© [All Rights Reserved.] Place on the World Wide Web on May 2, 2003, for a presentation on May 4, 2003, at the monthly lecture series entitled "World Explorations" sponsored by The Museum of Anthropology, California State University, Chico. You will note this is listed as "Part II." The first part was presented on October 6, 2002, for this series, and was entitled "Some Sacred 'Cities' Of The Americas (Part I): Cahokia (North America), Chichén Itzá (The Yucatán), and Machu Pichu (Perú)." That presentation is available at http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/WorldExplorationFall2002.htm. As acknowledged in fall 2002, my appreciation goes to Ms. Debra Besnard and Mr. Stan Griffith and the "Digital Asset Management Project" in Special Collections in the Meriam Library for some of the digital imaging work they did on some of my slides used today.

I. INTRODUCTION
II. WHY "SACRED CITIES" (PART I & PART II)
III. WAIKIKI, HAWAI'I
IV. LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
V. WASHINGTON, D.C.
VI. CONCLUSIONS
VII. EPILOGUE
VIII. SELECTED REFERENCES
IX. CERTAIN VISUALS: SOME SACRED 'CITIES' OF THE AMERICAS, PART II
X. CERTAIN VISUALS: SOME SACRED 'CITIES' OF THE AMERICAS, PART I.

INTRODUCTION

I received the B.A. in Sociology/Anthropology (1967) from Western Washington University (Bellingham) and began graduate work at the University of Oregon (Eugene) in 1967 and in 1970 I was awarded my M.A. in Anthropology from the University of Oregon. Of the three "sacred' cities of today (and note the ""), my wife Sadie and I first went to Honolulu, Hawai'i in June 1970 when I was heading out for Ph.D. fieldwork in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga. We were last in Hawai'i in January 2003. I received the Ph.D. in Anthropology in 1972 from the University of Oregon and taught at the University of Minnesota 1972-1973. We came to CSU, Chico in June 1973 (and this is my 30th year as a faculty member) and although we went through Reno on the way to Chico, we didn't get to Las Vegas (the second of the sacred cities this evening) until the late 1970s. I was the Associate Dean in the Center for Regional and Continuing and Education for 1977-1988 and over those eleven years I traveled to Washington D.C. numerous times (as well as Honolulu) for university business and professional meetings.

This presentation builds upon "Some Sacred 'Cities' Of The Americas (Part I): Cahokia (North America), Chichén Itzá (The Yucatán), and Machu Pichu (Perú)" [http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/WorldExplorationFall2002.htm] presented in fall 2002. For most of my adult life, therefore, I have been an anthropologist. My interest in "traveling" and "tourism" developed a little later and here I must definitely acknowledge and thank my colleague Dr. Valene Smith for getting me to Chico and for having my chapters on various aspects of tourism (two on Tonga and one on gaming issues) in her three different editions of Hosts and Guests (1977, 1989, and 2001). I first met Valene at our national meetings in Toronto in 1972 (where I was presenting a paper based on my Tongan Ph.D. research) and in August 1973, I began teaching at CSU, Chico. Last year, in the professional journal entitled Tourism Recreation Research Valene was rightly described in the following manner:

"Valene Smith is the Margaret Mead [1901-1978] of the anthropology of tourism; she played a pioneering role in the initiation of the field as an academic enterprise, contributed to its theoretical foundations, conducted extensive empirical research on tourism-related topics in diverse settings and--last but not least--contributed significantly to the popularization of the field, primarily through her [volumes entitled] 'Hosts and Guests,' the several editions of which span a quarter of a century [stress added]." Erik Cohen, 2002, Review of Hosts and Guests Revisited: Tourism issues of the 21st Century. Tourism Recreation Research, Vol. 27, No. 3, pages 108-111, page 108.

 

II. WHY "SACRED CITIES" (PART I & PART II)  

In fall 2002, I made some statements based on one-time visits to three locations important to Native Americans; this evening's presentation is based on multiple visits to three additional fascinating locations for all contemporary Americans. I would go back to all six of them again. Not only is anthropology fun, but traveling is also fun! Last semester, I spoke of three sacred cities: my wife and I visited Cahokia in 1997 while on sabbatical; we went to Chichén Itzá in 1994 (to give a paper at a professional meeting, organized by Dr. Valene Smith) and we were in Machu Pichu in the year 2000. I could have mentioned "Chico" as a special city (and, indeed, the campus of CSU, Chico often appears as a "City of Refuge" to me! I could have mentioned other special cities around the world that my wife and I have visited: London, St. Petersburg, Bayeux (France), Hobart (Tasmania), or Lauterbrunnen (Switzerland). Traveling is enjoyable but it is always fun to come home! Part I of this presentation series was based on on one-time visits to various locations; this evening's presentation is based on multiple visits to these three fascinating locations. I would go back to all again, perhaps especially Hawai'i, for as Mark Twain (1835-1910), or Samuel Langhorne Clemens, remarked, the islands of Hawai'i are "the loveliest fleet of islands that lies anchored in any ocean [stress added]." A. Grove Day, 1990, Mark Twain in Roughing It In The Sandwich Islands (Honolulu: Mutual Publishing) page xxxii.

Since 1970 I've calculated that I've been to the Hawai'ian Islands 27 times, most recently in January 2003. This presentation, however, has been "bubbling" ever since the 1980s when the Urbanowicz family made a visit to the big island of Hawai'i and saw the " City of Refuge" at Honaunau. Just as I had known about Cahokia, Machu Picchu, and Chitzen itzá from books (as mentioned in fall 2002), it is always wonderful to travel and see the "real" things:

"The Russians have a proverb: He lies like an eyewitness. Few eyewitnesses see it all, fewer still understand all the implications. And their reports are always personal. Yet what they see is essential. History begins with people caught in the moment-by-moment rush of events. The correspondent on the scene shares the jolt of joy or horror in watching the world change in an instant. Personal bias becomes part of the story, and often makes the account more vivid [stress added]." David Colbert [Editor], 1997, Eyewitness to America: 500 Years of America in the Words of Those Who Saw It Happen (NY: Pantheon Books), page xxvii.

As it has been written elsewhere:

"Eye-witness history is far more vivid than the sifted, sorted words of recorded history. If the strength of the latter is its studied analysis, the pure joy of eye-witness history lies in the vicarious thrill of experiencing the event [stress added]." Jon E. Lewis, 1998, The Mammoth Book of Eye-Witness History (NY: Carroll & Graff Publishers, Inc.) page xii-xiv. (And see John Carey, 1987, Eyewitness to History [NY: Avon Books].)

