: The smallest meaningful category in anylanguage.

MYTHOLOGY: Stories that reveal the religious knowledge ofhow things have come into being.

NAIVE REALISM: The notion that reality is much the same forall people everywhere.

NUCLEAR FAMILY: A family composed of a married couple andtheir children.

PASTORALISM: A subsistence strategy based on themaintenance and use of large herds of animals.

PATRILINEAL DESCENT: A rule of descent relating consanguinekin in the basis of descent through males only.

PHONEME: The minimal category of speech sounds that signalsa difference in meaning.

PHONOLOGY: The categories and rules for forming vocalsymbols.

POLITICAL SYSTEM: The organization and process of makingand carrying out public policy according to cultural categories andrules.

POLYANDRY: A form of polygamy in which a woman has two ormore husbands at one time.

POLYGAMY: A marriage form in which a person has two or morespouses at one time. Polygyny and polyandry are both forms ofpolygamy.

POLYGYNY: A form of polygamy in which a man is married totwo or more wives at one time.

PRAYER: A petition directed at a supernatural being orpower.

PRIEST: A full-time religious specialist who intervenesbetween people and the supernatural, and who often leads acongregation at regular cyclical rites.

RAMAGE: A cognatic (bilateral) descent group that islocalized and holds corporate responsibility.

REDISTRIBUTION: The transfer of goods and services betweena group of people and a central collecting service based on roleobligation. The U.S. income tax is a good example.

RELIGION: The cultural knowledge of the supernatural thatpeople use to cope with the ultimate problems of human existence.

REVITALIZATION MOVEMENT: A deliberate, conscious effort bymembers of a society to construct a more satisfying culture.

ROLE: The culturally generated behavior associated withparticular statuses.

SEMANTICS: The categories and rules for relating vocalsymbols to their referents.

SHAMAN: A part-time religious specialist who controlssupernatural power, often to cure people or affect the course oflife's events.

SLASH-AND-BURN AGRICULTURE: A form of horticulture in whichwild land is cleared and burned over, farmed, then permitted to liefallow and revert to its wild state.

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION: The ranking of people or groups ofbased on their unequal access to valued economic resources andprestige.

SOCIOLINGUISTIC RULES: Rules specifying the nature of thespeech community, the particular speech situations within acommunity, and the speech acts that members use to convey theirmessages.

SORCERY: The malevolent practice of magic.

SPEECH: The behavior that produces meaningful vocalsounds.

STATUS: A culturally defined position associated with aparticular social structure.

SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES: Strategies that are used by groupsof people to exploit their environment for material necessities.Hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, andiindustrialism are subsistence strategies.

SUPERNATURAL: Things that are beyond the natural.Anthropologists usually recognize a belief in such things asgoddesses, gods, spirits, ghosts, and mana to be signs ofsupernatural belief.

SYMBOL: Anything that humans can sense that is given anarbitrary relationship to its referent.

TACIT CULTURE: The shared knowledge of which people usuallyare unaware and do not communicate verbally.

TECHNOLOGY: The part of a culture that involves theknowledge that people use to make and use tools and to extract andrefine raw materials.

WITCHCRAFT: The reputed activity of people who inheritsupernatural force and use it for evil purposes.

WORLDVIEW: The way people characteristically look out onthe universe.

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WEEK 17:BEGINNING DECEMBER 15, 2008: FINALS WEEK

1. George R. Stewart was a Professor of: (a) Anthropologyat UC Berkeley; (b) English at UC Berkeley; (c) Anthropology at CSU,Chico; (d) English at UC Santa Barbara.

2. Ishi, the "last" of the California Native Americans was"found" in: (a) 1859; (b) 1911; (c) 1929; (d) 1949.

3. The phrase "Trail of tears" referred to in theGuidebook referred to: (a) Tasmanian relocations; (b) the rise& fall of the Cherokee nation; (c) Spanish Missions inCalifornia; (d) Ishi's move to San Francisco.

4. When a woman wears a hijab (veil), a Muslim male knowsthat: (a) she believes in herself; (b) she believes in her family;(c) she believes in her Islamic traditions; (d) all-of-the-above.

5. The islands of Micronesia were discovered in the 16thCentury by: (a) American whalers; (b) British warships; (c) SpanishExplorers; (d) Dutch merchants.