Concerning Hawai'i, one learns the following:

"The sacred edicts of the ruling chiefs were called a 'life-giving refuge' (pu'uhonua ho'ola). Just as the space immediately surrounding the person of the ruler was a sacred area within which one could escape death or punishment, so by extension were these edicts, and both were complemented by their enlarged territorial counterpart, the pu'uhonua places of refuge, designated sacred areas to which men might repair and be safe from reprisal. The pu'uhonua areas, of which the only surviving and somewhat atypical one is the City of Refuge at Honaunau on the island of Hawaii, were sacrosanct land within the confines of which no blood could be shed [stress added]."

In the same paragraph, the author continued with the following:

"In later life Kamehameha the Great made all the lands belonging to his favorite consort, Kaahumanu, into pu'uhonua territory; and he did the same dedicated to the war god, Ku, whose caretaker he had been in his youth and under whose standard he had conquered and unified all the islands of Hawaii by 1810. The faith that Kamehameha had placed in Ku, whose epithet ka-ilimoku means 'land -grabber,' had been amply vindicated by the course of history, and the granting of the refuge areas was the monarch's grateful repayment for the god's help [stress added]." Charles F. Gallagher, 1975, Hawaii and its Gods: The Living Faiths of the Islands (NY: Weatherhill/Kapa), page 21. 

If the books are not available, one can also read the following from the World Wide Web:

"Pu`uhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park preserves the site where, up until the early 19th century, Hawaiians who broke a kapu or one of the ancient laws against the gods could avoid certain death by fleeing to this place of refuge or 'pu`uhonua'. The offender would absolved by a priest and freed to leave. Defeated warriors and non-combatants could also find refuge here during times of battle. The grounds just outside the Great Wall that encloses the pu`uhonua were home to several generations of powerful chiefs. The 182 acre park, established in 1961, includes the pu`uhonua and a complex of archeological sites including: temple platforms, royal fishponds, sledding tracks, and some coastal village sites. The Hale o Keawe temple and several thatched structures have been reconstructed [stress added]." (National Park Service: http://www.nps.gov/puho/)

"Pu`uhonua O Honaunau, formerly known as the City of Refuge Park, was set aside as a national historical park by Congress on July 1, 1961. Utilizing many local artists and artisans with authentic and traditional tools, the National Park Service has worked very hard to restore the site to its appearance in the late 1700's. The park, located on the Big Island of Hawaii, is of major cultural and historical significance. It is situated on 180 acres, but is easy traversed on foot. A brochure and map for a self-guided tour is available at the Visitors Center. The park has two major sections, the Palace Grounds and the Pu`uhonua O Honaunau, the Place of Refuge. Separating the two areas of the park is the Great Wall [stress added]." (from: http://gohawaii.about.com/library/weekly/aa062600a.htm)

From the National Park Service Guide one gets the following:

"In 1819 Kamehameha II defied the kapu and abolished that system of religion, and all the heiau and the pu`uhonua they protected ceased to function. The people were confused and uncertain about their future; and gone was the balance between life-loving people and the power and vengeance of gods who could take life away. Changes came quickly. People and ideas from outside this island world altered forever the old way of life [stress added]." (from: http://gohawaii.about.com/library/weekly/aa062600c.htm)

In short, they were special places. Incidentally, Pu'uhonua are not to be confused with heiau, or outdoor temples of the Hawai'ians. The heiau were themselves large:

"Puukohola, the last great heiau raised in Hawaii, resembled a grim fortress 224 feet long, 100 wide, with walls 20 feet high. Made of field stones, gathered by chiefs and commoners alike, it was built under the supervision of architect-priests. At its dedication eleven men were sacrificed to Ku. [stress added]." Joseph Feher, 1969, Hawaii: A Pictorial History (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press), page 144.

III. WAIKIKI, HAWAI'I

Located on the island of O'ahu, in the Hawai'ian Islands, Waikiki (literally "sprouting water") is a man-made beach set off from the city of Honolulu ("sheltered bay") proper by the 1.3 mile-long Ala Wai Canal. I came to view Waikiki (and the Las Vegas "Strip" as well as the "Mall" in Washington, D.C.) as unique places, quite similar to the ancient "Cities of Refuge" (or pu'uhonua) that the indigenous Hawai'ian's had. I like Honolulu and I like Waikiki and there is a great deal of culture and history available (in addition to the beaches and "tourist-type" destinations). Hawai'i does have a diverse ethnic population (and from the 2000 census we learn that 41.6% of the population is of Asian descent, 24.3% of the population is caucasian, 21.4% of the population claims descent from two or more races, and 9.4% of the population are Hawai'ian or Pacific Islanders). On O'ahu and Waikiki itself, please consider the following:

"When old Hawai'ians refer to O'ahu they recall, 'ke one 'ai ali'i o Kakuhihewa', or the chief-consuming sands of Kakuhikewa. Kakuhihewa was a famous ali'i (chief) who ruled O'ahu during the late 1500s. He lived at Ulukou, Waikiki on the spot now occupied by the Moana Hotel. His reign was marked by great prosperity during which all the invading chiefs from other islands were defeated. The sands at Ulukou were known as chief-eating sands because of the strength of this great chief. Kakuhikewa's Waikiki came to epitomize the golden era of aboriginal Hawaiian history and is mentioned frequently in traditional Hawaiian chants as well as contemporary song. Five generations before Kakuhihewa's birth, circa 1450, Ma'ilikukahi first established Waikiki as the government center for the island of O'ahu. From this time until 1809, when Kamehameha I moved his court to Honolulu, Waikiki was the seat of power for O'ahu. Originally Waikiki encompassed a larger area than the section we are familiar with today [stress added]." Donald Hibbard and David Franzen, 1986, The View From Diamond Head: Royal Residence To Urban Resort (Honolulu: Editions Limited), page 2.

Times definitely have changed and from "chief-eating sands" we have "tourist-eating sands" at Waikiki!

"Dredging of the Ala Wai Canal was proposed as early as 1905, but actual construction began in 1921. By 1928 the Waikiki Drain Canal, as it was originally called, was completed, drastically altering the topography, lifestyle, and fate of the area known today as Waikiki [stress added]."Veneeta Acson, 1983, Waikiki: Nine Walks Through Time (Honolulu: Island Heritage Limited), page 3.

"Loosely, this world-famous beach is a hunk of land bordered by the Ala Wai Canal and running eastward to Diamond Head. Early last century these two golden miles were little more than a string of dirty beaches backed by a mosquito-infested swamp. Until 1901, when the Moana Hotel was built, only Hawaii's few remaining ali'i and a handful of wealthy kamaaina families had homes here. Now, over 125 hotels and condos provide more than 30,000 rooms, and if you placed a $20 bill on the ground, it would barely cover the land that it could buy! This hyperactive area will delight and disgust you, excite you and overwhelm you, but never bore you. Waikiki gives you the feeling that you've arrived someplacve. Besides lolling on the beach and walking the gauntlet of restaurants, hotels, malls, and street merchants, you can visit the Waikiki Aquarium or Honolulu Zoo. Then, ever present Diamond Head, that monolith of frozen lava so symbolic of Hawaii, is easily reached by a few minutes' drive and a leisurely stroll to the summit [stress added]."J.D. Bisignani, 1995, Honolulu Waikiki Handbook, Second Edition (Chico, CA: Moon Publications, Inc.), page 3.

Incidentally, I am interested in "gaming" (or the "gambling" industry) and every year or so, discussions take place in Hawai'i about legaliziing gambling somewhere in the island chain. In 1993 the Sheraton Corporation expressed an interest in gaming in Hawai'i and Richard Hartman, President of the North American Division of Sheraton was quoted as saying: "If and when gaming is legalized in Hawaii, Sheraton wants to be in a strong position to move to the forefront" ( Rodrigo, C., 1993, Sheraton Enters Gaming Industry" Pacific Business News [Honolulu], May 17, page 2). When it will happen, who knows? But I think legalized gambling is inevitable for Hawai'i. (I was told, at one point in time, that the most traffic from Honolulu to the mainland of North America was the Honolulu-Las Vegas route!) Changes will be forthcoming, given everything happening in the world.

IV. LAS VEGAS, NEVADA

"From the window of an airplane, the city of Las Vegas appears like a vast oasis in the middle of the drab Mojave desert. The emerald green of golf courses contrasts with the flashes of aqua from thousands of backyard pools and the deeper blue of scattered artificial lakes and ponds [stress added]." Jenna Ward, 1999, Water for the Desert Miracle. David Littlejohn [Editor], 1999, The Real Las Vegas: Life beyond The Strip (Reno: University of Nevada Press), pages 132-145, page 133.

"The Industry in Las Vegas is casino gambling, which its representatives would like you to call the Gaming industry. For most people this denotes a four-mile stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard South called the Strip, which occasionally spills over onto side and parallel streets, from Sahara Avenue to the north end to just past Hacienda Avenue at the south, where it bumps into McCarran Airport [stress added]." David Littlejohn [Editor], 1999, The Real Las Vegas: Life beyond The Strip (Reno: University of Nevada Press), page 1.

"The Strip is a world of its own. Where else can you go to visit Egypt, New York, the Tropics, King and Queens, Rome/Greece, Hollywood, and much more all on one street? This is the street of lights, excitement, and dreams. Some dreams come true becoming great successes and others sadly die. The Strip is competitive and one only has to look down the street at night to see this. Each property has to not only keep up with the others, but to also attract and keep their visitors. All of this takes nerve, imagination, and creativity. Just take a good look at any of these structures. There is creativity all around them. The dreams of owners, architects, designers, interior decorators, and employees are all wrapped up into these architectural wonders [stress added]." (From: http://www.lvstriphistory.com/ = Las Vegas Strip History)

Las Vegas, Nevada, the third of my "sacred cities" where I see individuals flocking to to get away from their normal lives, has a resident population that is increasing (from various sources) at approximately 1,000 individuals a week. Please think about this in the context of the number of tourists that visit Las Vegas each year:

"The number of visitors increased slightly last year [2002] compared with the year before, but tourism officials said the total was still below 2000 levels. The Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority said there were 35,071,504 visitors last year [~96,000/day!]. In 2000, there were 35.85 million visitors [stress added]." Anon., 2003, USAToday, February 13, 2003, page 5A.

 

V. WASHINGTON, D.C.

Many may know that just as there is a statue of Kamehameha I in Honolulu, Hawai'i, there is a similar statue located in National Statuary Hall in Washington, D.C. (A statue of Father Damien, of Molokai, located in Honolulu also has a counterpart in the National Statuary Hall.) Concerning the Kamehameha statue in Washington, D.C., it has been written:

"The King carries a hardwood spear as a symbol of his ability to defend himself. In the statue, Kamehameha is holding the spear in his left hand as a reminder that he brought wars to an end. His right hand is extended with palm open in a gesture of frtiendliness--the Hawaiian spirit of Aloha." Louis A. Lopez, 1970, King Kamehameha I And Father Damien (Washington, D.C.: Government printing Office, Senate Document 91-54), page 13.

How appropriate to connect Honolulu to Washngton, D.C.

"Washington, unlike most of the capitals of the western world, exists almost entirely as a governmental city. Its raison d'etrê is national administration, the buildings for the federal establishment occupy its commanding sites, and the majority of its citizens find employment in the myriad tasks of governing a large and complex nation. The symbolic value of the structures devoted to public uses looms large, unobstructed by the diverse activities which blur the governmental image in such European capitals as London, Paris, or Rome. Washington stands, in a very real sense, as the civic center of America, and the hundreds of thousands of visitors who annually throng to the city to bear witness to the special characters of its townscape and to the near reverence with which it is regarded by nearly every citizen of the nation [stress added]." John W. Reps, 1967, Monumental Washington: The Planning And Development Of the Capital Center (Princeton University Press), pages xiii-xiv.

"They line the mall--the diverse, distinctive buildings that house the Smithsonian collections. Each one speaks to its own time: there is the turreted Castle, the majestically domed Natural History building, the circular presence of the Hirshhorn, and the bold towers and sky-reflecting bays of the National Air and Space Museum. Together these structures present a panorama of changing architectural tastes in America. The castle of red sandstone, completed in 1855, was the first home for the Smithsonian Institution [stress added]." Anon., 1997, The Smithsonian Experience: Science--History--The Arts...The Treasures of the Nation (Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution), page 30.

The final Smithsonian Instution will be located on the mall and will open in 2004:

"The National Museum of the American Indian is the sixteenth museum of the Smithsonian Institution. It is the first national museum dedicated to the preservation, study, and exhibition of the life, languages, literature, history, and arts of Native Americans. Established by an act of Congress in 1989, the museum works in collaboration with the Native peoples of the Western Hemisphere to protect and foster their cultures by reaffirming traditions and beliefs, encouraging contemporary artistic expression, and empowering the Indian voice [stress added]." [from: http://www.nmai.si.edu/musinfo/index.html]

There are, of course, other sites to see in Washington, D.C., just off the mall and everything cannot be convered in a single presentation (just as they cannot all be visited in a single day!).

"The Lincoln Memorial, a magnificent Hellenic temple commissioned in 1911 and built shortly after the First World War tested American resolve. The identification of the Allied cause with the ideals of Lincoln had bolstered the doughboys' spirits. Unvelied in 1922, the memorial was the high point of a resurgence of interest in Lincoln...." Peter Jennings and Todd Brewster, 2002, In Search of America (NY Hyperion), page 87.

"At the tidal basin, Thomas Jefferson stands erect and proud, looking toward the White house, an image to compete with Lincoln's as much as to complement it. ... Commissioned in 1939 and dedicated in 1943...." Peter Jennings and Todd Brewster, 2002, In Search of America (NY Hyperion), page 88.