6. Anthropologists look at various items to create "cultureareas" around the world; these include: (a) Language; (b) Mythology;(c) Religion; (d) all-of-the-above.

7.The cultural knowledge that people use to settle disputesby means of agents who have recognized authority is called: (a)acculturation; (b) political elections; (c) colonialism; (d) law.

8. According to Jared Diamond, all people exploit and oftenchange their _____. (a) attitudes; (b) biology; (c) culture; (d)natural environments.

9. TRUE FALSE The "city" of Cahokia never had apopulation over 1,000 individuals.

10. TRUE FALSE According to Going International #1,for countries, corporations and individuals who want to get ahead,the question isn't whether to embrace diversity, but how.

11. TRUE FALSE Robben Island was used at various timesbetween the 17th and the 20th century as a prison, a hospital forsocially unacceptable groups, and a military base.

12. TRUE FALSE According to Jack Weatherford, Uzbeks havecreated a national identity around their culture hero, GenghisKhan.

13. TRUE FALSE In Japan, a kereitsu describes alineage or a group in a vertical order.

14. TRUE FALSE Tasmanians entered that island from a landbridge from New Zealand.

15. TRUE FALSE A "Shaman" is defined as a full-timereligious specialist who controls supernatural power..

16. TRUE FALSE François Peron has been described asan early anthropologist.

A "sample" self-paced exam should be available at:http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SelfTesting/ANTH113FA2008TESTThree.htmby FRIDAY December 5, 2008, to assist you in the finalexamination.

A Short Course In HumanRelations:

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TABLE OF EXCUSES: Please Give Excuse By Number In Order To Save Time:

1. That's the way we've always done it.
2. I didn't know you were in a hurry for it.
3. That's not in my department.
4. No one told me to go ahead.
5. I'm waiting for an OK.
6. How did I know this was different?
7. That's his or her job, not mine.
8. Wait until the boss gets back and ask.
9. I forgot.
10. I didn't think it was very important.
11. I'm so busy I just can't get around to it.
12. I thought I told you.
13. I wasn't hired to do that.

Career Planning & Placement Office http://www.csuchico.edu/plc/welcome2.html	Disability Support Services http://www.csuchico.edu/dss/
Psychological Counseling & Wellness Center http://www.csuchico.edu/cnts/	Office of Experiential Education http://ids.csuchico.edu/

AND PLEASE GO TO Student Services (http://www.csuchico.edu/misc/studentserv.html),off of the University's Home Page, for these and many more servicesavailable to you, the student!

NOTE TO STUDENTS: This is actually a very brief"essay" about web-based instruction and web pages (which you arereading either "electronically" or in the requiredGuidebook form). The World Wide Web is an "electroniccreation" of human beings, is constantly modified by human beings,and as human beings change, the WWW continues to "evolve" over time.Education will radically change by the time I fully retire andeventually die and (a) while I try to "keep up" with as muchas possible for my students (and myself) I realize that(b) I am behind as soon as I begin! With that in mind, thereader (or viewer) of these pages (either "electronically" or inprint") is reminded that this course is not a web-based coursebut is a "traditional" course, taught on the campus of CaliforniaState university, Chico, to "traditional" (or perhaps a"semi-traditional" group of) students who are sitting in aclassroom in for ~sixteen weeks. These web pages contain noframes, no Javascripts, no interactive exams, nostreaming video, no Power Point Presentations, and noother "bells-and-whistles" which are current on the WWW but theydo contain numerous "live" links which are appropriatefor various weeks of the semester-long course. These WWW pages arenot meant to be "downloaded" and printed outat home or in a computer laboratory but (a) they are meant tobe read in the required printed form and (b)checked for the updates that will be added throughout theentire semester: it is in the updating this Guidebook that theWWW is "alive" (as well as this course and, indeed, alleducation) and evolving through time. Please note that thepages in this Guidebook do contain numerous links appropriatefor various weeks of the semester-long course (and some links willeventually guide you to sample exams, streaming videos, and PowerPoint presentations!).