Ten years ago, in 1993, the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum opened:

"When it opened 10 years ago as a testament to the Nazis' unspeakable horror, even the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum's biggest supporters had doubts about its drawing power. Would tourists fresh from the chest-thumping achievements of the nearby National Air and Space museum be willing to walk through one of the Polish freight cars that delivered millions of European Jews to concentration gas chambers? Would they want to watch videos of firing squads and corpses stacked in a Ukrainian ravine, or peer into a crude wooden bynk where living skeletons once huddled? The answer was an emphatic 'yes'. Aside from a dip in 2002 that mirrored a post-9/11 decline in Washington tourism, the federally and privately funded institution has consistently logged about 2 million visitors a year, making it one of the city's most popular attractions [stress added]." Laura Bly, 2003, After 10 busy years, Holocaust museum retains its intensity. USA Today, April 18, 2003, page 4D

While the National Air and Space Museum is the number one attraction in the Dstrict of Columbia (with ~8.5 million visitors a year), the U.S. Holcaust Memorial museum is ranked fifth (with ~1.5 million visitors in the same year); and then one has the magnificent Vietnam Veterans Memorial, with an unestimated number of visitors every year:

"The Vietnam Veterans Memorial serves as a testament to the sacrifice of American military personnel during one of this nation's least popular wars. The purpose of this memorial is to separate the issue of the sacrifices of the veterans from the U.S. policy in the war, thereby creating a venue for reconciliation." [From: http://www.nps.gov/vive/]

VI. CONCLUSIONS

Once again, to repeat some earlier words:

"The Russians have a proverb: He lies like an eyewitness. Few eyewitnesses see it all, fewer still understand all the implications. And their reports are always personal. Yet what they see is essential. History begins with people caught in the moment-by-moment rush of events. The correspondent on the scene shares the jolt of joy or horror in watching the world change in an instant. Personal bias becomes part of the story, and often makes the account more vivid [stress added]." David Colbert [Editor], 1997, Eyewitness to America: 500 Years of America in the Words of Those Who Saw It Happen (NY: Pantheon Books), page xxvii. 

Last semester, I spoke of three sacred cities: my wife and I visited Cahokia in 1997 while on sabbatical; we went to Chichén Itzá in 1994 (to give a paper at a professional meeting, organized by Valene Smith) and we were in Machu Pichu in the year 2000. I could have mentioned "Chico" as a special city (and, indeed, the campus of CSU, Chico often appears as a "City of Refuge" to me!) I could have mentioned other special cities around the world that my wife and I have visited: London, St. Petersburg, Bayeux (France), Hobart (Tasmania), of Lauterbrunnen (Switzerland). Traveling is enjoyable but it is always fun to come home!

VII. EPILOGUE 

Let me share some information: Washington, D.C., in the "Post 9/11" world that we are living in, is viewed as a dangerous place. Given the national security concerns upon the nation, Las Vegas (along with many other "tourist" destinations) is also a potentially dangerous place. Indeed, the state of Nevada itself might not be considered an exceptional locale:

"Pick almost any index of social well-being and Nevada ranks at or near the very bottom of the 50 states, though it ranks near the top in personal wealth. Besides having the highest suicide rate (almost twice the national average), Nevada has the highest adult smoking rate and the highest death rate from smoking, the highest percentage of teenagers who are high school droupouts, the highest teenage pregnancy rate, and the highest rate of firearm death. Nevada ranked 45th among the states for overall health last year [2000], just above states such as West Virginia and Arkansas, compiled by United Health Group, a Minnesota-based health care company. Over the last 11 years, Nevada has scored between 43rd and 50th in the group's ranking, because of its high rate of smoking, big lack of health insurance and high premature death rate, among other problems. 'You name it, we go it,' said bill Thompson, a professor of public admiistration at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and an expert on the state's reigning industry, gambling [stress added]." Todd S. Purdum, 2001, Nevada's glitz masks ailing society. The Sacramento Bee, May 19, 2001, pages A1 and A19.

On Las Vegas itself, consider the words from the following chaper in David Littlejohn's 1999 The Real Las Vegas: Life beyond The Strip:

"It's a great community because there's a lot of money. Unfortunately, it's not going to the infrastructure, police, or schools. I'd love to know where the money goes. Las Vegas is a place to vacation, to let loose and party it up. But there are two sides to that coin. People forget that people actually live in this town--even people who live here. They think they're on vacation for twenty years. They lose track of priorities here, because everyone comes to let loose their inhibitiions. It's not a family town, even for the people who live here [stress added]." Marie Sanchez, 1999, Growing Up in Las Vegas. David Littlejohn [Editor], 1999, The Real Las Vegas: Life beyond The Strip (Reno: University of Nevada Press), pages 75-96, page 92.

Competition from Native American "gaming" in California will also have an impact on Las Vegas with California attempting to emulate the Connecticut compact with the Mashantucket Pequot:

"Since Foxwoods Resort and Casino opened in February 1992, the business has poured many hundreds of millions of dollars into the regional and state economies. The [Mashantucket] Tribe contributes 25 percent of all slot machine revenues directly to the state. That money, which the state redistributes to all of Connecticut's municipal governments, totaled $824,793,482 from 1992 through December 31, 1998 [stress added]." Pequot Times, February 1999, page 3.

While California will probably never get as much revenue from Californian Native American casinos, the government will certainly be trying! In January 2003, the Pequot Times reported the following:

"Foxwoods continues its strong start in Fiscal Year 2003 by posting its second-best November ever with a net slot win of $62.7 million on an overall handle of $747.3 million [or ~91.60% was returned back to the "players" in the form of slot payoffs]. ... The casino's owners, the Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation, also reported a $15.67 million contribution to the State of Connecticut for November [stress added]. Anon., 2003, Strong showing in November Slots. Pequot Times, January 2003, page 14.

Foxwoods currently employs 11,500 people and receives approximately 41,000 visitors per day and in March 2003, the Pequot Times reported that Foxwoods had a $59,500,000 "slot win" in January 2003 and gave $14,900,000 to the State of Connecticut, raising "the amount given the state to $113.4 million since July 1" which is the start of the fiscal year for the state of Connecticut (Pequot Times, March 2003, page 11). California could use similar dollars!