THE READER MAY WELL ASK: Why make these "printed pages"(gasp!) available on the WWW? Why did Urbanowicz gothrough all-of-the-trouble to place this on the WWW if it is not aninteractive course? As The Wall Street Journal on July 20,1998 pointed out: "It Isn't Entertainment That Makes The Web Shine:It's Dull Data" (Page 1 and page A8). Although I trust thatyou have not purchased a bound volume of "dull data" but avolume of ideas (with data) I also add that for morethan a decade I have been providing my students (in varouslower-and-upper-division courses) with Guidebooks that have"video notes" and "lecture outlines" for the appropriate course thatsemester. Human beings are "visual creatures" and I useNUMEROUS films, slides, and Power Points (most of which arenot included on these web pages) in my classes and since I amcomfortable with the Guidebook format, I continue to place theGuidebook on "the web" (with numerous links) forstudents. I encourage all readers of these pages to "weigh"all of the information very carefully: contrastand compare what you know with what is beingpresented and please consider the following from The WallStreet Journal, June 25, 1999, page 1 & A11):

"Who invented the telephone? Microsoft Corp's Encarta multimedia encyclopedia on CD-ROM has an answer to that simple question. Rather, two answers. Consult the U.S., U.K., or German editions of Encarta and you find the expected one: Alexander Graham Bell. But look at the Italian version and the story is strikingly different. Credit goes to Antonio Meucci, an impoverished Italian-American candlemaker who, as the Italian-language Encarta tells it, beat Bell to the punch by five years. Who's right? Depends on where you live. ... in the age of the Internet, the issue of adapting products to local markets is raising trickier problems. Technology and globalization are colliding head-on with another powerful force: history. Perhaps nowhere is this conflict more apparent than in information as with Microsoft's Encarta, which has nine different editions, including one in British English and one in American. It's Microsoft's peculiar accomplishment that it has so mastered the adaptation of its products to different markets that they reflect different, sometimes contradictory, understandings of the same historical events. 'You basically have to rewrite all of the content,' says Dominique Lempereur, who, from her Paris office, oversees the expansion of Microsoft's education-related products to foreign markets. 'The translation is almost an accessory.' ... Consistency is clearly not Encarta's goal, and that's something of a controversial strategy. Encyclopedia Britannica, for example, has a policy of investigating contradictions across its editions and deciding on a standard presentation. Where it can establish a fact that is internationally solid, 'we go with that, and present other interpretations as need be,' says Dale Holberg, Britannica's editor in Chicago. His staff has looked into the Meucci question. Their verdict: Bell still gets the credit, world-wide, for inventing and patenting the electric telephone. ... Microsoft, as a technology conglomerate, has an interest in not stirring up controversies that endanger the sale of its other products. But the universaility of the Web also frustrates efforts to localize content. And there remains the possibility that it will bring about pressure for one universally aplicable version of history. Perhaps one day Mr. Meucci will share space with Alexander Graham Bell in all of the Encartas [stress added]." Kevin J. Delaney, 1999, Microsoft's Encarta Has Different Facts For Different Folks. The Wall Street Journal, June 25, 1999, page 1 & A11. 

ALTHOUGH THE ELECTRONIC WORLD is changing very rapidly, andone might question the value of the "printed word" (considering thenumber of "electronic books" currently on "the web" such as theBible or Darwin and1000s of other available from sources such as theINCREDIBLE Bookson Line and ProjectGutenberg), there will always (I honestly believe as ofthis writing), a place for the "printed page" that you can hold inyour hands, that YOU can read in bed, read outside when theelectricity goes off, or read when you can't make an Internetconnection to read the Web pages located in cyberspace! In short,while the ephemeral culture of the WWW is extremely important, thetangible culture of a physical object is just as important and Ifollow some of the thoughts in the Library of Congress: Literascripta manet, or the written (or physically published) wordendures! Incidentally, as with EVERYTHING, double-check thewritten (printed) word as well.

PLEASE: the reader of this Guidebook is stronglyencouraged to process, question, read,search, and think about various issues and ideasthroughout the semester and perhaps come to anunderstanding of how you relate to anthropology and howanthropology relates to you! As Clark Kerr stated: "The universityis not engaged in making ideas safe for students. It isengaged in making students safe for ideas [stressadded]." The University and the Internet and the World Wide Weband Cyberspace are changing the very environment "we" all interact inand the "web" should point to new sources to provide you with newthoughts. This is how I have personally envisioned this web-relatedweb-related Guidebook (of ~50,429 words):NOTE, this does not count the words in the 4essays in the printed Guidebook); it is a GUIDEto other resources to explore on your own to prepare for yourindividual futures. Please consider your own age, whereyou wish to go in the future, and please ponder thefollowing:

"It's a cliche of the digital age: Parents wonder how children so helpless in the real world can navigate the virtual world with such skill. Using computers is second nature to most kids--and with good reason, according to many neurologists. Being exposed to the wired world at early ages is effectively wiring children's brains differently, giving them an ease and comfort with computers that adults may never match. Will the new millennium see the generation gap turn into the digital divide? ... The cognitive gap is likely to continue well into the future, even as today's cyberkids become tomorrow's parents. While kids are growing up with brains well suited to the digital world of today, as adults they are likely to face the difficult task of adapting to a future where technology evolves even more rapidly--and more profoundly--than it does today [stress added]." Yocki J. Dreazen & Rachel Emma Silverman, 2000, Raised In Cyberspace. January 1, 2000, The Wall Street Journal, page R47.

FINALLY, please think about the following statements and why Imay have chosen them:

"Knowledge, we have to realize, is not fixed in stone. It is ephemeral and exists only so long as we pump it with meaning. It is merely part of the mad, vaporous wheel of existence, an ongoing cycle of discovering and forgetting, of lurching forward and then stumbling back and standing up again and taking everything we think we know and packing it into a little puffy snowball and hurling it at the head of the Future in the hopes that the Future will turn around and unbutton its liquid trench coat and show us something surprising. Or maybe just laugh and return fire. It's pretty much all we can do. How many thousands of species are as yet undiscovered in the world's oceans? How many tens of thousands of undiscovered plants and animals exist in the rain forest? What about the capacity of the human mind, the mystery of the dream state or the immensity of space, the knowledge that the tiny portion of our galaxy we've been able to see and measure, our entire solar system is merely the equivalent of a grain of sand on the edge of a beach stretching for roughly 1 billion miles. Are you exercising the muscle of wonder? Is this synapse firing in your head every damn day? Are you aware of how much you are not aware of and are you completely humbled and amused and made drunk and giddy and turned on by this fact? Because let me tell you, it is easy to forget [stress added]." Mark Morford, 2006, Awakening pinch from a mysterious new crustacean. The San Francisco Chronicle, March 17, 2006, pages E6+E8, page E8.

"If by some fiat I had to restrict all this writing to onesentence, this is the one I would choose: The summit of Mt. Everestis marine limestone." John McPhee, 1998, Annals of the FormerWorld (NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux), page 124.

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FOUR ESSAYS BY URBANOWICZ FOR ANTH113, FALL 2008:

The pages that follow in the printed version of the Fall2008 Anthropology 113 Guidebook came from various web pagescreated over the years. (On the web, the essays may be accessed byclicking below.) The essays provide information about me for studentsfor this course, and, hopefully, place some of my ideasand actions into context and perspective. I have been a member of thefaculty at CSU, Chico, since August 1973. I received my Ph.D.in Anthropology in 1972 from the University of Oregon, basedon 1970-1971 fieldwork in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga. In1972-1973, prior to joining the faculty at CSU, Chico, I taught at the University of Minnesota.

Perhaps being born in Jersey City, New Jersey, in1942, graduating from high school in 1960, commuting toNew York City and New York University for 1960-61, flunkingout of NYU in 1961, enlisting in the United States Air Force(1961-1965) and getting married in 1963 and ...is why I became an anthropologist! A lot of everythinggoes into who, what, and why each of us is whatwe are today and how we do what we do and when andwhere we do it! Incidentally, I retired after 32 yearsat CSU, Chico on May 31, 2005 and am participating in theFERP (Faculty Early RetirementProgram) and am currently a Professor Emeritus ofAnthropology, teaching the fall semester. I also like the words ofthe columnist/humorist Art Buchwald (1925-2007) who wrote thefollowing in his 2006 book (shortly before he died):

"The thing that is very important, and why I'm writing this book, is that whether they like it or not, everyone is going to go. The big question we still have to ask is not where we're going, but what we were doing here in the first place." Art Buchwald, 2006, Too Soon To Say Goodbye (NY: Random House), page 30. and

"Old age has a way of forcing a person back upon themselves. The pace of life slows an brings with it a natural inclination to reflect upon the past." Linda Lear, 2007, Beatrix Potter: A Life In Nature (NY: St. Martin's Press), page 427.