All of Nevada (except for Boulder City, location of Hoover Dam) is "into" gambling (or gaming) but there are obviously competitive problems across the United States when it comes to gambling (or gaming!) and the biggest problem for the state of Nevada comes from the state of California:

"San Diego, California's second-biggest city, now has nine tribal casinos sprinkled around its outskirts. One of them, the Barona Casino, owned and operated by the Barona Band of Mission Indians on its reservation near Lakeside, Calif., has targeted Las Vegas turf. While waiting for the tribe's new $260 million hotel-casino to open in mid-December, Barona casino executives already run a gambling operation most Las Vegas gaming bosses would envy [stress added]." Jeff Simpson, September 1, 2002, Gambling Beyond Nevada: California Dream. The Las Vegas Review -Journal. http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj_home/2002/Sep-01-Sun-2002/business/19393773.html

Please consider the following from October 30, 2002:

"The nagging travel slump that has most of the U.S. tourism industry facing a recovery crapshoot has positioned Las Vegas as a high-stakes winner--with packed hotels, rebounding room rates and profits for the city's leading casino giants. Vegas has emerged as a strong bet in an uncertain economic climate largely because more leisure travelers and convention-goers are driving to Sin City rather than flying to places such as San Francisco and New York since last year's Sept. 11 attacks. Gaming and tourism statistics show that ... And Steve Wynn, the casino mogul who led the city's transformation of the past two decades with the creation of theme-oriented resorts such as Treasure Island, Mirage and Bellagio, is preparing for a comeback after selling his Mirage resorts Corp. to MGM Grand Inc. two years ago. Last week, he took his company, Wynn Resorts Inc., public and raised at least $400 million to finance plans to build a $2.4 billion, 2,700-room casino and resort called Le Reve on the Strip [stress added]." Bonnie Harris, 2002, Las Vegas a good tourism bet. The Sacramento Bee, October 30, 2002.  

"The number of visitors increased slightly last year compared with the year before, but tourism officials said the total was still below 2000 levels. The las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority said there were 35,071,504 visitors last year [~96,000/day!]. In 2000, there were 35.85 million visitors [stress added]." Anon., 2003, USAToday, February 13, 2003, page 5A. 

With all of this, nevertheless, there are problems from the growth of Native American casinos in California (and the rest of the United States); in March of 2003 the following appeared:

"A university study done for Nevada's major hotel-casinos says the state can no longer rely on the clubs as a major tax source capable of meeting demands for public services. The hotel-casino industry is urging legislators not to raise the clubs' taxes beyond a quarter-percent increase they have agreed to accept. The report says that the hotel-casinos have a much higher tax burden than other industries in the state [stress added]." Anon., 2003, USA Today, March 11, 2003, page 6A.

Another source of "entertainment revenue" is developing along the Las Vegas strip, much to the consternation of hotel-casinos:

"To keep sustomers and their cash inside the casinos--strategy No. 1 in las Vegas--gambling oeprators have decided that it's OK to show a little skin. Forget family destination. A sexy casino is a profitable casino. ... Persuading men to play exclusively in their casino nightspots won;'t be easy. Casinos are facing growing competition from strip clubs--both nude and topless. Thirty-one strip clubs operate in Clark County and Las vegas, compared with about 40 major casinos on the strip. ... The so-called gentlemen's clubs are increasingly sophisticated, well-financed ventures. ... The hotel-casinos are responding by making nightspots sexier or by rolling out new ones that will attract men--lots of men. Casinos sell sex, or at least the hint of it, on billboards around the city. The Las Vegas Convention and visitors Authority airs commercials with the not-so-subtle message that anything is possible in Las Vegas. What happens in Las Vegas, stays in Las Vegas, according to the ads [stress added]." Adam Goldman, 2003, Vegas strip clubs pose threat to casino profits. The Sacramento Bee, April 6, 2003, page D7.

The growth of Native American casinos in California, especially southern California is phenomenal (and we haven't seen anything yet!) and this will lead to changes in the Las Vegas "Strip" (as well as Nevada in general). The Barona casino has already been mentoned, but there are more:

"American Indians in Southern California are giving just that a try, going Las Vegas in style to drain customers from Nevada. As a result, Californians, who account for about 35 percent of Nevada's gambling revenues, are beginning to have viable gambling alternatives at home. The threat from California to Reno area casinos has been better recognized than the danger in South Nevada, but the reality is starting to sink in in both areas. Said American Gaming Association President Frank Fahrenkopf: 'Historically, expanding markets in the U.S., including California, have not had a negative impact on Nevada. Now, the caveat is they could have an impact on Northern Nevada and even off-Strip properties (in downtown Las Vegas and Laughlin).' California casino operators' winnings have soared from $ 1.4 billion to more than $ 4.3 billion since the passage of Proposition 1A authorized the wave of Indian gaming, surpassing New Jersey and making the state second only to Nevada's $ 9.3 billion [stress added]." Rod Smith, 2002, Indian Casinos in Southern California Compete With Las Vegas Attractions. The Las Vegas Review-Journal, December 15.

California Native American casinos are getting larger and please consider the following information:

FACILITY & LOCATION	"APPROXIMATE" CASINO SPACE IN SQUARE FEET
Foxwoods, Connecticut	In excess of 320,000 square feet
Mohegan Sun, Connecticut	315,000
Rumsey Band (Capay Valley), California	263,000 (after expansion)
MGM Mirage, Las Vegas, Nevada	175,000
Bellagio, Las Vegas, Nevada	155,000
Excalibur, Las Vegas. Nevada	123,944
Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada	118,000
Rumsey Band (Capay Valley), California	113,000 (existing)
La Reve (proposed for 2005 in Las Vegas, Nevada)	111,000
Bally's Las Vegas, Nevada	70,000
The Reno Hilton, Nevada	100,000
An American "Football" field	57,600 square feet
One Acre of land	43,560 square feet

Employment opportunities are also increasing throughout the United States as a result of Native American casinos, especially in the state of California:

"A report by the state [of California] Employment Development Department in January [2003] estimated tribal casino employment at 35,600 jobs in California, with most of those jobs held by non-Indians. That's a 10.6 percent increase over the previous year, while the total private-sector labor force in the state grew less than 1 percent. In some areas of the state, Indian casinos have taken their place among the regions' dominant employers. In Riverside and San Bernadino counties, nine casinos employ nearly 10,000 people. In San Diego County, administrators estimated last year that the county's nine casinos had a combined payroll of $270 million and bought more than $260 million worth of goods and services from 2,000 vendors, most of them local [stress added]." Steve Wiegand, 2003, Casino school draws full house. The Sacramento Bee, March 16, 2003, page A1 + A20, page A20.

We apparently have evolved into a species which has a relationship between gambling and guests: if it is built, they may come. A poignant statement appeared on January 10, 1994, in Time magazine: "It is now acceptable for the whole family to come along to Las Vegas that's because the values of America have changed, not those of Las Vegas [STRESS added]. Kurt Anderson, 1994, Las Vegas, U.S.A. Time, January 10, Vol. 143, No. 2, pages 51.

On another "Sacred" City, please consider, if you will, the following about the first one mentioned today:

"If you are reading these words in Hawaii, you are reading them in the most densely militarized state in the nation. If you are reading them on Oahu, you are reading them on a prime nuclear target, one of the most dangerous places you could be in the event of nuclear war [stress added]." Jim Albertini et al., 1980, The dark side of paradise: Hawaii in a nuclear world (Honolulu: catholic Action of Hawaii/Peace Education Project), page i.