THE FOLLOWING FOUR ESSAYS (printed in the boundGuidebook available in the Associated Students Bookstore atCSU, Chico) ARE FOR ANTHROPOLOGY 113 FOR FALL 2008:

#1} 2002 A "STORY" (VISION OR NIGHTMARE?) OF THE REGION IN2027. [Printed from http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/aStoryof2027.html]. 

#2} 2002, CALIFORNIA, CANCER, AND 1999 DATA FROM THEWALL STREET JOURNAL. [Printed from http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/WSJCancerOctober2000.html] 

#3} 1990, A DOSSIER ON DARWIN: LETTER TO THE EDITOR[Printed from http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/1990DossierOnDarwinLetter.html]

#4} 2001, THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS: EVERY LITTLE BITHELPS [Printed from http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/GalapagosIslandsoilspill.htm]

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On December 5, 2008, the final itemswere added to these pages:

Your final exam for ANTH 113 (worth 35% of your final grade) isscheduled for Monday December 15, 2008, from 10am->11:50am inAyres 106. A "sample" self-paced exam is available at:http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SelfTesting/ANTH113FA2008TESTThree.htmto assist you in examination #3. ALSO, pleaseremember the terminology, map, and test questions in your printedANTH 113 Guidebook.

And for your cross-culturalinformation:

Finally,

The Universality of the Golden Rule in World Religions: from: http://www.teachingvalues.com/goldenrule.html  Christianity: All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye so to them; for this is the law and the prophets.   Matthew 7:1. Confusianism: Do not do to others what you would not like yourself. Then there will be no resentment against you, either in the family or in the state. Analects 12:2. Buddhism: Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find hurtful. Udana-Varga 5,1 Hinduism: This is the sum of duty; do naught onto others what you would not have them do unto you. Mahabharata 5,1517. Islam: No one of you is a believer until he desires for his brother that which he desires for himself. Sunnah. Judaism: What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellowman. This is the entire Law; all the rest is commentary. Talmud, Shabbat 3id. Taosim: Regard your neighbor's gain as your gain, and your neighbor's loss as your own loss. Tai Shang Kan Yin Píien. Zoroastrianism: That nature alone is good which refrains from doing another whatsoever is not good for itself. Dadisten-I-dinik, 94,5. And see: http://www.religioustolerance.org/reciproc.htm

AND SOME LAST WORDS:

"Nothing is so easy as to deceive one's self; for what we wish, we readily believe." (Demosthenes, Athenian orator and statesman [384B.C.-322B.C.])

"The most important word in the English language is attitude.Love and hate, work and play, hope and fear, our attitudinal responseto all these situations, impresses me as being the guide." HarlenAdams (1904-1997)

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On Saturday November 1, 2008, the following items were added tothese pages:

ONCE AGAIN, a "sample" self-paced exam is available at:http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SelfTesting/ANTH113FA2008TESTTwo.htm to assist you in the examination next FRIDAY November 7, 2008.Please remember the "sample" test questions and map in yourprinted ANTH 113 Guidebook: pages 56 & 57. EXAM IIwill have map components, multiple choice, andtrue-false questions.

AS POINTED OUT ON OCTOBER 31, THIS ADDRESS: http://www.lizardpoint.com/fun/geoquiz/index.htmlprovides numerous Geography self-tests but for EXAM II, youshould really concentrate on:

HERE IS SOME SCHOLARSHIP INFORMATION we have been asked to makeyou aware of:

The 2009-2010 CSU, Chico scholarship application is now available. This single online application allows students to apply for any of the over 700 university scholarships for which they may be eligible. Paper applications are not available. Scholarship criteria may include scholastic achievement, financial need, campus or community service, and educational objectives, as well as other measures. Please encourage students to apply before the end-of-semester rush. The scholarship Web site also includes a guide for writing letters of recommendation. The application deadline is December 15, 2008 for all materials, including references. Additional information regarding scholarships is available at the above Web site.

SECONDLY, some of you might be interested in seeing what thisis like (or mentioning it to someone you know): The Chico StateCareer Center will host its fall All Majors Career and InternshipFair, Wednesday, Nov. 5, from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. in the BMUAuditorium.