Certain Hawai'ian residents are not happy about the military nor are they happy with the tourism industry, as a leading Hawai'ian activist has written:

"There is a fearful, crazy quality to our lives [in Hawai'i]. At one and the same time, we teach traditional dance to our children, only to watch it degraded into tourist exotica; we stop one hotel only to learn that the land in dispute is zoned for another hotel a few years down the road; we assert our religion, asking the American courts to protect our volcano god, Pele, from development, only to learn the government has plans to drill massive geothermal wells deep into her breast. We practice our religion by opening the Makahiki season--a period of four months in honor of the fertility god, Lono--on an island so devastated by American military bombing it resembles a desert. While this goes on, we are surrounded, everywhere, by millions of tourists, nearly seven million by 1993, or thirty tourists for every Hawaiian. This inundation translates into daily horror: As we go to a heiau (temple) to worship, their are tourists making noise, leaving rubbish on the sacred stones, clicking cameras. Our beaches, once open and free to everyone, are now shoulder to shoulder with tourists demanding the shoreline for themselves. Crime has soared as a direct result of a tourist economy; our lands are scarred with hotels, curio shops, gold courses, marinas, fast-food outlets, gas stations, and freeways. And finally, in a personally humiliating way, our women, including myself, are 'Native artifacts,' besieged by tourists constantly preying upon us and our culture.... This is the horror of the third stage of colonialism, in which a culture has been so thoroughly penetrated by commercialism that native people bcome exotic article for the First world [stress added]." Haunani-Kay Trask, 1993, Pacific Island Women and White Feminism. [Originally published in From A Native Daughter] In Pacific Diaspora: Island Peoples In The United States And Across The Pacific (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press), pages 253-261m pages 257-258.

As an anthropologist, I believe I have an obligation to point out the good with the bad and get us to appreciate and accept basic cultural diversity everywhere (please see http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/TeachingT.html]! Hawai'i has both "internal" cultural problems as well as "internal" environmental problems as the following points out:

"About every third stream in the state [of Hawai'i] is polluted with mud, fertilizer, pesticides and trash, the Environmental Planning Office said. More than half of the polluted streams are on Oahu. EPO spokeswoman June Harrigan said that inadequate funding and staff prevent full checmical analyses on the polluted stareams, let alone cleanup [stress added]." Anon., 2003, USA Today, April 29, 2003, page 31A.

In the 21st Century, we cannot escape to any "Sacred Cities" anywhere. All we can do is be aware of our environment. In March of this year, the following appeared:

"Hawaii's tourism industry is starting to feel the financial pinch of possible war in Iraq before fighting has begun. Airlines and hotels say they're suffering a slowdown as tourists postpone trips. The Hawaii Tourism Authority has prepared promotional materials to be disseminated right after the end of a war." Anon., 2003, USA Today, March 17, 2003, page 8A.

As the American anthropologist Gregory Bateson (1904-1980) once wrote:

"The unit of survival [or adaptation] is organism plus environment. We are learning by bitter experience that the organism which destroys its environment destroys itself. If, now, we correct the Darwinian unit of survival to include the environment and the interaction between organism and environment, a very strange and surprising identity emerges: the unit of survival turns out to be identical with the unit of mind" [italics in original; stress added]." Gregory Bateson [1904-1980], 1972, Steps To An Ecology of Mind (NY: Ballantine Books), page 483.

In all that I do, I attempt to stress the word "attitude" in what we do and I often quote the words of Harlen Adams (1904-1997): "The most important word in the English language is attitude. Love and hate, work and play, hope and fear, our attitudinal response to all these situations, impresses me as being the guide." We need to think about what we are doing at all times; and as for what the future will bring is anyone's guess but I shall continue pursuing research dealing with human beings, for as Darwin wrote: "There is a grandeur in this view of life...."

SELECTED REFERENCES (including various WWW sites):

Specific Urbanowicz Gaming/Gambling Sites:

1996a, To Gamble, Or Not To Gamble? Is There A Question? (For the Chico Breakfast Lions Club Meeting, Chico, California, December 10.)
1996b, An Anthropologist looks At The Geography of Gaming. (For the Meeting of the Northern California Geographical Society, December 8.)
1997, When Does It End? Urbanowicz & "Gaming" (Again!). (For the Northern California Geographical Society, November 9.)  
1998a, Gambling (Gaming) In The United States of America From An Anthropological Perspective. Presented at the 14th ICAES [International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences] Meetings on the Anthropology of Tourism for the 1998 Congress held at Williamsburg, Virginia, July 29-August 2, 1998.
1998b, Proposition 5 And Native American Gaming Issues. (For the CSU, Chico Anthropology Forum, October 8.)
1999. The Gamble of Gaming: Where Does It Go From Here? (For the AAUW [American Association of University Women] Meeting in Chico, California, March 19.)
2000, http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Fa2000Anth138.html [September 20, 2000 for ANTH 138].
2001, Gambling Into The 21st Century. Hosts And Guests Revisited: Tourism Issues of the 21st Century, edited by Valene Smith and Maryann Brent (NY: Cognizant Communication Corp.), pp. 69-79. (NOTE: this is based on the 1998a item, Gambling (Gaming) In The United States of America From An Anthropological Perspective.
2002, http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/FALL2002ANTH162.html [November 4, 2002 for ANTH 162]
2003a, http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Sp2003ANTH161.html [April 8, 2003} Power And Scarcity: Tourism In The Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga (1970-1971) and Tourism / Gambling / Gaming Interests (1970-2003). For ANTH 161]  
2003b, http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/Sp2003ANTH16.html [April 16, 2003}Native Americans: Gambling, Gaming, And Growth. For ANTH 16].
2003c, http://www.csuchico.edu/~curban/30YearsOfAnthroForums.html [May 15}The Anthropology Forum: 1973-> 2003.] [Forthcoming.]

Additional General References of some interest:

Jim Albertini et al., 1980, The dark side of paradise: Hawaii in a nuclear world (Honolulu: catholic Action of Hawaii/Peace Education Project).
Anon., 1997, The Smithsonian Experience: Science--History--The Arts...The Treasures of the Nation (Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution).
Anon., 2003, USA Today, March 11, 2003, page 6A.
Gregory Bateson, 1972, Steps To An Ecology of Mind (NY: Ballantine Books).
Erik Cohen, 2002, Review of Hosts and Guests Revisited: Tourism issues of the 21st Century. Tourism Recreation Research, Vol. 27, No. 3, pages 108-111.
David Colbert [Editor], 1997, Eyewitness to America: 500 Years of America in the Words of Those Who Saw It Happen (NY: Pantheon Books).
Joseph Feher, 1969, Hawaii: A Pictorial History (Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press).
Charles F. Gallagher, 1975, Hawaii and its Gods: The Living Faiths of the Islands (NY: Weatherhill/Kapa).
Adam Goldman, 2003, Vegas strip clubs pose threat to casino profits. The Sacramento Bee, April 6, 2003, page D7.
Peter Jennings and Todd Brewster, 2002, In Search of America (NY Hyperion).
David Spanier, 1992, Welcome to the Pleasuredome: Inside Las Vegas (Reno: University of Nevada Press).
David Johnston, 1992, Temples of Chance: How America inc. Bought Out Murder Inc to Win Control of the Casino Business (NY: Doubleday).
David Littlejohn [Editor], 1999, The Real Las Vegas: Life beyond The Strip (Reno: University of Nevada Press).
Eugene P. Moehring, 1989, Resort City in the Sunbelt: Las Vegas, 1930-1970 (Reno: University of Nevada Press).
Todd S. Purdum, 2001, Nevada's glitz masks ailing society. The Sacramento Bee, May 19, 2001, pages A1 and A19.
John W. Reps, 1967, Monumental Washington: The Planning And Development Of the Capital Center (Princeton University Press).
Marie Sanchez, 1999, Growing Up in Las Vegas. David Littlejohn [Editor], 1999, The Real Las Vegas: Life beyond The Strip (Reno: University of Nevada Press), pages 75-96.
Jenna Ward, 1999, Water for the Desert Miracle. David Littlejohn [Editor], 1999, The Real Las Vegas: Life beyond The Strip (Reno: University of Nevada Press), pages 132-145.
Steve Wiegand, 2003, Casino school draws full house. The Sacramento Bee, March 16, 2003, page A1 + A20.

Gaming Industry References:

Kurt Anderson, 1994, Las Vegas, U.S.A. Time, January 10, Vol. 143, No. 2, pages 42-51.
Anon., 1992, Secret Scent Increases Urge To Gamble, Casino Tests Show. The San Francisco Chronicle, September 9.
Anon., 1998a, The Chico Enterprise-Record, September 21, page 3A.
Anon., 1998b, Indian Gaming, page 22.
Anon., 1999, Pequot Times, February, page 3.
Anon., 2001, USA Today, February 14, page 6A.
Anon., 2002a, Foxwoods' August slot win - $73.3M. Pequot Times, October 2002, page 11.
Anon., 2002b, USA Today, October 15, page 15A.
Anon., 2003a, Strong showing in November Slots. Pequot Times, January 2003, page 14.
Anon., 2003b, USAToday, February 13, 2003, page 5A.
Anon, 2003c, Pequot Times, March, page 11.
Anon., 2003d, USA Today, March 11, 2003, page 6A.
Anon, 2003e, Indian Tribes Exempt From New Limits on Campaign Gifts, The New York Times, March 18, 2003, page A22.
Anon., 2003f, Seeing the need to diversify, tribes looking beyond casinos. The Chico Enterprise-Record, March 30, 2003, page 4B.
Donald Bartlett and James B. Steele, 2002, Indians Casinos: Wheel of Misfortune, Time, December 16, 2002, pages 44-58.
Eric Bailey, 2003, 1st Labor Union Contract Signed by Tribal Casino; Workers will get a 12% pay increase and family medical care under the three-year agreement. The Los Angeles Times, January 26.
Peter L. Bernstein, 1996, Against The Gods: The Remarkable Story of Risk, page 12.
Donald L. Bartlett and James B. Steele, Indians Casinos: Wheel of Fortune, Time, December 16, 2002, pages 44-58.
Eugene Martin Christiansen, 1998, "A New Entitlement" in International Gaming & Wagering Business, August 1998, pages 3-35.
Matt Connor, 1998, Nevada's Bad California Dream. International Gaming & Wagering Business, July 1998, page 1, pages 26-31.
Matt Connor, 2002, A Taxing Situation." International Gaming & Wagering Business, Vol. 23, No. 3, pages 1, 34-35.
Larry Copeland, 2003, Money woes drive some states to gambling. USAToday, March 5.
Jm Drinkard, 1998, Casinos, lobbying are winning combination for tribes. USA Today, February 12, 1998, page 10A.
Timothy Egan, 2002, Lawsuite in California Asks, Whose Tribe Is it, Anyway? The New York Times, April 10.
Gillian Flaccus, 2003, Indian tribes look beyond casinos for cash. The San Francisco Chronicle, April 8.
Amy Gamerman, 1998, Pequot Museum: It Makes A Village. The Wall Street Journal, September 2, page A16.
Elysa Gardner, 2003, Vehas 'ultralounges' ooze cool sophistication. USA Today, March 28, 2003, page 6D.
Lance Gay, 1997, Why is bankruptcy soaring? Gambling, commission told. The Chico Enterprise-Record, September 4, page 7C.
Tim Giago, 2000, Jury Still Out On Indian Gaming's Impact. The San Francisco Chronicle, July 30, page 5.
Adam Goldman, 2003, Vegas strip clubs pose threat to casino profits. The Sacramento Bee, April 6, page D7.
Robert Goodman, 1995, The Luck Business: The Devastating Consequences and Broken Promises of America's Gambling Explosion (NY: Free Press).
Peter Hecht, 2002, Tribes protest W. Sac casino. The Sacramento Bee, April 5.
Anthony Holden, 1990, Big Deal: A Year As A Professional Poker Player.
David Johnston, 1992, Temples of Chance: How America inc. Bought Out Murder Inc to Win Control of the Casino Business (NY: Doubleday).
David Littlejohn [Editor], 1999, The Real Las Vegas: Life beyond The Strip (Reno: University of Nevada Press).
Stephen Magagnini, 2003a, On their land, tribes' law is the last word. The Sacramento Bee, April 6, 2003.
Stephen Magagnini, 2003b, Some learn Indian justice the hard way. The Sacramento Bee, April 7, 2003, page A1, A16, and A17.
Lynda V. Mapes, 2002, The Education Jackpot. The Seattle Times, November 3, 2002.
Carla Marinucci, 2003, Casino profits pit 'brother vs. brother.' The San Francisco Chronicle, February 9.
Pamela Martineau, 2002, Accord reached on Yolo casino expansion. The Sacramento Bee, October 3, Page A1 and A14.
N. McKay, 1991/92, The Meaning of Good Faith In The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. Gonzaga Law Review, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 471-486.
Eugene P. Moehring, 1989, Resort City in the Sunbelt: Las Vegas, 1930-1970 (Reno: University of Nevada Press).
Joel Millman, 2002, House Advantage: Indian Casinos Win By Partly Avoiding Costly Labor Rules. The Wall Street Journal, May 7.
Larry Mitchell, 2002, It's easy to be optimistic. The Chico Enterprise-Record, April 6, pages A1 and A12.
Jennifer Morita and Roger Phelps, 2003, Tribe buys land. The Sacramento Bee, March 8, 2003.
Judy Pasternak and Eric Bailey, 2002, A Game of Casino Hardball: Corruption Charges Fly in a Tribal Dispute Over Land Use And Lots of Income. The Los Angeles Times, November 5.
Iver Peterson, 2003, One Casino in the East Beats Two in the West, Indians Say. The New York Times, March 24, 2003, page A14.
Mark Porter, 1997, Lummis close casino. The Bellingham Herald, August 26.
Todd S. Purdum, 2001, Nevada's glitz masks ailing society. The Sacramento Bee, May 19, 2001, pages A1 and A19.
Richard Sackley, 1998, Cabazon's Break Ground on $6.8 Million Tire Recycling Center. Indian Gaming, September.
Marie Sanchez, 1999, Growing Up in Las Vegas. David Littlejohn [Editor], 1999, The Real Las Vegas: Life beyond The Strip (Reno: University of Nevada Press), pages 75-96.
Jeff Simpson, 2002, Gambling Beyond Nevada: California Dream. The Las Vegas Review -Journal, September 1.
Sebastian Sinclair, 1998, "Go-Go Times Roll On For Foxwoods, Mohegan Sun." Indian Gaming Business: A Quarterly Supplement to International Gaming & Wagering Business, May, pages 8-9.
Rod Smith, 2002, Indian Casinos in Southern California Compete With Las Vegas Attractions. The Las Vegas Review-Journal, December 15.
David Spanier, 1992, Welcome to the Pleasuredome: Inside Las Vegas (Reno: University of Nevada Press).
John Stearns, 1998a, Canadian Casinos May Cut Tourism. Reno Gazette-Journal, June 16, page 1E and 3E.
John Stearns, 1998b, California tribal gaming could hurt northern Nevada. Reno Gazette-Journal, September 24, page 1.
John Stearns, 2001, California Tribal Casinos Threaten Northern Nevada Economy. The Chico Enterprise-Record, November 18, page 4G.
Bob Tedeschi, 2003, E-Commerce Report. The New York Times, March 31, 2003, page C6.
Jim VandeHei, 2002, GOP's Odds Improve on the Reservation. The Wall Street Journal, April 11.
Denny Walsh, 2002, Halt sought on Casino deal. The Sacramento Bee, October 5, Pages A1 and A6.
Jenna Ward, 1999, Water for the Desert Miracle. David Littlejohn [Editor], 1999, The Real Las Vegas: Life beyond The Strip (Reno: University of Nevada Press), pages 132-145.
Joseph J. Weissmann, 1993, Upping The Ante: Allowing Indian Tribes To Sue States In Federal Court Under The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act. The George Washington Law Review, Vol. 62, No. 1, pages 123-161.
Steve Wiegand, 2003a, Tribes branch out beyond casinos. The Sacramento Bee, March 4, 2003, page A1 and A15.
Steve Wiegand, 2003b, Casino school draws full house. The Sacramento Bee, March 16, 2003, page A1 + A20.
Kitty Bean Yancey, 2002, Many stars orbit Mohegan Sun. USA Today, June 24, page 2D.