Attendees such as Auberge Resorts, Federated Mutual Insurance, Lam Research, Systron Donner Automotive and Enloe Medical Center will have contact with a variety of students from across campus seeking internships and full-time positions. "Career Fairs at Chico State continue to be strong, even in light of the current challenging economic times," said Career Center Director Jamie Starmer. "Students continue to make significant professional contacts at our career fairs, which directly lead to professional jobs and internships." Starmer said he expects approximately 60 employers and 1,000 students to attend the fair. See: http://www.csuchico.edu/plc/welcome2.html.

AND ONCE AGAIN, a "sample" self-paced exam is available at:http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SelfTesting/ANTH113FA2008TESTTwo.htm to assist you in the examination next FRIDAY November 7, 2008.Please remember the "sample" test questions and map in yourprinted ANTH 113 Guidebook: pages 56 & 57. EXAM IIwill have map components, multiple choice, andtrue-false questions.

As this Guidebook and course syllabus point out, EXAMII will be worth 30% of your final grade. (EXAM I wasworth 20% and your final EXAM, EXAM III is worth35% of your final grade. Class participation is worth5% of your final grade and your writing assignment wasworth 10% of your final grade.) EXAM III is on Monday,December 15, 2008.

FINALLY, some of you might be interested in the followingwords:

"For nearly 3 million years of human history, saving and investment was a dumb dea. We hunted, we gathered, we consumed, and we moved on to greener pasture. Only when migrating tribes learned to settle down and farm did they need to save and plan, storing seeds and surpluses to tide them over from season to season. We've had 10,000 years to absorb the truth that cultures that don't value thrift ultimately flame out and die. Apparently that isn't long enough to learn the lesson [stress added]." Nancy Gibbs, 2008, Essay. Time, October 13, 2008, page 96.

AND FOR RECENT news on Jane Goodall, please see The SanFrancisco Chronicle of October 30, 2008: "Goodall, Nishida winLeakey Prize" (also at http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/10/30/BAE613Q4GO.DTL).

A "sample" self-paced exam is available at: http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SelfTesting/ANTH113FA2008TESTOne.htm to assist you in the examination next FRIDAY September 26, 2008.(Incidentally, I am aware that "older" versions of ANTH113 Exams exist "out there" - I return the exams so you can learnfrom mistakes; if you have access to "old" exams, do look at them;but r.e.m.e.m.b.e.r to read and study for EXAM I (andeventually EXAM II and EXAM III) as if you might befaced with BRAND NEW EXAMINATION QUESTIONS - whichcould well be the case!)! ALSO, please remember the "sample"test questions and map in your printed ANTH 113 Guidebook:pages 27-28. EXAM I will have a map component, multiplechoice, and true-false questions.

You also might be interested in the following site: www.enchantedlearning.comand then go to http://www.EnchantedLearning.com/label/geography.shtml.

AND: what do you think about the following fromUSAToday of September 10, 2008, when the author (Don Campbell)writes about:

"...the lack of intellectual curiosity in students that I have noticed in recent years, along with a decline in such basic skills as grammar, spelling and simple math. A sense of history? History is what happened since they left middle school. ... for the younger generation, the Internet has moved knowledge from the brain to the fingertips: Who needs to know about Impressionism or Charles Dickens [or Charles Darwin!] or George Washington Carver or - hell - even George Washington? Why carry such information around in your head when Google will deliver it in seconds [stress added]. AND: "The digital culture has changed the way kids learn, but at the expense of Cultural awareness." Don Campbell, Plugging in, tuning out. USAToday, September 10, 2008, page 11A.

Charles R. Darwin (1809-1882) was an amazing individual andyou might be interested in all of the following Darwin"videos" available on the web as indicated below:

1997 Charles Darwin: Reflections - Part one: TheBeginning. [ ~Seventeen Minutes Video. Darwin inEngland]. [http://rce.csuchico.edu/darwin/RV/darwinreflections.ram].Produced and Edited by Ms. Donna Crowe: Instructional Media Center,CSU, Chico. Available via the Internet with REAL PLAYER[http://www.real.com/player/index.html].

Imagine that you could visit with Charles Darwin as he remembers his youth. Perhaps you could learn what early experiences sharpened his power of observation and contributed to his unique perspective of the world. Join Dr. Charles Urbanowicz as he portrays the fascinating and very human Charley Darwin in the first program of the series Charles Darwin: Reflections: The Beginning. 