Some Selected World Wide Web Sites:

http://www.nps.gov/puho/ [National Park Service]
http://gohawaii.about.com/library/weekly/aa062600a.htm [Go Hawai'i]
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/kona/historyt.htm [National Park Service} Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites]
http://www.lvol.com/lvoleg/hist/historal.html [Las Vegas Historical Information]
http://www.nitewalk.com/history/ [Historical Las Vegas]
http://www.si.edu/ [Smithsonian institution]
http://www.si.edu/archives/historic/hirsh.htm [Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gardens]
http://www.nmai.si.edu/ [National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C.} scheduled to open in the year 2004]
http://www.nps.gov/vive/ [Vietnam Veterans Memorial (National Park Service)
http://www.worldlandmarks.com/usa/wash_dc/holocaust.html [World Landmarks - US Holocaust Museum]
http://www.foxwoods.com/pequots/mptn_home.html [The Mashantucket Pequot, Connecticut]
http://www.mohegansun.com/index.jsp [The Mohegan Sun, Connecticut]
http://www.ctnow.com/news/local/hc-casinopolls1003.artoct03,0,4027809.story?coll=hc%2Dheadlines%2Dlocal [October 3, 2002} "Two public opinion polls released Wednesday show strong opposition to a third casino in Connecticut."
http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/gamb04.shtml [September 4, 2000} Indians losing in gambling business. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer.] http://www.online-casinos-rated.com/n45.htm [Most Indians haven't Benefited from the 1990s Casino Boom.]
http://www.indiancountry.com/ [Indian Country} "The Nation's Leading American Indian News Source."]
http://www.library.ca.gov/CRB/97/03/crb97003.html#toc [California State library} 1997} Gambling in California. By Roger Dunstan]
http://www.lao.ca.gov/12998_gambling.html [January 1998} Gambling in California} Overview from the Legislative Analyst's Office]
http://www.americancasinoguide.com/News/7-20-01-Rincon.shtml [July 27, 2001} Casinos News} Harrahs and the Rincon Band of San Luiseno Mission Indians]
http://www.sacbee.com/content/news/environment/story/4031521p-5056992c.html [August 18, 2002} The Sacramento Bee} In Casino Wars, Indians Hold the cards.]
http://www.indiangaming.org/ [National Indian Gaming Association]
http://www.gamingfloor.com/Indian_gaming.html [Native Indian Casino News} Good jumping off site.]
http://www.pechanga.net/indian_casinos.htm [Pechanganet] Listing of Indian Casinos]
http://www.pechanga.net/documents/california_indian_casinos.htm [California Indian Casinos]
http://dmoz.org/Games/Gambling/Casinos/Native_American/ [Open Director} Games, Gambling, Casinos, Native Americans]
http://www.casinos-online-casinos-gaming-gambling.com/native-american-indian-gaming.htm [Native American Indian Gambling]
http://www2.dgsys.com/~niga/ [American Indian Gambling and Casino Information Center sponsored by The National Indian Gaming Association]
http://www.online-casinos-locator.com/n44.htm [Las Vegas Continues to Lure California Visitors]
http://www.lvrj.com/lvrj_home/2002/Sep-01-Sun-2002/business/19393773.html [September 1, 2002} Gambling Beyond Nevada: California Dream} from The Las Vegas Review-Journal].
http://standup.quiknet.com/indian_gambling/ [Indian Gambling} "Stand Up For California is a grassroots, citizen-organized group dedicated to opposing the expansion of gambling in California."]
http://www.casino-gambling-reports.com/GamblingStudy/Tribal%20Gambling/ [National Gambling Impact Study Commission, Final Report} Native American Tribal Gambling.]
http://www.gamblingmagazine.com/articles/14/14-1138.htm [Gambling Magazine} Gambling News]
http://www.gamblingmagazine.com/articles/42/42-42.htm [Gambling Magazine} Trends]  

 [~10,000 words] } 2 May 2003

Copyright © 2003; all rights reserved by Charles F. Urbanowicz

2 May 2003 by cfu