1999 Charles Darwin: - Part One: The Voyage. [~Twenty-two Minute Video. Darwin sailing from England to SouthAmerica.] [http://rce.csuchico.edu/darwin/RV/darwinvoyage.ram]Produced and Edited by Ms. Donna Crowe: Instructional Media Center,CSU, Chico. Available via the Internet with REAL PLAYER[http://www.real.com/player/index.html].

Sail along with Charley Darwin on the first half of his historic journey around the world aboard the HMS Beagle. In this second video in the series, Charley Darwin (Professor Charles Urbanowicz ) travels from England to unexplored reaches of South America and along the way he confronts slavery, rides with gauchos, experiences gunboat diplomacy, encounters a future dictator of Argentina, explores uncharted rivers, and discovers dinosaur bones. 

2001 Charles Darwin: - Part Two: The Voyage. [~Twenty-seven Minute Video. Darwin from South America, throughthe Galápagos Islands, and back to England.][http://rce.csuchico.edu/darwin/RV/darwin3.ram]Edited by Ms. Vilma Hernandez and Produced by Ms. Donna Crowe:Instructional Media Center, CSU, Chico. Available via theInternet with REAL PLAYER [http://www.real.com/player/index.html].

The second half of the historic journey of the HMS Beagle finds Charles Darwin exploring more of South America and several islands in the Pacific. In this episode, Charley Darwin (Professor Charles Urbanowicz) views several active volcanoes, experiences an earthquake, treks to the Andes, explores the Galapagos Islands, and then heads for home. 

2003 Charles Darwin: - Part Three: A Man of Science.[ ~Twenty-four Minute Video. Darwin from South America,through the Galápagos Islands, and back to England.][http://rce.csuchico.edu/Darwin/RV/darwin4.ram]Produced and Edited by Ms. Donna Crowe: Instructional Media Center,CSU, Chico. Available via the Internet with REAL PLAYER[http://www.real.com/player/index.html].

Within a few years of his return to England, Charles Darwin happily settled into marriage, moved to a quiet house in the country, and begun a routine of research and writing which would occupy the rest of his life. In this episode discover why Darwin (Professor Charles Urbanowicz) waited over 20 years to publish his groundbreaking work Origin of Species, and learn how ill health, family tragedies, friends, respected colleagues and ardent supporters shaped his life and career.

If you are interested, I have created various Darwin self-testsand they are listed below; also, please remember Essay #3 in yourFall 2008 Guidebook.

2005 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SelfTesting/DarwinTestFive.htm (Darwin Self-Test Five} February 2005).

2004 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SelfTesting/DarwinTestFour.htm (Darwin Self-Test Four} September 2004).

2003 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SelfTesting/DarwinTestThree.htm (Darwin Self-Test Three} October 2003).

2001 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SelfTesting/DarwinTestTwo.htm (Darwin Self-Test Two} November 2001].

2000 http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/SelfTesting/DarwinTestOne.htm (Darwin 2000-2001 [Self]Test One} January 2000).

Here is the address from The Chico Enterprise-Recorddocumenting the "Public Safety" in Chico:

http://www.chicoer.com/publicsafety[Public Safety Report]

Other addresses that might be of interest to some of you:

http://www.ncseweb.org/[National Center for Science Organization]

http://www.becominghuman.org/[Paleoanthropology, Evolution and Human Origins]

http://www.culture.fr/culture/arcnat/lascaux/en/[The Cave of Lascaux]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayapo[The Kayapo: From Wikpedia, the Free Encyclopedia]

http://www.aschico.com/?Page=8[CAVE: Community Action Volunteers in Education]

"A play [or a classroom lecture or a public presentation] should make you understand something new. If it tells you what you already know, you leave it as ignorant as you went in [stress added]." (The character John Wisehammer. In Timberlake Wertenbaker's Our Country's Good [based upon the novel The Playmaker by Thomas Keneally], 1989, Act II, sc. 7, page 89.]

© [Copyright: All Rights Reserved] Charles F. Urbanowicz/August 25, 2008} This copyrighted Web Guidebook, printed from http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/syllabi/SYL_113-FA2008.html is intended for use by students enrolled at California State University, Chico, in the Fall Semester of 2008 and unauthorized use / reproduction in any manner is definitely prohibited.

 [~50,429 words} 25 August 2008]

 [~52,688 words} 5 December 2008]